{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,19]],"date-time":"2026-09-19T01:02:56Z","timestamp":1789779776705,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,19]],"date-time":"2026-09-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789776000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,19]],"date-time":"2026-09-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789776000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Oral Maxillofac Surg"],"DOI":"10.1007\/s10006-026-01640-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,19]],"date-time":"2026-09-19T00:28:37Z","timestamp":1789777717000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Longitudinal spinal accessory nerve conduction after nerve-preserving neck dissection in oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma: a prospective hierarchical mixed-effects cohort study"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"30","author":[{"given":"Lavanya","family":"Lakshminarayan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shabber","family":"Zaveri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arun","family":"Thimmarayappa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"1640_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107821","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oraloncology.2025.107821","volume":"172","author":"F Chiari","year":"2026","unstructured":"Chiari F, Carobbio ALC, Ferrari M, Nicolai P, Caporale CD, Guarino P (2026) Survival rates and oncologic outcomes of adeno squamous carcinoma of oral cavity: a systematic review. Oral Oncol 172:107821. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.oraloncology.2025.107821","journal-title":"Oral Oncol"},{"key":"1640_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1001\/archotol.1991.01870180037007","volume":"117","author":"KT Robbins","year":"1991","unstructured":"Robbins KT, Medina JE, Wolfe GT et al (1991) Standardizing neck dissection terminology. Official report of the Academy\u2019s Committee for Head and Neck Surgery and Oncology. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 117:601\u2013605. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/archotol.1991.01870180037007","journal-title":"Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg"},{"key":"1640_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3245","DOI":"10.1007\/s12070-024-04659-y","volume":"76","author":"AK Mishra","year":"2024","unstructured":"Mishra AK, Parida PK, Bhoi SK et al (2024) Shoulder dysfunction and quality of life following modified radical and selective neck dissection: a prospective comparative study. Indian J Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 76:3245\u20133255. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12070-024-04659-y","journal-title":"Indian J Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg"},{"key":"1640_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1097\/01.mlg.0000154729.31281.da","volume":"115","author":"J Cappiello","year":"2005","unstructured":"Cappiello J, Piazza C, Giudice M et al (2005) Shoulder disability after different selective neck dissections (Levels II\u2013IV Versus Levels II\u2013V): a comparative study. laryngoscope 115:259\u2013263. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/01.mlg.0000154729.31281.da","journal-title":"Laryngoscope"},{"key":"1640_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"967","DOI":"10.1002\/hed.20095","volume":"26","author":"L Erisen","year":"2004","unstructured":"Erisen L, Basel B, Irdesel J et al (2004) Shoulder function after accessory nerve\u2013sparing neck dissections. Head Neck 26:967\u2013971. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/hed.20095","journal-title":"Head Neck"},{"key":"1640_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anl.2020.06.013","volume":"48","author":"T Imai","year":"2021","unstructured":"Imai T, Sato Y, Abe J et al (2021) Shoulder function after neck dissection: Assessment via a shoulder-specific quality-of-life questionnaire and active shoulder abduction. Auris Nasus Larynx 48:138\u2013147. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.anl.2020.06.013","journal-title":"Auris Nasus Larynx"},{"key":"1640_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1002\/hed.21503","volume":"33","author":"JP Watkins","year":"2011","unstructured":"Watkins JP, Williams GB, Mascioli AA et al (2011) Shoulder function in patients undergoing selective neck dissection with or without radiation and chemotherapy. Head Neck 33:615\u2013619. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/hed.21503","journal-title":"Head Neck"},{"key":"1640_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/66.4.237","volume":"66","author":"SEDDON HJ","year":"1943","unstructured":"Seddon HJ (1943) Three types of nerve injury. Brain 66:237\u2013288. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/brain\/66.4.237","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"1640_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022215106002052","volume":"121","author":"KS Orhan","year":"2007","unstructured":"Orhan KS, Demirel T, Baslo B et al (2007) Spinal accessory nerve function after neck dissections. J Laryngol Otol 121:44\u201348. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S0022215106002052","journal-title":"J Laryngol Otol"},{"key":"1640_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1097\/01.mlg.0000249781.20989.5c","volume":"117","author":"T Tsuji","year":"2007","unstructured":"Tsuji T, Tanuma A, Onitsuka T et al (2007) Electromyographic findings after different selective neck dissections. Laryngoscope 117:319\u2013322. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/01.mlg.0000249781.20989.5c","journal-title":"Laryngoscope"},{"key":"1640_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1590\/S1808-86942011000200017","volume":"77","author":"LP de Lima","year":"2011","unstructured":"de Lima LP, Amar A, Lehn CN (2011) Spinal accessory nerve neuropathy following neck dissection. Braz J Otorhinolaryngol 77:259\u2013262. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1590\/S1808-86942011000200017","journal-title":"Braz J Otorhinolaryngol"},{"key":"1640_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E372","DOI":"10.1002\/hed.24002","volume":"38","author":"B Lanisnik","year":"2016","unstructured":"Lanisnik B, Zargi M, Rodi Z (2016) Electrophysiologic analysis of injury to cranial nerve XI during neck dissection. Head Neck 38:E372\u2013E376. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/hed.24002","journal-title":"Head Neck"},{"key":"1640_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e105402","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.105402","volume":"18","author":"S Bhattacharya","year":"2026","unstructured":"Bhattacharya S, Gupta V, Mishra UP et al (2026) The impact of neck dissection on the functional integrity of spinal accessory nerve in head and neck cancers. Cureus 18:e105402. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7759\/cureus.105402","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"1640_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-147-8-200710160-00010","volume":"147","author":"E von Elm","year":"2007","unstructured":"von Elm E, Altman DG, Egger M et al (2007) The strengthening the reporting of observational studies in epidemiology (STROBE) statement: guidelines for reporting observational studies. Ann Intern Med 147:573\u2013577. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7326\/0003-4819-147-8-200710160-00010","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"1640_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1016\/S1050-6411(00)00027-4","volume":"10","author":"HJ Hermens","year":"2000","unstructured":"Hermens HJ, Freriks B, Disselhorst-Klug C, Rau G (2000) Development of recommendations for SEMG sensors and sensor placement procedures. J Electromyogr Kinesiol 10:361\u2013374. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S1050-6411(00)00027-4","journal-title":"J Electromyogr Kinesiol"},{"key":"1640_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"983","DOI":"10.2307\/2533558","volume":"53","author":"MG Kenward","year":"1997","unstructured":"Kenward MG, Roger JH (1997) Small sample inference for fixed effects from restricted maximum likelihood. Biometrics 53:983. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2307\/2533558","journal-title":"Biometrics"},{"key":"1640_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2041-210x.2012.00261.x","volume":"4","author":"S Nakagawa","year":"2013","unstructured":"Nakagawa S, Schielzeth H (2013) A general and simple method for obtaining R 2 from generalized linear mixed-effects models. Methods Ecol Evol 4:133\u2013142. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.2041-210x.2012.00261.x","journal-title":"Methods Ecol Evol"},{"key":"1640_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1853","DOI":"10.1097\/00005537-200210000-00028","volume":"112","author":"AC Kierner","year":"2002","unstructured":"Kierner AC, Burian M, Bentzien S, Gstoettner W (2002) Intraoperative electromyography for identification of the trapezius muscle innervation: clinical proof of a new anatomical concept. Laryngoscope 112:1853\u20131856. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/00005537-200210000-00028","journal-title":"Laryngoscope"},{"key":"1640_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112122","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijscr.2025.112122","volume":"137","author":"SA Badr","year":"2025","unstructured":"Badr SA, Walid B, Youssef O et al (2025) Impact of cervical lymph node dissection on accessory spinal nerve XI function: Case series and literature review. Int J Surg Case Rep 137:112122. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijscr.2025.112122","journal-title":"Int J Surg Case Rep"},{"key":"1640_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3906\/sag-1104-34","author":"\u00d6 TARKAN","year":"2012","unstructured":"Tarkan \u00d6, Tuncer \u00dc, Bozdemi\u0307r H et al (2012) Clinical and electrophysiological evaluation of shoulder functions in spinal accessory nerve-preserving neck dissection. Turk J Med Sci. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3906\/sag-1104-34","journal-title":"Turk J Med Sci"},{"key":"1640_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.14639\/0392-100X-1481","volume":"38","author":"GRK REDDY","year":"2018","unstructured":"Reddy GRK, Hulikal N, Lakshmi AY, Vengamma B (2018) Nerve and vein preserving neck dissections for oral cancers: a prospective evaluation of spinal accessory nerve function and internal jugular vein patency following treatment. Acta Otorhinolaryngol Ital 38:7\u201312. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.14639\/0392-100X-1481","journal-title":"Acta Otorhinolaryngol Ital"},{"key":"1640_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1492","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.32681","volume":"126","author":"PT Dziegielewski","year":"2020","unstructured":"Dziegielewski PT, McNeely ML, Ashworth N et al (2020) 2b or not 2b? Shoulder function after level 2b neck dissection: A double-blind randomized controlled clinical trial. Cancer 126:1492\u20131501. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/cncr.32681","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"1640_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1097\/00005537-200001000-00014","volume":"110","author":"A K\u00f6ybasioglu","year":"2000","unstructured":"K\u00f6ybasioglu A, Tokcaer AB, Uslu SS et al (2000) Accessory nerve function after modified radical and lateral neck dissections. Laryngoscope 110:73\u201377. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/00005537-200001000-00014","journal-title":"Laryngoscope"},{"key":"1640_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.14639\/0392-100X-844","volume":"37","author":"V Popovski","year":"2017","unstructured":"Popovski V, Benedetti A, Popovic-Monevska D et al (2017) Spinal accessory nerve preservation in modified neck dissections: surgical and functional outcomes. Acta Otorhinolaryngol Ital 37:368\u2013374. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.14639\/0392-100X-844","journal-title":"Acta Otorhinolaryngol Ital"},{"key":"1640_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Barber B, Seikaly H, Ming Chan K et al (2018) Intraoperative brief electrical stimulation of the spinal accessory nerve (BEST SPIN) for prevention of shoulder dysfunction after oncologic neck dissection: A double-blinded, randomized controlled trial. J Otolaryngol - Head Neck Surg 47. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40463-017-0244-9","DOI":"10.1186\/s40463-017-0244-9"},{"key":"1640_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9610(05)80110-2","volume":"168","author":"PE Andersen","year":"1994","unstructured":"Andersen PE, Shah JP, Cambronero E, Spiro RH (1994) The role of comprehensive neck dissection with preservation of the spinal accessory nerve in the clinically positive neck. Am J Surg 168:499\u2013502. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0002-9610(05)80110-2","journal-title":"Am J Surg"},{"key":"1640_CR27","first-page":"376","volume":"32","author":"L Giordano","year":"2012","unstructured":"Giordano L, Sarandria D, Fabiano B et al (2012) Shoulder function after selective and superselective neck dissections: clinical and functional outcomes. Acta Otorhinolaryngol Ital 32:376\u2013379","journal-title":"Acta Otorhinolaryngol Ital"},{"key":"1640_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2593","DOI":"10.1002\/hed.70393","volume":"48","author":"M Fermi","year":"2026","unstructured":"Fermi M, Chiari F, Petruzzi G, Gazzini L (2026) Is level IIB dissection necessary in the clinically N0 neck? A systematic review and meta-analysis in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Head Neck 48:2593\u20132610. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/hed.70393","journal-title":"Head Neck"},{"key":"1640_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1016\/j.radonc.2012.10.012","volume":"105","author":"S Delanian","year":"2012","unstructured":"Delanian S, Lefaix J-L, Pradat P-F (2012) Radiation-induced neuropathy in cancer survivors. Radiother Oncol 105:273\u2013282. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.radonc.2012.10.012","journal-title":"Radiother Oncol"},{"key":"1640_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.3857\/roj.2015.33.4.344","volume":"33","author":"J Kim","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kim J, Shin ES, Kim JE et al (2015) Neck muscle atrophy and soft-tissue fibrosis after neck dissection and postoperative radiotherapy for oral cancer. Radiat Oncol J 33:344. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3857\/roj.2015.33.4.344","journal-title":"Radiat Oncol J"},{"key":"1640_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"872","DOI":"10.1080\/00016480802441721","volume":"129","author":"M Karaman","year":"2009","unstructured":"Karaman M, Tek A, Uslu C et al (2009) Effect of functional neck dissection and postoperative radiotherapy on the spinal accessory nerve. Acta Otolaryngol 129:872\u2013880. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/00016480802441721","journal-title":"Acta Otolaryngol"},{"key":"1640_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Crimi S, Battaglia S, Maugeri C et al (2023) Does age affect the rate of spinal nerve injury after selective neck dissection? Age as a prognostic factor of spinal nerve injury after selective neck dissection. J Pers Med 13. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jpm13071082","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm13071082"},{"key":"1640_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1186\/s12957-025-03931-x","volume":"23","author":"S Karthikeyan","year":"2025","unstructured":"Karthikeyan S, Joshi D, Pathak A, Pandey M (2025) Impairment of neck and shoulder function after neck dissection: a comparative study of goniometry, EMG and paper pencil tool in a randomized controlled trial of level IIb preserving verses conventional neck dissection. World J Surg Oncol 23:279. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12957-025-03931-x","journal-title":"World J Surg Oncol"},{"key":"1640_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.5005\/jp-journals-10001-1130","volume":"4","author":"S Raj","year":"2013","unstructured":"Raj S, Merchant S, Mohiyuddin A et al (2013) Electromyographic assessment of accessory nerve function following nerve sparing neck dissection. Int J Head Neck Surg 4:19\u201323. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5005\/jp-journals-10001-1130","journal-title":"Int J Head Neck Surg"},{"key":"1640_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4246","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10184246","volume":"10","author":"A Polistena","year":"2021","unstructured":"Polistena A, Ranalli M, Avenia S et al (2021) The role of IONM in reducing the occurrence of shoulder syndrome following lateral neck dissection for thyroid cancer. J Clin Med 10:4246. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm10184246","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"1640_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1177\/0194599814531021","volume":"151","author":"Y Birinci","year":"2014","unstructured":"Birinci Y, Genc A, Ecevit MC et al (2014) Spinal accessory nerve monitoring and clinical outcome results of nerve-sparing neck dissections. Otolaryngology\u2013Head Neck Surg 151:253\u2013259. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0194599814531021","journal-title":"Otolaryngology\u2013Head Neck Surg"},{"key":"1640_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1073","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmrj.2014.05.015","volume":"6","author":"SM Eickmeyer","year":"2014","unstructured":"Eickmeyer SM, Walczak CK, Myers KB et al (2014) Quality of life, shoulder range of motion, and spinal accessory nerve status in 5-year survivors of head and neck cancer. PM&R 6:1073\u20131080. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pmrj.2014.05.015","journal-title":"PM&R"}],"container-title":["Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10006-026-01640-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10006-026-01640-7","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10006-026-01640-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,19]],"date-time":"2026-09-19T00:28:37Z","timestamp":1789777717000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10006-026-01640-7"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,19]]},"references-count":37,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["1640"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10006-026-01640-7","relation":{},"ISSN":["1865-1569"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1865-1569","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,19]]},"assertion":[{"value":"5 July 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"14 September 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"19 September 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"This prospective study was approved by the Institutional Scientific Research and Ethics Committee of Manipal Hospital, Old Airport Road (Protocol Number: MHB\/01\/220950\/174 - TP234710615). The study was done in full compliance to Declaration of Helsinki.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethics approval","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"All data, tables, and figures included in this manuscript are the authors' original work and represent primary research. No copyrighted material from third-party sources or other publications has been reproduced; thus, no formal copyright permissions or RightsLink clearings are required for this submission.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Permission to reproduce material from other sources","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Written informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in this study.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","label":"Consent to participate","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Participants provided consent for publication of the de-identified clinical characteristics and neurophysiological parameters reported in this article. No identifiable personal markers, names, or individual photographic materials are included in the text, tables, or figures. Signed consent documentation is archived securely and retained by the principal investigator.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","label":"Consent to publish","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have influenced the work reported in this paper.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}],"article-number":"150"}}