{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,22]],"date-time":"2026-04-22T06:13:07Z","timestamp":1776838387855,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":104,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,16]],"date-time":"2020-11-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1605484800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,16]],"date-time":"2020-11-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1605484800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Clin Rheumatol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,7]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s10067-020-05498-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,16]],"date-time":"2020-11-16T09:04:53Z","timestamp":1605517493000},"page":"2559-2568","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Combined brain\/heart magnetic resonance imaging in antiphospholipid syndrome-two sides of the same coin"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"40","author":[{"given":"George","family":"Markousis-Mavrogenis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Petros P.","family":"Sfikakis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1089-7766","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sophie I.","family":"Mavrogeni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maria G.","family":"Tektonidou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"5498_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1538-7836.2006.01753.x","volume":"4","author":"S Miyakis","year":"2006","unstructured":"Miyakis S, Lockshin MD, Atsumi T, Branch DW, Brey RL, Cervera R et al (2006) International consensus statement on an update of the classification criteria for definite antiphospholipid syndrome (APS). J Thromb Haemost J Thromb Haemost 4:295\u2013306","journal-title":"J Thromb Haemost J Thromb Haemost"},{"key":"5498_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shoenfeld Y, Blank M, Cervera R, Font J, Raschi E, Meroni PL (2006) Infectious origin of the antiphospholipid syndrome. Ann Rheum Dis. BMJ Publishing Group Ltd, 2\u20136","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.2005.045443"},{"key":"5498_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tripodi A, de Groot PG, Pengo V (2011) Antiphospholipid syndrome: Laboratory detection, mechanisms of action and treatment. J Intern Med. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 110\u2013122","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2796.2011.02362.x"},{"key":"5498_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jara LJ, Medina G, Vera-Lastra O, Amigo MC (2006) Accelerated atherosclerosis, immune response and autoimmune rheumatic diseases. Autoimmun Rev. Elsevier, 195\u2013201","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2005.06.005"},{"key":"5498_CR5","first-page":"162","volume":"16","author":"A Djokovic","year":"2014","unstructured":"Djokovic A, Stojanovich L, Kontic M, Stanisavljevic N, Radovanovic S, Marisavljevic D (2014) Association between cardiac manifestations and antiphospholipid antibody type and level in a cohort of Serbian patients with primary and secondary antiphospholipid syndrome. Isr Med Assoc J 16:162\u2013167","journal-title":"Isr Med Assoc J"},{"key":"5498_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tektonidou MG, Andreoli L, Limper M, Amoura Z, Cervera R, Costedoat-Chalumeau N, et al (2019). EULAR recommendations for the management of antiphospholipid syndrome in adults. Ann Rheum Dis. BMJ Publishing Group; 78:1296\u201312304.","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2019-215213"},{"key":"5498_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tektonidou MG, Andreoli L, Limper M, Tincani A, Ward MM (2019). Management of thrombotic and obstetric antiphospholipid syndrome: A systematic literature review informing the EULAR recommendations for the management of antiphospholipid syndrome in adults. RMD Open. BMJ Publishing Group","DOI":"10.1136\/rmdopen-2019-000924"},{"key":"5498_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Andrade D, Tektonidou M (2016) Emerging therapies in antiphospholipid syndrome. Curr Rheumatol Rep. Current Medicine Group LLC 1","DOI":"10.1007\/s11926-016-0566-z"},{"key":"5498_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chatzidionysiou K, Samoli E, Sfikakis PP, Tektonidou MG (2019) Effect of belimumab treatment on antiphospholipid antibodies levels: Post-hoc analysis based on two randomised placebo-controlled trials in systemic lupus erythematosus (2019). Ann Rheum Dis. BMJ Publishing Group","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2020-218444"},{"key":"5498_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dobrowolski C, Erkan D (2019) Treatment of antiphospholipid syndrome beyond anticoagulation. Clin Immunol. Academic Press Inc 206:53\u201362","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clim.2018.03.001"},{"key":"5498_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gasparyan AY, Ayvazyan L, Blackmore H, Kitas GD (2011) Writing a narrative biomedical review: considerations for authors, peer reviewers, and editors. Rheumatol Int Rheumatol Int:1409\u20131417","DOI":"10.1007\/s00296-011-1999-3"},{"key":"5498_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1331","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-8703(92)90420-Z","volume":"J124","author":"SD Kaplan","year":"1992","unstructured":"Kaplan SD, Chartash EK, Pizzarello RA, Furie RA (1992) Cardiac manifestations of the antiphospholipid syndrome. Am Heart J Am Heart J124:1331\u20131338","journal-title":"Am Heart J Am Heart"},{"key":"5498_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1177\/0961203310395051","volume":"20","author":"R Cervera","year":"2011","unstructured":"Cervera R, Tektonidou MG, Espinosa G, Cabral AR, Gonz\u00e1lez EB, Erkan D et al (2011) Task Force on Catastrophic Antiphospholipid Syndrome (APS) and non-criteria APS manifestations (I): catastrophic APS, APS nephropathy and heart valve lesions. Lupus 20:165\u2013173","journal-title":"Lupus"},{"key":"5498_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tenedios F, Erkan D, Lockshin MD (2006) Cardiac Manifestations in the Antiphospholipid Syndrome. Rheum. Dis Clin North Am:491\u2013507","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rdc.2006.05.008"},{"key":"5498_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Roldan CA (2008) Valvular and coronary heart disease in systemic inflammatory diseases. Heart:1089\u20131101","DOI":"10.1136\/hrt.2007.132787"},{"key":"5498_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Silbiger JJ (2009) The cardiac manifestations of antiphospholipid syndrome and their echocardiographic recognition. J Am Soc Echocardiogr:1100\u20131108","DOI":"10.1016\/j.echo.2009.06.023"},{"key":"5498_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Long BR, Leya F (2008) The role of antiphospholipid syndrome in cardiovascular disease. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am:79\u201394","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hoc.2007.10.002"},{"key":"5498_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nesher G, Ilany J, Rosenmann D, Abraham AS (1997) Valvular dysfunction in antiphospholipid syndrome: prevalence, clinical features, and treatment. Semin Arthritis Rheum. W.B. Saunders, 27:27\u201335","DOI":"10.1016\/S0049-0172(97)80034-0"},{"key":"5498_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Galve E, Ordi J, Barquinero J, Evangelista A, Vilardell M, Soler-Soler J (1992) Valvular heart disease in the primary antiphospholipid syndrome. Ann Intern Med. American College of Physicians 116:293\u2013298","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-116-4-293"},{"key":"5498_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brenner B, Blumenfeld Z, Markiewicz W, Reisner SA (1991) Cardiac involvement in patients with primary antiphospholipid syndrome. J Am Coll Cardiol. J Am Coll Cardiol 18:931\u2013936","DOI":"10.1016\/0735-1097(91)90749-Y"},{"key":"5498_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hojnik M, George J, Ziporen L, Shoenfeld Y (1996) Heart valve involvement (Libman-Sacks endocarditis) in the antiphospholipid syndrome. Circulation. Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, 1579\u201387","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.93.8.1579"},{"key":"5498_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.111.028522","volume":"124","author":"S Zuily","year":"2011","unstructured":"Zuily S, Regnault V, Selton-Suty C, Eschw\u00e8ge V, Bruntz JF, Bode-Dotto E et al (2011) Increased risk for heart valve disease associated with antiphospholipid antibodies in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus: meta-analysis of echocardiographic studies. Circulation 124:215\u2013224","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"5498_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Erdogan D, Goren MT, Diz-Kucukkaya R, Inanc M (2005). Assessment of cardiac structure and left atrial appendage functions in primary antiphospholipid syndrome: a transesophageal echocardiographic study. Stroke. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 36:592\u2013596","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.0000154858.27353.df"},{"key":"5498_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Krause I, Lev S, Fraser A, Blank M, Chapman J, Shoenfeld Y (2005) Close association between valvular heart disease and central nervous system manifestations in antiphospholipid syndrome. Arthritis Res Ther. BioMed Central 7:12","DOI":"10.1186\/ar1533"},{"key":"5498_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1177\/0961203309353772","volume":"19","author":"J Pardos-Gea","year":"2010","unstructured":"Pardos-Gea J, Ordi-Ros J, Avegliano G, Cort\u00e9s-Hern\u00e1ndez J, Balada E, Evangelista A et al (2010) Echocardiography at diagnosis of antiphospholipid syndrome provides prognostic information on valvular disease evolution and identifies two subtypes of patients. Lupus 19:575\u2013582","journal-title":"Lupus"},{"key":"5498_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/keg182","volume":"42","author":"PG Vlachoyiannopoulos","year":"2003","unstructured":"Vlachoyiannopoulos PG, Kanellopoulos PG, Ioannidis JPA, Tektonidou MG, Mastorakou I, Moutsopoulos HM (2003) Atherosclerosis in premenopausal women with antiphospholipid syndrome and systemic lupus erythematosus: a controlled study. Rheumatology 42:645\u2013651","journal-title":"Rheumatology"},{"key":"5498_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ambrosino P, Lupoli R, Di Minno A, Iervolino S, Peluso R, Di Minno MND (2014) Markers of cardiovascular risk in patients with antiphospholipid syndrome: a meta-analysis of literature studies. Ann Med. Informa Healthcare 46:693\u2013702","DOI":"10.3109\/07853890.2014.959559"},{"key":"5498_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nazir S, Tachamo N, Lohani S, Hingorani R, Poudel DR, Donato A (2017) Acute myocardial infarction and antiphospholipid antibody syndrome: a systematic review. Coron Artery Dis. Lippincott Williams and Wilkins 28:332\u2013335","DOI":"10.1097\/MCA.0000000000000476"},{"key":"5498_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Denas G, Jose SP, Bracco A, Zoppellaro G, Pengo V (2015) Antiphospholipid syndrome and the heart: a case series and literature review. Autoimmun Rev. Elsevier, 214\u2013222","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2014.11.003"},{"key":"5498_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Boekholdt SM, Kramer MHH (2007) Arterial thrombosis and the role of thrombophilia. Semin Thromb Hemost 588\u2013596","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2007-985755"},{"key":"5498_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"998","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(09)70239-X","volume":"8","author":"RT Urbanus","year":"2009","unstructured":"Urbanus RT, Siegerink B, Roest M, Rosendaal FR, de Groot PG, Algra A (2009) Antiphospholipid antibodies and risk of myocardial infarction and ischaemic stroke in young women in the RATIO study: a case-control study. Lancet Neurol 8:998\u20131005","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"5498_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1191\/096120301666383277","volume":"10","author":"BR Lauwerys","year":"2001","unstructured":"Lauwerys BR, Lambert M, Vanoverschelde JL, Cosyns JP, Houssiau FA (2001) Myocardial microangiopathy associated with antiphospholipid antibodies. Lupus 10:123\u2013125","journal-title":"Lupus"},{"key":"5498_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1136\/heart.84.2.156","volume":"84","author":"T Azeem","year":"2000","unstructured":"Azeem T, Vassallo M, Samani NJ (2000) Endomyocardial fibrosis associated with antiphospholipid syndrome. Heart 84:156","journal-title":"Heart"},{"key":"5498_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"506","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.2005.044073","volume":"66","author":"D Paran","year":"2007","unstructured":"Paran D, Caspi D, Levartovsky D, Elkayam O, Kaufman I, Litinsky I et al (2007) Cardiac dysfunction in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus and antiphospholipid syndrome. Ann Rheum Dis 66:506\u2013510","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"5498_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.60.1.43","volume":"60","author":"MG Tektonidou","year":"2001","unstructured":"Tektonidou MG, Ioannidis JPA, Moyssakis I, Boki KA, Vassiliou V, Vlachoyiannopoulos PG et al (2001) Right ventricular diastolic dysfunction in patients with anticardiolipin antibodies and antiphospholipid syndrome. Ann Rheum Dis 60:43\u201348","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"5498_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"558","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semarthrit.2013.07.016","volume":"43","author":"C Kampolis","year":"2014","unstructured":"Kampolis C, Tektonidou M, Moyssakis I, Tzelepis GE, Moutsopoulos H, Vlachoyiannopoulos PG (2014) Evolution of cardiac dysfunction in patients with antiphospholipid antibodies and\/or antiphospholipid syndrome: a 10-year follow-up study. Semin Arthritis Rheum 43:558\u2013565","journal-title":"Semin Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"5498_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cervera R, Serrano R, Pons-Estel GJ, Ceberio-Hualde L, Shoenfeld Y, De Ram\u00f3n E, et al (2015) Morbidity and mortality in the antiphospholipid syndrome during a 10-year period: a multicentre prospective study of 1000 patients. Ann Rheum Dis. BMJ Publishing Group 74:1011\u20131018","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2013-204838"},{"key":"5498_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"800","DOI":"10.1002\/1529-0131(199805)41:5<800::AID-ART5>3.0.CO;2-J","volume":"41","author":"T Atsumi","year":"1998","unstructured":"Atsumi T, Khamashta MA, Haworth RS, Brooks G, Amengual O, Ichikawa K et al (1998) Arterial disease and thrombosis in the antiphospholipid syndrome: a pathogenic role for endothelin 1. Arthritis Rheum 41:800\u2013807","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"5498_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vaccaro F, Caccavo D, Roumpedaki E, De Vincentis G, Di Gioia CRT, Gallo P, et al (2008) Dilated cardiomyopathy due to thrombotic microangiopathy as the only manifestation of antiphospholipid syndrome: a case report. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol. Biomedical Research Press s.a.s. 21:237\u2013241","DOI":"10.1177\/039463200802100128"},{"key":"5498_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lang IM (2004) Chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension - not so rare after all. N Engl J Med 2236\u20132238","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMp048088"},{"key":"5498_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1463","DOI":"10.1007\/s10067-011-1826-y","volume":"30","author":"Y Chen","year":"2011","unstructured":"Chen Y, Chen GL, Zhu CQ, Lu X, Ye S, De YC (2011) Severe systemic lupus erythematosus in emergency department: a retrospective single-center study from China. Clin Rheumatol 30:1463\u20131469","journal-title":"Clin Rheumatol"},{"key":"5498_CR42","first-page":"942","volume":"21","author":"A Brucato","year":"1994","unstructured":"Brucato A, Baudo F, Barberis M, Redaelli R, Casadei G, Allegri F et al (1994) Pulmonary hypertension secondary to thrombosis of the pulmonary vessels in a patient with the primary antiphospholipid syndrome. J Rheumatol 21:942\u2013944","journal-title":"J Rheumatol"},{"key":"5498_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chaouat A, Weitzenblum E, Higenbottam T (1996) The role of thrombosis in severe pulmonary hypertension. Eur Respir J 356\u2013363","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.96.09020356"},{"key":"5498_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zuily S, Wahl D (2015) Pulmonary hypertension in antiphospholipid syndrome. Curr Rheumatol Rep. Current Medicine Group LLC 1","DOI":"10.1007\/s11926-014-0478-8"},{"key":"5498_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1399-3003.2000.15b28.x","volume":"15","author":"M Wolf","year":"2000","unstructured":"Wolf M, Boyer-Neumann C, Parent F, Eschwege V, Jaillet H, Meyer D et al (2000) Thrombotic risk factors in pulmonary hypertension. Eur Respir J 15:395\u2013399","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"5498_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Waisayarat J, Plumworasawat S, Vilaiyuk S, Sirachainan N (2019) Intracardiac thrombus in a patient with catastrophic antiphospholipid syndrome: an autopsy case report and review of the literature. Vasc Health Risk Manag. Dove Medical Press Ltd, 15:253\u2013258","DOI":"10.2147\/VHRM.S197638"},{"key":"5498_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dhibar DP, Sahu KK, Varma SC, Kumari S, Malhotra P, Mishra AK, et al (2016) Intra-cardiac thrombus in antiphospholipid antibody syndrome: an unusual cause of fever of unknown origin with review of literature. J Cardiol Cases. Elsevier Ltd, 14:153\u2013156","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jccase.2016.07.005"},{"key":"5498_CR48","first-page":"560","volume":"16","author":"TF Cianciulli","year":"2009","unstructured":"Cianciulli TF, Saccheri MC, Lax JA, Neme RO, Sevillano JFA, Maiori ME et al (2009) Left ventricular thrombus mimicking primary cardiac tumor in a patient with primary antiphospholipid syndrome and recurrent systemic embolism. Cardiol J 16:560\u2013563","journal-title":"Cardiol J"},{"key":"5498_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Marie I, Derumeaux G, Delahaye F, Mouton-Schleifer D, Reumont G, Levesque H, et al (2003) Intracardiac thrombi in primary antiphospholipid syndrome: two case reports. Eur J Intern Med. Elsevier 14:504\u2013508","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2003.09.008"},{"key":"5498_CR50","unstructured":"Harel L, Sandborg C, Lee T, Von Scheven E (2006) Neuropsychiatric manifestations in pediatric systemic lupus erythematosus and association with antiphospholipid antibodies [Internet]. J. Rheumatol. 1873\u20137"},{"key":"5498_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2412","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.25.12.2412","volume":"25","author":"J Montalban","year":"1994","unstructured":"Montalban J, Rio J, Khamastha M, Davalos A, Codina M, Swana GT et al (1994) Value of immunologic testing in stroke patients a prospective multicenter study. Stroke 25:2412\u20132415","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"5498_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sciascia S, Sanna G, Khamashta MA, Cuadrado MJ, Erkan D, Andreoli L, et al (2015) The estimated frequency of Antiphospholipid antibodies in young adults with cerebrovascular events: a systematic review. Ann Rheum Dis. BMJ Publishing Group 74:2028\u20132033","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2014-205663"},{"key":"5498_CR53","first-page":"215","volume":"26","author":"SM Schellong","year":"1997","unstructured":"Schellong SM, Weissenborn K, Niedermeyer J, Wollenhaupt J, Sosada M, Ehrenheim C et al (1997) Classification of Sneddon\u2019s syndrome. Vasa - J Vasc Dis 26:215\u2013221","journal-title":"Vasa - J Vasc Dis"},{"key":"5498_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hilton DA, Footitt D (2003) Neuropathological findings in Sneddon\u2019s syndrome. Neurology. Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, 60:1181\u20131182","DOI":"10.1212\/01.WNL.0000055931.66009.D3"},{"key":"5498_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Franc\u00e8s C, Piette JC (2000) The mystery of Sneddon syndrome: relationship with antiphospholipid syndrome and systemic lupus erythematosus. J Autoimmun. Academic Press 139\u2013143","DOI":"10.1006\/jaut.2000.0418"},{"key":"5498_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sanna G, Bertolaccini ML, Hughes GRV (2005) Hughes syndrome, the antiphospholipid syndrome: a new chapter in neurology. Ann N Y Acad Sci:465\u2013486","DOI":"10.1196\/annals.1361.088"},{"key":"5498_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Krnic-Barrie S (1997) A retrospective review of 61 patients with antiphospholipid syndrome. Arch Intern Med. American Medical Association (AMA) 157:2101","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.1997.00440390101013"},{"key":"5498_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shah NM, Khamashta MA, Atsumi T, Hughes GRV (1998) Outcome of patients with anticardiolipin antibodies: A 10 year follow-up of 52 patients. Lupus. Sage PublicationsSage CA: Thousand Oaks, CA 7:3\u20136","DOI":"10.1191\/096120398678919624"},{"key":"5498_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sastre-Garriga J, Montalban X (2003) APS and the brain [Internet]. Lupus. Sage PublicationsSage CA: Thousand Oaks, CA, 877\u2013882","DOI":"10.1191\/0961203303lu496oa"},{"key":"5498_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cervera R, Piette JC, Font J, Khamashta MA, Shoenfeld Y, Camps MT, et al. (2002) Antiphospholipid syndrome: clinical and immunologic manifestations and patterns of disease expression in a cohort of 1,000 patients. Arthritis Rheum. John Wiley and Sons Inc, 46:1019\u20131027.","DOI":"10.1002\/art.10187"},{"key":"5498_CR61","first-page":"850","volume":"36","author":"A Djokovic","year":"2018","unstructured":"Djokovic A, Stojanovich L, Stanisavljevic N, Banicevic S, Smiljanic D, Milovanovic B (2018) Relationship between cerebrovascular and valvular manifestations in a Serbian cohort of patients with antiphospholipid syndrome. Clin Exp Rheumatol 36:850\u2013855","journal-title":"Clin Exp Rheumatol"},{"key":"5498_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1097\/00005792-200001000-00006","volume":"79","author":"MJ Cuadrado","year":"2000","unstructured":"Cuadrado MJ, Khamashta MA, Ballesteros A, Godfrey T, Simon MJ, Hughes GRV (2000) Can neurologic manifestations of Hughes (antiphospholipid) syndrome be distinguished from multiple sclerosis? Analysis of 27 patients and review of the literature. Medicine (Baltimore) 79:57\u201368","journal-title":"Medicine (Baltimore)"},{"key":"5498_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"D\u2019Angelo C, Franch O, Fern\u00e1ndez-Paredes L, Oreja-Guevara C, N\u00fa\u00f1ez-Beltr\u00e1n M, Comins-Boo A, et al (2019) Antiphospholipid antibodies overlapping in isolated neurological syndrome and multiple sclerosis: neurobiological insights and diagnostic challenges. Front Cell Neurosci. Frontiers Media S.A 13:107","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2019.00107"},{"key":"5498_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ricarte IF, Dutra LA, Abrantes FF, Toso FF, Barsottini OGP, Silva GS, et al (2018) Neurologic manifestations of antiphospholipid syndrome [Internet]. Lupus. SAGE Publications Ltd 1404\u20131414","DOI":"10.1177\/0961203318776110"},{"key":"5498_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Katzav A, Menachem A, Maggio N, Pollak L, Pick CG, Chapman J (2014) IgG accumulates in inhibitory hippocampal neurons of experimental antiphospholipid syndrome. J Autoimmun. Academic Press 55:86\u201393","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2014.07.006"},{"key":"5498_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Islam MA, Alam F, Cavestro C, Calcii C, Sasongko TH, Levy RA, et al (2018) Antiphospholipid antibodies in epilepsy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Autoimmun. Rev. Elsevier B.V, 755\u2013767","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2018.01.025"},{"key":"5498_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Noureldine MHA, Haydar AA, Berjawi A, Elnawar R, Sweid A, Khamashta MA, et al (2017) Antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) revisited: would migraine headaches be included in future classification criteria? Immunol Res. Humana Press Inc 65:230\u2013241","DOI":"10.1007\/s12026-016-8831-9"},{"key":"5498_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2012.00150","volume":"3","author":"S Peluso","year":"2012","unstructured":"Peluso S, Antenora A, De Rosa A, Roca A, Maddaluno G, Morra VB et al (2012) Antiphospholipid-related chorea. Front Neurol 3:150","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"key":"5498_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1097\/00005792-199705000-00006","volume":"76","author":"R Cervera","year":"1997","unstructured":"Cervera R, Asherson RA, Font J, Tikly M, Pallar\u00e9s L, Chamorro A et al (1997) Chorea in the antiphospholipid syndrome: clinical, radiologic, and immunologic characteristics of 50 patients from our clinics and the recent literature. Medicine (Baltimore) 76:203\u2013212","journal-title":"Medicine (Baltimore)"},{"key":"5498_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2165","DOI":"10.3899\/jrheum.080268","volume":"35","author":"NM Orzechowski","year":"2008","unstructured":"Orzechowski NM, Wolanskyj AP, Ahlskog JE, Kumar N, Moder KG (2008) Antiphospholipid antibody-associated chorea. J Rheumatol 35:2165\u20132170","journal-title":"J Rheumatol"},{"key":"5498_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Arvanitakis Z, Capuano AW, Brey R, Fleischman DA, Arfanakis K, Buchman AS, et al (2019) Antiphospholipid antibodies: cognitive and motor decline, neuroimaging and neuropathology. Neuroepidemiology. S. Karger AG 53:100\u20137","DOI":"10.1159\/000500157"},{"key":"5498_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Homayoon N, Schwingenschuh P, Hofer E, Katschnig-Winter P, Schmidt R. (2014) Anticardiolipin antibodies are associated with cognitive dysfunction in stroke-free individuals. Eur J Neurol 21","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.12316"},{"key":"5498_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mosek A, Yust I, Treves TA, Vardinon N, Korczyn AD, Chapman J (2000) Dementia and antiphospholipid antibodies. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord. S. Karger AG 11:36\u20138","DOI":"10.1159\/000017211"},{"key":"5498_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Islam MA, Alam F, Kamal MA, Gan SH, Sasongko TH, Wong KK (2017) Presence of anticardiolipin antibodies in patients with dementia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Aging Neurosci. Frontiers Media S.A 9:250","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2017.00250"},{"key":"5498_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1017\/S1355617797003779","volume":"3","author":"SD Denburg","year":"1997","unstructured":"Denburg SD, Carbotte RM, Ginsberg JS, Denburg JA (1997) The relationship of antiphospholipid antibodies to cognitive function in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. J Int Neuropsychol Soc 3:377\u2013386","journal-title":"J Int Neuropsychol Soc"},{"key":"5498_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"735","DOI":"10.1002\/1529-0131(199904)42:4<735::AID-ANR17>3.0.CO;2-L","volume":"42","author":"S Menon","year":"1999","unstructured":"Menon S, Jameson-Shortall E, Newman SP, Hall-Craggs MR, Chinn R, Isenberg DA (1999) A longitudinal study of anticardiolipin antibody levels and cognitive functioning in systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Rheum 42:735\u2013741","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"5498_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Katzav A, Pick CG, Korczyn AD, Oest E, Blank M, Shoenfeld Y, et al (2001) Hyperactivity in a mouse model of the antiphospholipid syndrome. Lupus. Sage PublicationsSage CA: Thousand Oaks, CA 10:496\u20139","DOI":"10.1191\/096120301678416060"},{"key":"5498_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tektonidou MG, Varsou N, Kotoulas G, Antoniou A, Moutsopoulos HM (2006) Cognitive deficits in patients with antiphospholipid syndrome: association with clinical, laboratory, and brain magnetic resonance imaging findings. Arch Intern Med. American Medical Association 166:2278\u20132284","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.166.20.2278"},{"key":"5498_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.1002\/art.37759","volume":"65","author":"D Erkan","year":"2013","unstructured":"Erkan D, Vega J, Ram\u00f3n G, Kozora E, Lockshin MD (2013) A pilot open-label phase II trial of rituximab for non-criteria manifestations of antiphospholipid syndrome. Arthritis Rheum 65:464\u2013471","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"5498_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Garcia D, Erkan D (2018) Diagnosis and management of the antiphospholipid syndrome [Internet]. Longo DL, editor. N. Engl. J. Med. Massachussetts Medical Society 2010\u2013110","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1705454"},{"key":"5498_CR81","first-page":"2066","volume":"35","author":"Y Shoenfeld","year":"2008","unstructured":"Shoenfeld Y, Cervera R (2008) Asherson\u2019s syndrome of the catastrophic antiphospholipid antibodies. J Rheumatol 35:2066\u20132068","journal-title":"J Rheumatol"},{"key":"5498_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cervera R, Rodr\u00edguez-Pint\u00f3 I, Espinosa G (2018). The diagnosis and clinical management of the catastrophic antiphospholipid syndrome: a comprehensive review. J. Autoimmun. Academic Press 1\u201311","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2018.05.007"},{"key":"5498_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"George JN, Nester CM (2014) Syndromes of thrombotic microangiopathy. N Engl J Med. Massachussetts Medical Society 654\u201366","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1312353"},{"key":"5498_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Provenzale JM, Barboriak DP, Allen NB, Ortel TL (1996) Patients with antiphospholipid antibodies: CT and MR findings of the brain. Am J Roentgenol. American Roentgen Ray Society167:1573\u20131578","DOI":"10.2214\/ajr.167.6.8956600"},{"key":"5498_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Provenzale JM, Ortel TL, Allen NB (1998) Systemic thrombosis in patients with antiphospholipid antibodies: lesion distribution and imaging findings. Am J Roentgenol. American Roentgen Ray Society 170:285\u2013290","DOI":"10.2214\/ajr.170.2.9456930"},{"key":"5498_CR86","unstructured":"Theodoridou A, Settas L (2006) Demyelination in rheumatic diseases. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. BMJ Publishing Group 290\u2013295"},{"key":"5498_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bot JCJ, Barkhof F, Lycklama \u00c0 Nijeholt GL, Van Schaardenburg D, Voskuyl AE, Ader HJ, et al (2002) Differentiation of multiple sclerosis from other inflammatory disorders and cerebrovascular disease: value of spinal MR imaging. Radiology. Radiological Society of North America Inc 223:46\u201356","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2231010707"},{"key":"5498_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhu DS, Fu J, Zhang Y, Li SX, Zhang GX, Guan YT, et al (2014) Neurological antiphospholipid syndrome: clinical, neuroimaging, and pathological characteristics. J Neurol Sci. Elsevier B.V 346:138\u2013144","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2014.08.010"},{"key":"5498_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Arnold DL, Matthews PM (2002) MRI in the diagnosis and management of multiple sclerosis. Neurology. Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. on behalf of the American Academy of Neurology 58:S23\u2013S31","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.58.8_suppl_4.S23"},{"key":"5498_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cikes N, Bosnic D, Sentic M (2008) Non-MS autoimmune demyelination. Clin. Neurol. Neurosurg. Elsevier 905\u2013912","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clineuro.2008.06.011"},{"key":"5498_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rovaris M, Viti B, Ciboddo G, Gerevini S, Capra R, Iannucci G, et al (2000) Brain involvement in systemic immune mediated diseases: magnetic resonance and magnetisation transfer imaging study. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. BMJ Publishing Group 68:170\u2013177","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.68.2.170"},{"key":"5498_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mavrogeni SI, Sfikakis PP, Kitas GD, Kolovou G, Tektonidou MG (2016) Cardiac involvement in antiphospholipid syndrome: the diagnostic role of noninvasive cardiac imaging. Semin. Arthritis Rheum. W.B. Saunders, 611\u20136","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semarthrit.2015.09.005"},{"key":"5498_CR93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mavrogeni SI, Markousis-Mavrogenis G, Karapanagiotou O, Toutouzas K, Argyriou P, Velitsista S, et al (2019) Silent myocardial perfusion abnormalities detected by stress cardiovascular magnetic resonance in antiphospholipid syndrome: a case-control study. J Clin Med. MDPI AG 8:1084","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm8071084"},{"key":"5498_CR94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mavrogeni S, Markousis-Mavrogenis G, Kolovou G (2014) Clinical use of cardiac magnetic resonance in systemic heart disease. Eur Cardiol Rev. Touch Briefings, 9:21\u201327","DOI":"10.15420\/ecr.2014.9.1.21"},{"key":"5498_CR95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mavrogeni SI, Sfikakis PP, Koutsogeorgopoulou L, Markousis-Mavrogenis G, Dimitroulas T, Kolovou G, et al (2017) Cardiac tissue characterization and imaging in autoimmune rheumatic diseases. JACC Cardiovasc. Imaging. Elsevier Inc 1387\u20131396","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcmg.2017.08.017"},{"key":"5498_CR96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mavrogeni S, Markousis-Mavrogenis G, Koutsogeorgopoulou L, Kolovou G (2017) Cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging: clinical implications in the evaluation of connective tissue diseases. J Inflamm Res. Dove Medical Press Ltd, 55\u201361.","DOI":"10.2147\/JIR.S115508"},{"key":"5498_CR97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Barkhausen J, Hunold P, Eggebrecht H, Sch\u00fcler WO, Sabin GV, Erbel R, et al. (2002) Detection and characterization of intracardiac thrombi on MR imaging. Am J Roentgenol. American Roentgen Ray Society179:1539\u20131544","DOI":"10.2214\/ajr.179.6.1791539"},{"key":"5498_CR98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.31138\/mjr.28.4.221","volume":"28","author":"SI Mavrogeni","year":"2017","unstructured":"Mavrogeni SI, Sfikakis PP (2017) Systemic lupus erythematosus with antiphospholipid syndrome: cardiovascular magnetic resonance for evaluation of cardiac hypertrophy. Mediterr J Rheumatol 28:221\u2013222","journal-title":"Mediterr J Rheumatol"},{"key":"5498_CR99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zuily S, Huttin O, Mohamed S, Marie PY, Selton-Suty C, Wahl D (2013) Valvular heart disease in antiphospholipid syndrome. Curr Rheumatol Rep. Current Medicine Group LLC 1, 15:1\u20137","DOI":"10.1007\/s11926-013-0320-8"},{"key":"5498_CR100","first-page":"259","volume":"10","author":"A Patrignani","year":"2009","unstructured":"Patrignani A, Nannicosta MP, Antonini L, D\u2019Aroma A, De Berardinis G, Cicogna S (2009) Myocardial and cerebral infarction as initial presentation of antiphospholipid syndrome. G Ital Cardiol (Rome) 10:259\u201362","journal-title":"G Ital Cardiol (Rome)"},{"key":"5498_CR101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"650","DOI":"10.1007\/s00392-002-0819-x","volume":"91","author":"F Jung","year":"2002","unstructured":"Jung F, Miesbach W, Scharrer I (2002) Cardiac and cerebral manifestations of antiphospholipid syndrome. Z Kardiol 91:650\u20138","journal-title":"Z Kardiol"},{"key":"5498_CR102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Markousis-Mavrogenis G, Mitsikostas DD, Koutsogeorgopoulou L, Dimitroulas T, Katsifis G, Argyriou P, et al (2020) Combined brain-heart magnetic resonance imaging in autoimmune rheumatic disease patients with cardiac symptoms: hypothesis generating insights from a cross-sectional study. J Clin Med. MDPI AG 9:447","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm9020447"},{"key":"5498_CR103","first-page":"661","volume":"57","author":"S Sciascia","year":"2018","unstructured":"Sciascia S, Radin M, Sanna G, Cecchi I, Roccatello D, Bertolaccini ML (2018) Clinical utility of the global anti-phospholipid syndrome score for risk stratification: a pooled analysis. Rheumatol (United Kingdom) 57:661\u2013665","journal-title":"Rheumatol (United Kingdom)"},{"key":"5498_CR104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Di Minno MND, Scalera A, Tufano A, Ambrosino P, Bettiol A, Silvestri E, et al. (2018) The association of adjusted Global AntiphosPholipid Syndrome Score (aGAPSS) with cardiovascular disease in subjects with antiphospholipid antibodies. Atherosclerosis. Elsevier Ireland Ltd, 278:60\u201365","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2018.09.010"}],"container-title":["Clinical Rheumatology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10067-020-05498-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10067-020-05498-2\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10067-020-05498-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,9]],"date-time":"2021-06-09T16:06:27Z","timestamp":1623254787000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10067-020-05498-2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,16]]},"references-count":104,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,7]]}},"alternative-id":["5498"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10067-020-05498-2","relation":{},"ISSN":["0770-3198","1434-9949"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0770-3198","type":"print"},{"value":"1434-9949","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,16]]},"assertion":[{"value":"14 October 2020","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"28 October 2020","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"3 November 2020","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"16 November 2020","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Compliance with ethical standards"}},{"value":"None.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Disclosures"}}]}}