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Current treatment modalities provide limited survival benefits, highlighting the need for novel therapeutic strategies. This retrospective study evaluated the efficacy of autologous formalin-fixed tumor vaccine (AFTV) in 375 patients with newly diagnosed GBM. Patients receiving AFTV therapy (n\u2009=\u2009164) showed significantly improved progression-free survival (PFS; 14.0\u00a0months vs. 8.7\u00a0months, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.03) and overall survival (OS; 32.0\u00a0months vs. 21.9\u00a0months, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.01) compared with the non-AFTV group (n\u2009=\u2009211). Subgroup analyses revealed that AFTV therapy was particularly effective in patients with wild-type IDH tumors and those negative for PD-L1 and p53 expression. In contrast, patients whose tumors were positive for both PD-L1 and p53 exhibited significantly poorer outcomes. These findings suggest that the combination of PD-L1 and p53 status may serve as a useful biomarker for predicting AFTV responsiveness, reflecting the influence of the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment on treatment efficacy. These findings establish AFTV as a promising treatment option for GBM and highlight the importance of molecular profiling in treatment selection. Future studies should explore combining AFTV with immune checkpoint inhibitors to enhance efficacy in PD-L1-positive cases.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10014-025-00507-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,7]],"date-time":"2025-08-07T04:30:48Z","timestamp":1754541048000},"page":"76-86","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Association between autologous formalin-fixed tumor vaccine (AFTV) therapy, molecular pathological markers, and survival outcomes in glioblastoma"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"42","author":[{"given":"Shunichi","family":"Koriyama","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8336-5328","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yoshihiro","family":"Muragaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Masayuki","family":"Nitta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Takashi","family":"Maruyama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Taiichi","family":"Saito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shunsuke","family":"Tsuzuki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tatsuya","family":"Kobayashi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Buntou","family":"Ro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Takashi","family":"Komori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kenta","family":"Masui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Takakazu","family":"Kawamata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"507_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(09)70025-7","volume":"10","author":"R Stupp","year":"2009","unstructured":"Stupp R, Hegi ME, Mason WP et al (2009) Effects of radiotherapy with concomitant and adjuvant temozolomide versus radiotherapy alone on survival in glioblastoma in a randomised phase III study: 5-year analysis of the EORTC-NCIC trial. 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