{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,22]],"date-time":"2026-06-22T02:48:48Z","timestamp":1782096528487,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":12,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775001600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775001600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005639","name":"Universidade De S\u00e3o Paulo","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005639","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Oral Maxillofac Surg"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Arteriovenous fistulas (AVFs) are abnormal connections between the arterial and venous systems, bypassing the capillary network and causing high-flow shunting. While AVFs can be congenital, spontaneous, or traumatic, trauma remains the most common cause. Although iatrogenic AVFs after temporomandibular joint (TMJ) procedures are rare, their recognition is crucial due to potential complications such as hemorrhage, thromboembolism, and high-output cardiac failure. This report presents a rare case of an AVF following TMJ arthroscopy and discusses its management using superselective arterial embolization with Precipitating Hydrophobic Injectable Liquid (PHIL).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Case report<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A 24-year-old man with TMJ internal derangement underwent TMJ arthroscopy. After the procedure, massive pulsatile bleeding occurred, leading to early suspension of surgery. Two years later, the patient presented with a pulsatile sound, diminished hearing, and right-sided pain. CT angiography revealed an AVF with three feeding branches and a high-flow fistula involving the superficial temporal artery. Selective angiography and subsequent superselective embolization using PHIL completely occluded the fistula. Follow-up angiography confirmed successful embolization, and the patient reported resolution of symptoms, remaining asymptomatic at 8 months.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Although AVFs following TMJ arthroscopy are rare, early recognition and appropriate treatment are crucial. Superselective arterial embolization with PHIL represents an effective, minimally invasive treatment for TMJ-associated AVFs. This case highlights the importance of prompt intervention in managing vascular complications following TMJ arthroscopy and demonstrates PHIL\u2019s potential as an embolic agent in high-flow fistulas.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Clinical relevance<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Superselective embolization with PHIL offers a precise, minimally invasive solution for high-flow AVFs post-TMJ arthroscopy, ensuring complete occlusion while minimizing complications. This case underscores PHIL\u2019s efficacy as an advanced embolic agent for rare but critical vascular injuries, optimizing patient outcomes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10006-026-01553-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T01:30:38Z","timestamp":1775007038000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Arteriovenous fistula after temporomandibular joint arthroscopy treated with precipitating hydrophobic injectable liquid: case report and literature review"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"30","author":[{"given":"Alex","family":"Lederman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bruno","family":"Reis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8096-738X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ricardo","family":"Grillo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fernando","family":"Melhem-Elias","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]]},"reference":[{"issue":"8","key":"1553_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e6235","DOI":"10.1002\/ccr3.6235","volume":"10","author":"JA Fanti","year":"2022","unstructured":"Fanti JA, Reddy A, Greenbaum E, Qaisi M, Shah B, Murphy J (2022) Otologic complications of temporomandibular joint arthrocentesis due to arteriovenous fistula. Clin Case Rep 10(8):e6235","journal-title":"Clin Case Rep"},{"issue":"5","key":"1553_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1959","DOI":"10.1097\/SCS.0b013e31822ea814","volume":"22","author":"S Takeuchi","year":"2011","unstructured":"Takeuchi S, Takasato Y (2011) Iatrogenic arteriovenous fistula of the superficial temporal artery after manual reduction of temporomandibular joint dislocation. J Craniofac Surg 22(5):1959\u20131961","journal-title":"J Craniofac Surg"},{"issue":"11","key":"1553_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1220","DOI":"10.1016\/0278-2391(90)90542-A","volume":"48","author":"JJ Moses","year":"1990","unstructured":"Moses JJ, Topper DC (1990) Arteriovenous fistula: An unusual complication associated with arthroscopic temporomandibular joint surgery. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 48(11):1220\u20131222","journal-title":"J Oral Maxillofac Surg"},{"issue":"1","key":"1553_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1016\/S0194-59989770220-1","volume":"117","author":"PD Scholl","year":"1997","unstructured":"Scholl PD, Rutledge JN (1997) Arteriovenous fistula after temporomandibular joint arthroscopy treated with external carotid embolization. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 117(1):124\u2013126","journal-title":"Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg"},{"issue":"2","key":"1553_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1016\/0278-2391(91)90109-Y","volume":"49","author":"SA Preisler","year":"1991","unstructured":"Preisler SA, Koorbusch GF, Olson RAJ (1991) An acquired arteriovenous fistula secondary to temporomandibular joint arthroscopy: Report of a case. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 49(2):187\u2013190","journal-title":"J Oral Maxillofac Surg"},{"issue":"7","key":"1553_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1258","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joms.2014.03.007","volume":"72","author":"RH Sacho","year":"2014","unstructured":"Sacho RH, Kryshtalskyj B, Krings T (2014) Arteriovenous fistula of the middle meningeal artery - A rare complication after arthroscopic temporomandibular joint surgery readily amenable to endovascular treatment. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 72(7):1258\u20131265","journal-title":"J Oral Maxillofac Surg"},{"issue":"3","key":"1553_CR7","first-page":"e352","volume":"8","author":"P Cariati","year":"2016","unstructured":"Cariati P, Marin-Fernandez AB, Monsalve-Iglesias F, Roman-Ramos M, Garcia-Medina B (2016) Traumatic arteriovenous fistula as consequence of TMJ arthroscopic surgery. A case report. J Clin Exp Dent 8(3):e352\u2013e354","journal-title":"J Clin Exp Dent"},{"issue":"3","key":"1553_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1006\/ijom.2003.0488","volume":"33","author":"R Martin-Granizo","year":"2004","unstructured":"Martin-Granizo R, Caniego JL, de Pedro M, Dom\u00ednguez L (2004) Arteriovenous fistula after temporomandibular joint arthroscopy successfully treated with embolization. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 33(3):301\u2013303","journal-title":"Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg"},{"issue":"2","key":"1553_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1054\/bjom.1997.0090","volume":"37","author":"EIL Calwell","year":"1999","unstructured":"Calwell EIL, McKinstry CS, Kendrick RW (1999) Arteriovenous fistula after temporomandibular arthroscopy. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg 37(2):127\u2013128","journal-title":"Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg"},{"issue":"2","key":"1553_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.5152\/dir.2019.19063","volume":"26","author":"A Prashar","year":"2019","unstructured":"Prashar A, Butt S, Shaida N (2019) Introducing PHIL (precipitating hydrophobic injectable liquid) \u2013 a new embolic agent for the body interventional radiologist. Diagn Interv Radiol 26(2):140","journal-title":"Diagn Interv Radiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"1553_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1186\/s12245-025-00864-w","volume":"18","author":"H Gao","year":"2025","unstructured":"Gao H, Zhou D, Zhou Y, Wu X, Wang J, Wang Q (2025) Traumatic facial arteriovenous fistula: a rare case report and literature review. Int J Emerg Med 18(1):66","journal-title":"Int J Emerg Med"},{"key":"1553_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"G\u00fcnkan A, Ferreira MY, Vilardo M, Scarcia L, Bocanegra-Becerra JE, Alexandre A, Ferreira C, Dmytriw A, Ciccio G, Claren\u00e7on F, Jabbour P, Serulle Y (2024) Safety and efficacy of newer liquid embolic agents Squid and PHIL in endovascular embolization of cerebral arteriovenous malformations and dural arteriovenous fistulas: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Interv Neuroradiol. 17:15910199241288897.\u00a0https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/15910199241288897","DOI":"10.1177\/15910199241288897"}],"container-title":["Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10006-026-01553-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10006-026-01553-5","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10006-026-01553-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,22]],"date-time":"2026-06-22T02:43:25Z","timestamp":1782096205000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10006-026-01553-5"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]]},"references-count":12,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["1553"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10006-026-01553-5","relation":{},"ISSN":["1865-1569"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1865-1569","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"27 October 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"20 March 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"1 April 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"18 June 2026","order":5,"name":"change_date","label":"Change Date","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"Update","order":6,"name":"change_type","label":"Change Type","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The original version of this paper has been updated to correct the second author\u2019s name to Bruno Reis, rather than Bruno Reis, DDS, as \u201cDDS\u201d is his title.","order":7,"name":"change_details","label":"Change Details","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not required since procedure was performed under our private practice.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval"}},{"value":"Written consent was obtained from patient.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent to participate"}},{"value":"All authors contributed equally to this manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent to publish"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Clinical trial"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":6,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"66"}}