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Although bevacizumab can remodel the tumor vasculature, the relationship between BBB-related vascular changes and immune cell infiltration in GBM remains poorly understood. We analyzed human isocitrate dehydrogenase (\n                    <jats:italic>IDH<\/jats:italic>\n                    )-wildtype GBM tissues obtained after bevacizumab administration. Immunohistochemistry was performed for CD34 and plasmalemma vesicle-associated protein (PLVAP\/PV-1), an endothelial marker associated with BBB disruption. Infiltrating T cells (CD3, CD8) and tumor-associated macrophages\/microglia (TAMs; CD163) were also examined. PLVAP was broadly expressed in tumor vessels of untreated GBM and significantly reduced after bevacizumab administration, with marked downregulation in 3 of 10 treated cases. Among the 10 treated cases, significant increases in T-cell and cytotoxic T-lymphocyte infiltration were seen in PLVAP-low GBM compared with PLVAP-high GBM. TAM density did not differ significantly between groups but tended to be higher in the PLVAP-low group. These findings suggest that the bevacizumab-associated reduction of PLVAP expression is linked to increased T-cell infiltration in a subset of GBM cases. PLVAP may serve as an auxiliary histological marker for evaluating bevacizumab-related vascular\/BBB remodeling in clinical specimens.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10014-026-00546-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]],"date-time":"2026-07-20T05:54:02Z","timestamp":1784526842000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Association between PLVAP downregulation and increased lymphocyte infiltration in newly diagnosed glioblastoma treated with bevacizumab"],"prefix":"10.1007","author":[{"given":"Hiroaki","family":"Matsuzaki","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shukang","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9723-0846","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yoshihiro","family":"Komohara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cheng","family":"Pan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rin","family":"Yamada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daiki","family":"Yoshii","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yukio","family":"Fujiwara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hiromu","family":"Yano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ai","family":"Iwauchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nei","family":"Fukasawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Masayuki","family":"Shimoda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Akitake","family":"Mukasa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Toshihide","family":"Tanaka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"546_CR1","first-page":"299","volume":"70","author":"AC Tan","year":"2020","unstructured":"Tan AC, Ashley DM, L\u00f3pez GY et al (2020) Management of glioblastoma: State of the art and future directions. 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