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Understanding the pathogenic role of these immune cells in RA provides new insights into the intervention and treatment of RA.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A total of 86 patients with RA (RA group) and 50 healthy controls (HC) were included in the study.\u00a0The immune cells of CD4\n                      <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                      , CD19\n                      <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                      B, NK, Th17, Treg, ILCs, and their subsets (i.e., ILC1s, ILC2s, and ILC3s) were characterized in peripheral blood mononuclear cells by flow cytometry. Cytokines (i.e., IFN-\u03b3, IL-4, IL-10, IL-17A, IL-22, and IL-33) in sera were detected using ELISA. The above immune cells and cytokines were analyzed in patients with different disease activity status and positive (\u2009+) or negative (\u2009\u2212) rheumatoid factor (RF)\/anti-citrullinated protein antibodies (ACPA).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Patients with RA had higher percentages of CD4\n                      <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                      T, CD19\n                      <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                      B, Th17, ILC2s, and ILC3s and lower percentages of Treg and ILC1s than HC. Patients with RA had elevated levels of IFN-\u03b3, IL-4, IL-17A, and IL-22 and decreased level of IL-10. Compared with HC, patients with high disease activity had higher percentages of Th17, ILC2s, and ILC3s; lower percentages of ILC1s; and lower level of IL-10. The percentage of Treg cells in remission, low, moderate, and high disease activities decreased, whereas the level of IL-17A increased compared with HC. Furthermore, RF\n                      <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                      or ACPA\n                      <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                      patients exhibited elevated percentages of CD19\n                      <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                      B, ILC2s, and ILC3s and had decreased percentage of ILC1s and Treg cells than HC. The percentage of Th17 cells increased in RF\n                      <jats:sup>\u2212<\/jats:sup>\n                      \/ACPA\n                      <jats:sup>\u2212<\/jats:sup>\n                      and RF\n                      <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                      \/ACPA\n                      <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                      patients. However, the above immune cells between RF or ACPA positive and negative patients were not significantly different.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Th17, Treg, and ILC subset dysregulations are present in patients with RA but may not be associated with conventionally defined seropositive RF and ACPA.\n                      <jats:table-wrap>\n                        <jats:table>\n                          <jats:tbody>\n                            <jats:tr>\n                              <jats:td colspan=\"2\">\n                                <jats:bold>Key Points<\/jats:bold>\n                                <jats:italic>\u2022 Th17, Treg, and ILC subset dysregulations are present in patients with RA but may reflect inflammation rather than specific diseases and stages.<\/jats:italic>\n                                <jats:italic>\u2022 No difference for the distribution of Th17, Treg, and ILC subsets between RF<\/jats:italic>\n                                <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                                <jats:italic>and RF<\/jats:italic>\n                                <jats:sup>\n                                  <jats:italic>\u2212<\/jats:italic>\n                                <\/jats:sup>\n                                <jats:italic>patients and between ACPA<\/jats:italic>\n                                <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                                <jats:italic>and ACPA<\/jats:italic>\n                                <jats:sup>\n                                  <jats:italic>\u2212<\/jats:italic>\n                                <\/jats:sup>\n                                <jats:italic>patients. The screening spectrum of RF and ACPA serology should be expanded to elucidate the role of immune cells in RA pathogenesis.<\/jats:italic>\n                              <\/jats:td>\n                            <\/jats:tr>\n                          <\/jats:tbody>\n                        <\/jats:table>\n                      <\/jats:table-wrap>\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10067-022-06315-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,4]],"date-time":"2022-08-04T05:03:32Z","timestamp":1659589412000},"page":"3837-3849","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":46,"title":["Imbalance of Th17, Treg, and helper innate lymphoid cell in the peripheral blood of patients with rheumatoid arthritis"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"41","author":[{"given":"Ting","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jinbing","family":"Rui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenqi","family":"Shan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fei","family":"Xue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dingqi","family":"Feng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liyang","family":"Dong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiahui","family":"Mao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yang","family":"Shu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chaoming","family":"Mao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5980-6530","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xuefeng","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,4]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"6315_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1002\/art.41417","volume":"73","author":"KD Deane","year":"2021","unstructured":"Deane KD, Holers VM (2021) Rheumatoid arthritis pathogenesis, prediction, and prevention: an emerging paradigm shift. 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