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This study examined predictors of symptom improvement after antimicrobial therapy for persistent symptoms attributed to Lyme disease, hypothesizing particularly pre-treatment expectancies regarding symptom improvement to be predictive.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>A predictive study was performed on pre-treatment and post-treatment individual characteristics, including expectancies, and physical and mental health\u2013related quality of life (HRQoL) from the PLEASE-trial comparing randomized 12-weeks of doxycycline, clarithromycin-hydroxychloroquine, or placebo following 2\u00a0weeks of intravenous ceftriaxone. At end-of-treatment (14\u00a0weeks after trial start) and follow-up (52\u00a0weeks), complete data of 231 and 170 (of initial 280) patients with persistent symptoms temporally related to a history of erythema migrans or otherwise confirmed symptomatic Lyme disease, or accompanied by <jats:italic>B. burgdorferi<\/jats:italic> IgG or IgM antibodies, were examined through hierarchical regression analyses.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>In addition to pre-treatment HRQoL, pre-treatment expectancies regarding symptom improvement were consistently associated with stronger physical and mental HRQoL improvements at both end-of-treatment and follow-up (95% CI range: .09;.54, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u2009.01 to .27;.92, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u2009.001). Post-treatment expectancies regarding having received antibiotics vs. placebo was associated with more HRQoL improvement at end-of-treatment, but not at follow-up (95% CI-range 1.00;4.75, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009.003 to\u2009\u22127.34;\u2009\u22122.22, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u2009.001).<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>The present study shows that, next to pre-treatment functioning, patients\u2019 pre-treatment and post-treatment expectancies regarding improvement of persistent symptoms attributed to Lyme disease relate to a more beneficial symptom course. Expectancies of patients may be relevant to explain and potentially improve patient outcomes (e.g., by optimized communication about treatment success).<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Trial registration<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT01207739 (Registration date: 23\u201309-2010)<jats:table-wrap><jats:table><jats:tbody>\n                      <jats:tr>\n                        <jats:td colspan=\"2\"><jats:bold>Key Points<\/jats:bold>\u2022 <jats:italic>As there is currently no sufficient symptom resolution or symptomatic improvement for many patients with persistent symptoms attributed to Lyme disease, it is relevant to know which factors determine symptom progression and predict heterogeneity in treatment response<\/jats:italic>.\u2022 <jats:italic>Next to pre-treatment functioning, expectancies regarding symptom improvement and having received antimicrobial study medication are associated with a more beneficial symptom course after both shorter-term and longer-term antimicrobial treatment.<\/jats:italic>\u2022 <jats:italic>Expectancies are relevant to consider in treatment studies and may be useful in clinical settings to improve symptom course and treatment outcome (e.g., by optimized communication about treatment success).<\/jats:italic><\/jats:td>\n                      <\/jats:tr>\n                    <\/jats:tbody><\/jats:table><\/jats:table-wrap><\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10067-021-05760-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,24]],"date-time":"2021-05-24T20:02:41Z","timestamp":1621886561000},"page":"4295-4308","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Expectancies as predictors of symptom improvement after antimicrobial therapy for persistent symptoms attributed to Lyme disease"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"40","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4575-0895","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Henri\u00ebt","family":"van Middendorp","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9079-9519","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anneleen","family":"Berende","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fidel J.","family":"Vos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hadewych H. 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