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We aimed to study urinary biomarkers in lupus nephritis and test their relation to kidney damage.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Patients and methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Forty patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) were divided into two graoups: (1) lupus nephritis group with biopsy-proven proliferative lupus nephritis (classes III and IV) and who did not receive immunosuppressive drugs within the preceding 3 months except for glucocorticoids and (2) lupus non-nephritis group with SLE patients without any renal manifestation. We assessed disease activity by the SLE disease activity index. uNGAL, uKim-1, uNGAL to urinary creatinine excretion (mg\/dl), and uKim-1 to urinary creatinine excretion were measured in random spot urine samples at the time of renal biopsy and 6 months after the induction therapy.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The LN group before treatment showed higher levels of uNGAL and uKIM-1 (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      -value &lt; 0.001). ROC analysis showed that uNGAL at level of &gt; 59 has a 95 % sensitivity, a 100 % specificity, and an AUC = 0.996 in the ability to diagnose LN. While the uKIM-1 ROC showed that at level of &gt; 1.6, it has an 85 % sensitivity, an 80 % specificity, and an AUC = 0.919. uNGAL and uKIM levels were significantly lower after treatment (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      -value &lt; 0.001). No significant correlations were found between urinary markers before and after treatment with other clinical, inflammatory, and serological markers of lupus nephritis.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      uNGAL, uKIM, uNGAL\/Creat ratio, and uKIM\/Creat ratio can be used as a predictor and a marker of disease activity for lupus nephritis.\n                      <jats:table-wrap>\n                        <jats:table>\n                          <jats:tbody>\n                            <jats:tr>\n                              <jats:td colspan=\"2\">\n                                <jats:bold>Key Points<\/jats:bold>\n                                <jats:italic>\u2022 Renal biopsy is the current standard for diagnosis of lupus nephritis and none of the urinary biomarkers has been fully concluded to have a diagnostic power to reflect the activity or the response to treatment.<\/jats:italic>\n                                <jats:italic>\u2022 However, based on the finding of the current study, uNGAL, uKIM, uNGAL\/Creat ratio, and uKIM\/Creat ratio showed significant diagnostic performance and were powerful indices of renal involvement in systemic lupus patients and as markers of disease activity.<\/jats:italic>\n                              <\/jats:td>\n                            <\/jats:tr>\n                          <\/jats:tbody>\n                        <\/jats:table>\n                      <\/jats:table-wrap>\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10067-023-06698-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,29]],"date-time":"2023-07-29T13:01:38Z","timestamp":1690635698000},"page":"167-174","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Urinary neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (uNGAL) and kidney injury molecule-1 (uKIM-1) as markers of active lupus nephritis"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"43","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3217-0544","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Walaa Hosny Mohammed","family":"Ibrahim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0151-7717","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alaa AbdelAziz","family":"Sabry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahmed Raafat","family":"Abdelmoneim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9348-4283","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hamdy Fouad Ali","family":"Marzouk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rasha Mahmoud","family":"AbdelFattah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,29]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"6698_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1038\/nrrheum.2015.159","volume":"12","author":"A Davidson","year":"2016","unstructured":"Davidson A (2016) What is damaging the kidney in lupus nephritis? 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