{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T16:56:16Z","timestamp":1792083376580,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2003,11,1]],"date-time":"2003-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1067644800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pediatr Dev Pathol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2003,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> Because of the uncertainty concerning the origin of the malformations in the acardiac twin, its structure was studied to see if the malformations were random or with a pattern related to the twinning process. Included were 18 cases of dysmorphic twins in which an autopsy demonstrated a rudimentary or absent heart, and in which some polarity was evident. The organs and long bones with alterations were tabulated according to the embryonal\u2013fetal circulation of blood from and to the placenta. Malformations were more often encountered in the superior limbs and organs; the number of altered organs decreased in a cranio\u2013caudal direction. The liver was the exception being affected in 89% of the cases vs. an average of 54% for the other abdominal organs. As the liver lies first in the circulatory path from the placenta to the fetus, the pattern of the malformations was in accordance with the \u201ctwin reversed arterial perfusion sequence\u201d (TRAP). The more frequent absence of distal bones ( P = 0.0007) is compatible with reduced perfusion in each limb. The malformations found in the acardiac twins involved brain, esophagus and trachea, liver, other abdominal organs, diaphragm, vertebrae, limbs, anus, and omphalocele; vascular disruption may be the common pathogenesis for the acardiac twins as well as other dysmorphic infants with similar anomalies. <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10024-002-1002-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2004,3,20]],"date-time":"2004-03-20T03:23:03Z","timestamp":1079752983000},"page":"520-530","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"title":["Malformations in Acardiac Twins are Consistent with Reversed Blood Flow: Liver as a Clue to Their Pathogenesis"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Juan Antonio","family":"Gim\u00e9nez-Scherer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Investigation Unit in Immunology, Pediatric Hospital, National Medical Center of Social Security, Av. Cuauhtemoc 330, Col. Doctores, 06725 Mexico City, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Belinda R.","family":"Davies","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, General Hospital of Mexico, Dr. Balmis 148, Col. Doctores, 06726, Mexico City, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2003,11,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-s10024-002-1002-0","first-page":"647","volume":"2","author":"Gillim DL","year":"1953","journal-title":"Review of the literature and case report. Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"bibr2-s10024-002-1002-0","author":"Hempel CF","year":"1850","journal-title":"Diss Hafniae"},{"key":"bibr3-s10024-002-1002-0","first-page":"51","volume":"28","author":"Kaplan C","year":"1979","journal-title":"New case reports and current status. 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