{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T20:59:58Z","timestamp":1791320398192,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,20]],"date-time":"2024-12-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1734652800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,20]],"date-time":"2024-12-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1734652800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Hernia"],"DOI":"10.1007\/s10029-024-03242-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,20]],"date-time":"2024-12-20T04:07:40Z","timestamp":1734667660000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Management strategy of giant inguinoscrotal hernia\u2014a case series of 24 consecutive patients surgically treated over 17\u00a0years period"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"29","author":[{"given":"Milan","family":"Zuvela","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Danijel","family":"Galun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6790-7892","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aleksandar","family":"Bogdanovic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ivan","family":"Palibrk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marija","family":"Djukanovic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rade","family":"Miletic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marko","family":"Zivanovic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Milos","family":"Zuvela","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marinko","family":"Zuvela","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"3242_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1016\/s0039-6109(16)43287-1","volume":"64","author":"DJ Hodgkinson","year":"1984","unstructured":"Hodgkinson DJ, McIlrath DC (1984) Scrotal reconstruction for giant inguinal hernias. Surg Clin North Am 64:307\u2013313. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0039-6109(16)43287-1","journal-title":"Surg Clin North Am"},{"key":"3242_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"775","DOI":"10.1007\/s10029-014-1324-7","volume":"19","author":"M Cavalli","year":"2015","unstructured":"Cavalli M, Biondi A, Bruni PG, Campanelli G (2015) Giant inguinal hernia: the challenging hug technique. Hernia 19:775\u2013783. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10029-014-1324-7","journal-title":"Hernia"},{"key":"3242_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1177\/1457496916660036","volume":"106","author":"AW Kirkpatrick","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kirkpatrick AW, Nickerson D, Roberts DJ et al (2017) Intra-abdominal hypertension and abdominal compartment syndrome after abdominal wall reconstruction: quaternary syndromes? Scand J Surg 106:97\u2013106. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1457496916660036","journal-title":"Scand J Surg"},{"key":"3242_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1611","DOI":"10.1007\/s10029-023-02870-4","volume":"27","author":"AH El Shamarka","year":"2023","unstructured":"El Shamarka AH, Zidan MH, Youssef MS, El Banna AH, Mourad M (2023) A case of giant inguinoscrotal hernia managed by preoperative pneumoperitoneum with an unforeseen complication and outcome: a case report and review of literature. Hernia 27:1611\u20131615. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10029-023-02870-4","journal-title":"Hernia"},{"key":"3242_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.12998\/wjcc.v11.i2.401","volume":"11","author":"SH Liu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Liu SH, Yen CH, Tseng HP, Hu JM, Chang CH, Pu TW (2023) Repair of a giant inguinoscrotal hernia with herniation of the ileum and sigmoid colon: a case report. World J Clin Cases 11:401\u2013407. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.12998\/wjcc.v11.i2.401","journal-title":"World J Clin Cases"},{"key":"3242_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7860\/JCDR\/2017\/22916.9180","author":"M Anand","year":"2017","unstructured":"Anand M, Hajong R, Naku N, Hajong D, Singh KL (2017) Giant inguinal herniae managed by primary repair: a case series. J Clin Diagn Res. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7860\/JCDR\/2017\/22916.9180","journal-title":"J Clin Diagn Res"},{"key":"3242_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1177\/1553350619828888","volume":"26","author":"Z Sanford","year":"2019","unstructured":"Sanford Z, Weltz AS, Singh D, Hanley R, Todd D, Belyansky I (2019) Minimally invasive multidisciplinary approach to chronic giant inguinoscrotal hernias. Surg Innov 26:427\u2013431. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1553350619828888","journal-title":"Surg Innov"},{"key":"3242_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"868","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijscr.2014.10.042","volume":"5","author":"A Trakarnsagna","year":"2014","unstructured":"Trakarnsagna A, Chinswangwatanakul V, Methasate A et al (2014) Giant inguinal hernia: report of a case and reviews of surgical techniques. Int J Surg Case Rep 5:868\u2013872. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijscr.2014.10.042","journal-title":"Int J Surg Case Rep"},{"key":"3242_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.2298\/aci0304053z","volume":"50","author":"M Zuvela","year":"2003","unstructured":"Zuvela M, Milicevic M, Galun D et al (2003) Modified Rives technique in the treatment of recurrent inguinal hernia. Acta Chir Iugosl 50:53\u201367. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2298\/aci0304053z","journal-title":"Acta Chir Iugosl"},{"key":"3242_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1016\/s1072-7515(99)00067-8","volume":"189","author":"SM Maas","year":"1999","unstructured":"Maas SM, van Engeland M, Leeksma NG, Bleichrodt RP (1999) A modification of the \u201ccomponents separation\u201d technique for closure of abdominal wall defects in the presence of an enterostomy. J Am Coll Surg 189:138\u2013140. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s1072-7515(99)00067-8","journal-title":"J Am Coll Surg"},{"key":"3242_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"733","DOI":"10.1177\/000313480306900902","volume":"69","author":"LS Ennis","year":"2003","unstructured":"Ennis LS, Young JS, Gampper TJ, Drake DB (2003) The \u201copen-book\u201d variation of component separation for repair of massive midline abdominal wall hernia. Am Surg 69:733\u201342","journal-title":"Am Surg"},{"key":"3242_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1111","DOI":"10.1016\/j.suc.2013.06.010","volume":"93","author":"EM Pauli","year":"2013","unstructured":"Pauli EM, Rosen MJ (2013) Open ventral hernia repair with component separation. Surg Clin North Am 93:1111\u20131133. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.suc.2013.06.010","journal-title":"Surg Clin North Am"},{"key":"3242_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1007\/s10029-011-0832-y","volume":"15","author":"C Sabbagh","year":"2011","unstructured":"Sabbagh C, Dumont F, Robert B, Badaoui R, Verhaeghe P, Regimbeau JM (2011) Peritoneal volume is predictive of tension-free fascia closure of large incisional hernias with loss of domain: a prospective study. Hernia 15:559\u2013565. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10029-011-0832-y","journal-title":"Hernia"},{"key":"3242_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1007\/s10029-009-0560-8","volume":"14","author":"EY Tanaka","year":"2010","unstructured":"Tanaka EY, Yoo JH, Rodrigues AJ Jr, Utiyama EM, Birolini D, Rasslan S (2010) A computerized tomography scan method for calculating the hernia sac and abdominal cavity volume in complex large incisional hernia with loss of domain. Hernia 14:63\u201369. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10029-009-0560-8","journal-title":"Hernia"},{"key":"3242_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1070","DOI":"10.1007\/s00268-019-05317-z","volume":"44","author":"SG Parker","year":"2020","unstructured":"Parker SG, Halligan S, Liang MK et al (2020) Definitions for loss of domain: an international delphi consensus of expert surgeons. World J Surg 44:1070\u20131078. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00268-019-05317-z","journal-title":"World J Surg"},{"key":"3242_CR16","first-page":"193","volume":"2","author":"J Rives","year":"1965","unstructured":"Rives J, Nicaise H, Lardennois B (1965) A propos du traitement chirurgical des hernies de l, aine. Orientation nouvelle et perspectives therapeutaes. Ann Med Pharm (Reims) 2:193\u2013200","journal-title":"Ann Med Pharm (Reims)"},{"key":"3242_CR17","first-page":"1","volume":"71","author":"IL Lichtenstein","year":"1986","unstructured":"Lichtenstein IL, Shulman AG (1986) Ambulatory outpatient hernia surgery. Including a new concept, introducing tension-free repair. Int Surg 71:1\u20134","journal-title":"Int Surg"},{"key":"3242_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1007\/s10029-002-0088-7","volume":"7","author":"PK Amid","year":"2003","unstructured":"Amid PK (2003) The Lichtenstein repair in 2002: an overview of causes of recurrence after Lichtenstein tension-free hernioplasty. Hernia 7:13\u201316. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10029-002-0088-7","journal-title":"Hernia"},{"key":"3242_CR19","first-page":"405","volume-title":"Abdominal wall hernias. Principles and management","author":"R Bendavid","year":"2000","unstructured":"Bendavid R (2000) Commentary. In: Bendavid R, Abrahamson J, Arregui ME, Flament JB, Phillips EH (eds) Abdominal wall hernias. Principles and management. Springer-Verlag, New York, pp 405\u2013406"},{"key":"3242_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1097\/00006534-199009000-00023","volume":"86","author":"OM Ramirez","year":"1990","unstructured":"Ramirez OM, Ruas E, Dellon AL (1990) \u201cComponents separation\u201d method for closure of abdominal-wall defects: an anatomic and clinical study. Plast Reconstr Surg 86:519\u2013526. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/00006534-199009000-00023","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"key":"3242_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1007\/s10029-006-0175-2","volume":"11","author":"ML Milburn","year":"2007","unstructured":"Milburn ML, Shah PK, Friedman EB, Roth JS, Bochicchio GV, Gorbaty B, Silverman RP (2007) Laparoscopically assisted components separation technique for ventral incisional hernia repair. Hernia 11:157\u2013161. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10029-006-0175-2","journal-title":"Hernia"},{"key":"3242_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1007\/s10029-003-0191-4","volume":"8","author":"HJ van Geffen","year":"2004","unstructured":"van Geffen HJ, Simmermacher RK, Bosscha K, van der Werken C, Hillen B (2004) Anatomical considerations for surgery of the anterolateral abdominal wall. Hernia 8:93\u201397. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10029-003-0191-4","journal-title":"Hernia"},{"key":"3242_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"731","DOI":"10.1097\/00006534-200002000-00041","volume":"105","author":"KC Shestak","year":"2000","unstructured":"Shestak KC, Edington HJ, Johnson RR (2000) The separation of anatomic components technique for the reconstruction of massive midline abdominal wall defects: anatomy, surgical technique, applications, and limitations revisited. Plast Reconstr Surg 105:731\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/00006534-200002000-00041","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"key":"3242_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.1097\/00006534-199609000-00016","volume":"98","author":"JN DiBello Jr","year":"1996","unstructured":"DiBello JN Jr, Moore JH Jr (1996) Sliding myofascial flap of the rectus abdominus muscles for the closure of recurrent ventral hernias. Plast Reconstr Surg 98:464\u2013469. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/00006534-199609000-00016","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"key":"3242_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1053\/j.optechgensurg.2004.07.001","volume":"6","author":"RP Bleichrodt","year":"2004","unstructured":"Bleichrodt RP, de Vries Reilingh TS, Malyar A, van Goor H, Hansson B, van der Kolk B (2004) Component separation technique to repair large midline hernias. Op Tech Gen Sur 6:179\u2013188","journal-title":"Op Tech Gen Sur"},{"key":"3242_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/s0002-9610(02)01122-4","volume":"185","author":"GA Dumanian","year":"2003","unstructured":"Dumanian GA, Denham W (2003) Comparison of repair techniques for major incisional hernias. Am J Surg 185:61\u201365. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0002-9610(02)01122-4","journal-title":"Am J Surg"},{"key":"3242_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"981","DOI":"10.1097\/SLA.0b013e3181d7707b","volume":"251","author":"SP Agnew","year":"2010","unstructured":"Agnew SP, Small W Jr, Wang E, Smith LJ, Hadad I, Dumanian GA (2010) Prospective measurements of intra-abdominal volume and pulmonary function after repair of massive ventral hernias with the components separation technique. Ann Surg 251:981\u2013988. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/SLA.0b013e3181d7707b","journal-title":"Ann Surg"},{"key":"3242_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"868","DOI":"10.1097\/PRS.0000000000001621","volume":"136","author":"CC Petro","year":"2015","unstructured":"Petro CC, Raigani S, Fayezizadeh M, Rowbottom JR, Klick JC, Prabhu AS, Novitsky YW, Rosen MJ (2015) Permissible intraabdominal hypertension following complex abdominal wall reconstruction. Plast Reconstr Surg 136:868\u2013881. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/PRS.0000000000001621","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"issue":"9","key":"3242_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1186\/s13256-015-0759-5","volume":"28","author":"M Tarchouli","year":"2015","unstructured":"Tarchouli M, Ratbi MB, Bouzroud M, Aitidir B, Ait-Ali A, Bounaim A, Sair K (2015) Giant inguinoscrotal hernia containing intestinal segments and urinary bladder successfully repaired by simple hernioplasty technique: a case report. J Med Case Rep 28(9):276. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13256-015-0759-5","journal-title":"J Med Case Rep"},{"key":"3242_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.1308\/rcsann.2021.0040","volume":"103","author":"J Heylen","year":"2021","unstructured":"Heylen J, Campioni-Norman D, Lowcock D, Varatharajan L, Kostalas M, Irukulla M, Ratnasingham K (2021) Inguinoscrotal hernias containing stomach: risk of emergency presentation. Ann R Coll Surg Engl 103:713\u2013717. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1308\/rcsann.2021.0040","journal-title":"Ann R Coll Surg Engl"},{"key":"3242_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"rjt008","DOI":"10.1093\/jscr\/rjt008","volume":"3","author":"A Hamad","year":"2013","unstructured":"Hamad A, Marimuthu K, Mothe B, Hanafy M (2013) Repair of massive inguinal hernia with loss of abdominal domain using laparoscopic component separation technique. J Surg Case Rep 3:rjt008. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jscr\/rjt008","journal-title":"J Surg Case Rep"},{"key":"3242_CR32","first-page":"18","volume":"2","author":"IS Mohamad","year":"2017","unstructured":"Mohamad IS, Chuan CY, Balasubbiah N, Zakaria Z, Hassan S (2017) Giant Inguinoscrotal hernia: the challenging surgical repair and postoperative management. Int J Dual Diagn 2:18\u201321","journal-title":"Int J Dual Diagn"},{"key":"3242_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"rjx221","DOI":"10.1093\/jscr\/rjx221","volume":"11","author":"E Qaja","year":"2017","unstructured":"Qaja E, Le C, Benedicto R (2017) Repair of giant inguinoscrotal hernia with loss of domain. J Surg Case Rep 11:rjx221. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jscr\/rjx221","journal-title":"J Surg Case Rep"},{"key":"3242_CR34","first-page":"26","volume":"2","author":"A Kumar","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kumar A, Choudhary PR, Gandhi A, Jalthania M, Gothwal S (2016) Giant inguinal hernia - a great escape from second abdomen: report of a case and review of different surgical techniques. SAS J Surg 2:26\u201330","journal-title":"SAS J Surg"},{"key":"3242_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"781","DOI":"10.1007\/s10029-020-02155-0","volume":"24","author":"M Gonzalez-Urquijo","year":"2020","unstructured":"Gonzalez-Urquijo M, Estrada-Cortinas OJ, Rodarte-Shade M, Bermea-Mendoza JH, Gil-Galindo G (2020) Preoperative progressive pneumoperitoneum: the answer for treating giant inguinal hernias while avoiding morbidities? Hernia 24:781\u2013786. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10029-020-02155-0","journal-title":"Hernia"},{"key":"3242_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"rjaa012","DOI":"10.1093\/jscr\/rjaa012","volume":"3","author":"C Menenakos","year":"2020","unstructured":"Menenakos C, Albrecht HC, Gretschel S (2020) Bilateral giant inguinoscrotal hernia Presentation of a novel combined two-stage repair approach. J Surg Case Rep 3:rjaa012. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jscr\/rjaa012","journal-title":"J Surg Case Rep"},{"key":"3242_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"rjaa511","DOI":"10.1093\/jscr\/rjaa511","volume":"12","author":"DB Miller","year":"2020","unstructured":"Miller DB, Reed L (2020) Successful outcome of a giant inguinoscrotal hernia: a novel two-staged repair using preoperative progressive pneumoperitoneum and transversus abdominis release. J Surg Case Rep 12:rjaa511. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jscr\/rjaa511","journal-title":"J Surg Case Rep"},{"key":"3242_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1445-2197.1994.tb02231.x","volume":"64","author":"ND Merrett","year":"1994","unstructured":"Merrett ND, Waterworth MW, Green MF (1994) Repair of giant inguinoscrotal inguinal hernia using marlex mesh and scrotal skin flaps. Aust N Z J Surg 64:380\u2013383. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1445-2197.1994.tb02231.x","journal-title":"Aust N Z J Surg"},{"key":"3242_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1007\/s10029-008-0346-4","volume":"12","author":"AJ Valliattu","year":"2008","unstructured":"Valliattu AJ, Kingsnorth AN (2008) Single-stage repair of giant inguinoscrotal hernias using the abdominal wall component separation technique. Hernia 12:329\u2013330. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10029-008-0346-4","journal-title":"Hernia"},{"key":"3242_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1054\/bjps.2000.3383","volume":"53","author":"FV Mehendal","year":"2000","unstructured":"Mehendal FV, Taams KO, Kingsnorth AN (2000) Repair of a giant inguinoscrotal hernia. Br J Plast Surg 53:525\u2013529. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1054\/bjps.2000.3383","journal-title":"Br J Plast Surg"}],"container-title":["Hernia"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10029-024-03242-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10029-024-03242-2","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10029-024-03242-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,3]],"date-time":"2026-02-03T15:32:12Z","timestamp":1770132732000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10029-024-03242-2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,20]]},"references-count":40,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["3242"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10029-024-03242-2","relation":{},"ISSN":["1248-9204"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1248-9204","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,20]]},"assertion":[{"value":"21 July 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"8 December 2024","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"20 December 2024","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors have no related conflicts of interest to declare.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}},{"value":"The study was approved by the institutional review board.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval"}},{"value":"Informed consent was obtained from all study subjects.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent to participate"}}],"article-number":"50"}}