{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,18]],"date-time":"2026-05-18T13:25:50Z","timestamp":1779110750573,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,6]],"date-time":"2024-03-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1709683200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,6]],"date-time":"2024-03-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1709683200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004359","name":"Vetenskapsr\u00e5det","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004359","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"V\u00e4sterbotten's Association Against Rheumatism"},{"name":"The Swedish Association Against Rheumatism"},{"name":"Region V\u00e4sterbotten"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007857","name":"Stiftelsen Konung Gustaf V:s 80-\u00e5rsfond","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007857","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"The Norrlands Heart Foundation"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100009769","name":"Mats Klebergs Stiftelse","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100009769","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Umea University"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Clin Rheumatol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>There is an increased risk for cardiovascular disease (CVD) in patients with radiographic axial spondyloarthritis (r-axSpA). In this cross-sectional study, we aimed to, overall and stratified by sex, (i) compare ultrasound derived carotid intima media thickness (cIMT), between patients and controls, and (ii) investigate associations between cIMT, clinical disease activity and inflammation-related laboratory markers in patients with r-axSpA.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Method<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>In total, 155 patients diagnosed with r-axSpA using the modified New York criteria and 400 controls were included. Bilateral carotid ultrasound, laboratory testing, and questionaries were acquired. Disease-specific assessments were carried out for patients. Linear regression analysis was used to assess associations.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Linear regression analyses showed that patients with r-axSpA had increased mean cIMT compared to controls (mean \u00b1 SD, 0.8 \u00b1 0.1\u00a0mm vs 0.7\u00b1 0.1\u00a0mm, respectively, unstandardized <jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic> (95% CI) -0.076 (-0.10, -0.052), <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001) adjusted for smoking status and age. Linear regression analyses for patients with r-axSpA showed that only males presented significant associations between cIMT and inflammation-related laboratory markers, white blood cell (WBC) count (mean \u00b1 SD, 6.8 \u00b1 1.6 10<jats:sup>9<\/jats:sup>\/L) and monocytes (0.6 \u00b1 0.2 10<jats:sup>9<\/jats:sup>\/L); WBC count (unstandardized <jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic> (95% CI) 0.019 (0.0065, 0.031), <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.003, <jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic><jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\u2009=\u20090.57) and monocytes (0.13 (0.0047, 0.26), <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.041, <jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic><jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\u2009=\u20090.55), adjusted for age, smoking status, body mass index, hypertension, dyslipidemia, diabetes mellitus, ASDAS-CRP, and treatment with DMARDs and glucocorticoids. No significant association was found between cIMT and clinical disease activity assessed by ASDAS-CRP.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Patients with r-axSpA had significantly increased cIMT compared to controls. In male patients, higher WBC and monocyte count were associated with an increase in cIMT suggesting the role of inflammation in the development of atherosclerosis.<\/jats:p>\n                <jats:p><jats:table-wrap><jats:table><jats:tbody>\n                      <jats:tr>\n                        <jats:td align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"><jats:bold>Key Points<\/jats:bold>\u2022<jats:italic>Carotid intima-media thickness was increased in patients with radiographic axial spondyloarthritis compared to controls.<\/jats:italic>\u2022<jats:italic>White blood cell and monocyte counts were associated with carotid intima-media thickness in male patients with radiographic axial spondyloarthritis.<\/jats:italic><\/jats:td>\n                      <\/jats:tr>\n                    <\/jats:tbody><\/jats:table><\/jats:table-wrap><\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10067-024-06913-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,6]],"date-time":"2024-03-06T03:01:28Z","timestamp":1709694088000},"page":"1559-1570","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Increased carotid intima-media thickness in patients with radiographic axial spondyloarthritis compared to controls and associations with markers of inflammation"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"43","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8129-8771","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lucy","family":"Law","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8192-9166","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Per","family":"Lindqvist","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5494-8134","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Per","family":"Liv","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3822-0725","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Urban","family":"Hellman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5025-6539","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kristina","family":"Lejon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0529-7723","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mats","family":"Geijer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9225-1306","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stefan","family":"S\u00f6derberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7871-5303","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Helena","family":"Forsblad-d\u2019Elia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,6]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"6913_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1186\/s13075-017-1315-z","volume":"19","author":"K Bengtsson","year":"2017","unstructured":"Bengtsson K, Forsblad-d\u2019Elia H, Lie E, Klingberg E, Dehlin M, Exarchou S, Lindstr\u00f6m U, Askling J, Jacobsson LTH (2017) Are ankylosing spondylitis, psoriatic arthritis and undifferentiated spondyloarthritis associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular events? A prospective nationwide population-based cohort study. Arthritis Res Ther 19(1):102. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13075-017-1315-z","journal-title":"Arthritis Res Ther"},{"issue":"8","key":"6913_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1466","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2015-207688","volume":"75","author":"S Exarchou","year":"2016","unstructured":"Exarchou S, Lie E, Lindstr\u00f6m U, Askling J, Forsblad-d\u2019Elia H, Turesson C, Kristensen LE, Jacobsson LT (2016) Mortality in ankylosing spondylitis: results from a nationwide population-based study. Ann Rheum Dis 75(8):1466\u20131472. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/annrheumdis-2015-207688","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"6913_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Theofilis P, Sagris M, Oikonomou E, Antonopoulos AS, Siasos G, Tsioufis C, Tousoulis D (2021) Inflammatory mechanisms contributing to endothelial dysfunction. Biomedicines 9(7). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/biomedicines9070781","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines9070781"},{"issue":"10","key":"6913_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1285","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.652859","volume":"115","author":"JE Deanfield","year":"2007","unstructured":"Deanfield JE, Halcox JP, Rabelink TJ (2007) Endothelial Function and Dysfunction. Circulation 115(10):1285\u20131295. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.652859","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"6913_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Steyers CM, Miller FJ (2014) Endothelial dysfunction in chronic inflammatory diseases. Int J Mol Sci 15(7). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms150711324","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms150711324"},{"issue":"7","key":"6913_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"907","DOI":"10.1016\/j.echo.2007.02.028","volume":"20","author":"RT Hurst","year":"2007","unstructured":"Hurst RT, Ng DWC, Kendall C, Khandheria B (2007) Clinical use of carotid intima-media thickness: review of the literature. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 20(7):907\u2013914. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.echo.2007.02.028","journal-title":"J Am Soc Echocardiogr"},{"issue":"2","key":"6913_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1016\/S0929-6441(08)60029-6","volume":"15","author":"T-C Su","year":"2007","unstructured":"Su T-C, Jeng J-S, Hwang B-S, Liau C-S (2007) Application of Intima-media thickness and early atherosclerosis at carotid arteries as a window for cardiovascular diseases in preventive cardiology. J Med Ultrasound 15(2):112\u2013125. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0929-6441(08)60029-6","journal-title":"J Med Ultrasound"},{"issue":"2","key":"6913_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semarthrit.2021.02.003","volume":"51","author":"I Gonz\u00e1lez Maz\u00f3n","year":"2021","unstructured":"Gonz\u00e1lez Maz\u00f3n I, Rueda-Gotor J, Ferraz-Amaro I, Genre F, Corrales A, Calvo Rio V, Palmou Fontana N, Portilla V, Llorca J, Mata C et al (2021) Subclinical atherosclerotic disease in ankylosing spondylitis and non-radiographic axial spondyloarthritis. A multicenter study on 806 patients. Semin Arthritis Rheum 51(2):395\u2013403. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.semarthrit.2021.02.003","journal-title":"Semin Arthritis Rheum"},{"issue":"4","key":"6913_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1159\/000343145","volume":"34","author":"PJ Touboul","year":"2011","unstructured":"Touboul PJ, Hennerici MG, Meairs S, Adams H, Amarenco P, Bornstein N, Csiba L, Desvarieux M, Ebrahim S, Hernandez Hernandez R et al (2011) Mannheim carotid intima-media thickness and plaque consensus (2004-2006-2011). An update on behalf of the advisory board of the 3rd, 4th and 5th watching the risk symposia, at the 13th, 15th and 20th European Stroke Conferences, Mannheim, Germany, 2004, Brussels, Belgium, 2006, and Hamburg, Germany, 2011. Cerebrovasc Dis 34(4):290\u2013296. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000343145","journal-title":"Cerebrovasc Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"6913_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2016-209775","volume":"76","author":"R Agca","year":"2017","unstructured":"Agca R, Heslinga SC, Rollefstad S, Heslinga M, McInnes IB, Peters MJ, Kvien TK, Dougados M, Radner H, Atzeni F et al (2017) EULAR recommendations for cardiovascular disease risk management in patients with rheumatoid arthritis and other forms of inflammatory joint disorders: 2015\/2016 update. Ann Rheum Dis 76(1):17\u201328. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/annrheumdis-2016-209775","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"issue":"3","key":"6913_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.5551\/jat.45294","volume":"26","author":"Y Yuan","year":"2019","unstructured":"Yuan Y, Yang J, Zhang X, Han R, Chen M, Hu X, Ma Y, Wu M, Wang M, Xu S et al (2019) Carotid intima-media thickness in patients with ankylosing spondylitis: a systematic review and updated meta-analysis. J Atheroscler Thromb 26(3):260\u2013271. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5551\/jat.45294","journal-title":"J Atheroscler Thromb"},{"issue":"8","key":"6913_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1562","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2014-206773","volume":"74","author":"IJ Berg","year":"2015","unstructured":"Berg IJ, Semb AG, van der Heijde D, Kvien TK, Olsen IC, Dagfinrud H, Provan SA (2015) CRP and ASDAS are associated with future elevated arterial stiffness, a risk marker of cardiovascular disease, in patients with ankylosing spondylitis: results after 5-year follow-up. Ann Rheum Dis 74(8):1562. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/annrheumdis-2014-206773","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"issue":"5","key":"6913_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.1016\/j.berh.2010.05.009","volume":"24","author":"K de Vlam","year":"2010","unstructured":"de Vlam K (2010) Soluble and tissue biomarkers in ankylosing spondylitis. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol 24(5):671\u2013682. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.berh.2010.05.009","journal-title":"Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol"},{"key":"6913_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Forsblad-d\u2019Elia H, Law L, Bengtsson K, Smeds J, Ketonen M, Sundstr\u00f6m B, Ljung L, Geijer M, S\u00f6derberg S, Lindqvist P (2020) Biomechanical properties of common carotid arteries assessed by circumferential two-dimensional strain and beta stiffness index in patients with ankylosing spondylitis. J Rheumatol:jrheum.200146. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3899\/jrheum.200146","DOI":"10.3899\/jrheum.200146"},{"issue":"4","key":"6913_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1002\/art.1780270401","volume":"27","author":"S van der Linden","year":"1984","unstructured":"van der Linden S, Valkenburg HA, Cats A (1984) Evaluation of diagnostic criteria for ankylosing spondylitis. A proposal for modification of the New York criteria. Arthritis Rheum 27(4):361\u2013368. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/art.1780270401","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"issue":"Suppl 2","key":"6913_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"ii1","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.2008.104018","volume":"68","author":"J Sieper","year":"2009","unstructured":"Sieper J, Rudwaleit M, Baraliakos X, Brandt J, Braun J, Burgos-Vargas R, Dougados M, Hermann KG, Landewe R, Maksymowych W et al (2009) The Assessment of SpondyloArthritis international Society (ASAS) handbook: a guide to assess spondyloarthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 68(Suppl 2):ii1-44. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/ard.2008.104018","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"issue":"6","key":"6913_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.1111\/joim.12384","volume":"278","author":"G Bergstr\u00f6m","year":"2015","unstructured":"Bergstr\u00f6m G, Berglund G, Blomberg A, Brandberg J, Engstr\u00f6m G, Engvall J, Eriksson M, de Faire U, Flinck A, Hansson MG et al (2015) The Swedish CArdioPulmonary BioImage Study: objectives and design. J Intern Med 278(6):645\u2013659. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/joim.12384","journal-title":"J Intern Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"6913_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1590\/s1516-31802013000100020","volume":"131","author":"TL Skare","year":"2013","unstructured":"Skare TL, Verceze GC, Oliveira AA, Perreto S (2013) Carotid intima-media thickness in spondyloarthritis patients. Sao Paulo Med J 131(2):100\u2013105. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1590\/s1516-31802013000100020","journal-title":"Sao Paulo Med J"},{"issue":"8","key":"6913_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1203","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/ken198","volume":"47","author":"S Mathieu","year":"2008","unstructured":"Mathieu S, Joly H, Baron G, Tournadre A, Dubost JJ, Ristori JM, Lusson JR, Soubrier M (2008) Trend towards increased arterial stiffness or intima-media thickness in ankylosing spondylitis patients without clinically evident cardiovascular disease. Rheumatology (Oxford) 47(8):1203\u20131207. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/rheumatology\/ken198","journal-title":"Rheumatology (Oxford)"},{"issue":"3","key":"6913_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.46497\/ArchRheumatol.2020.7868","volume":"35","author":"\u00dc Sarp","year":"2020","unstructured":"Sarp \u00dc, \u00dcst\u00dcner E, Kutlay S, Ataman \u015e, Kutlay S (2020) Biomarkers of Cardiovascular Disease in Patients With Ankylosing Spondylitis. Arch Rheumatol 35(3):435\u2013439. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.46497\/ArchRheumatol.2020.7868","journal-title":"Arch Rheumatol"},{"key":"6913_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ben Tekaya A, Boukriba S, Fendri A, Rouached L, Saidane O, Bouden S, Tekaya R, Ben Salem K, Mahmoud I, Habiba M et al (2022) Endothelial dysfunction and increased carotid intima-media thickness in patients with spondyloarthritis without traditional cardiovascular risk factors. RMD Open 8(2). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/rmdopen-2022-002270","DOI":"10.1136\/rmdopen-2022-002270"},{"issue":"3","key":"6913_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/kei145","volume":"45","author":"I Sari","year":"2006","unstructured":"Sari I, Okan T, Akar S, Cece H, Altay C, Secil M, Birlik M, Onen F, Akkoc N (2006) Impaired endothelial function in patients with ankylosing spondylitis. Rheumatology (Oxford) 45(3):283\u2013286. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/rheumatology\/kei145","journal-title":"Rheumatology (Oxford)"},{"issue":"11","key":"6913_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2098","DOI":"10.3899\/jrheum.150316","volume":"42","author":"A Arida","year":"2015","unstructured":"Arida A, Protogerou AD, Konstantonis G, Konsta M, Delicha EM, Kitas GD, Sfikakis PP (2015) Subclinical atherosclerosis is not accelerated in patients with ankylosing spondylitis with low disease activity: new data and metaanalysis of published studies. J Rheumatol 42(11):2098\u20132105. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3899\/jrheum.150316","journal-title":"J Rheumatol"},{"issue":"3","key":"6913_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.1002\/jum.14754","volume":"38","author":"H Kaplanoglu","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kaplanoglu H, \u00d6zi\u015fler C (2019) Evaluation of subclinical atherosclerosis using ultrasound radiofrequency data technology in patients diagnosed with ankylosing spondylitis. J Ultrasound Med 38(3):703\u2013711. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jum.14754","journal-title":"J Ultrasound Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"6913_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.1177\/0003319718814309","volume":"70","author":"R Bai","year":"2019","unstructured":"Bai R, Zhang Y, Liu W, Ma C, Chen X, Yang J, Sun D (2019) The relationship of ankylosing spondylitis and subclinical atherosclerosis: a systemic review and meta-analysis. Angiology 70(6):492\u2013500. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0003319718814309","journal-title":"Angiology"},{"issue":"1","key":"6913_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1186\/s13075-017-1315-z","volume":"19","author":"K Bengtsson","year":"2017","unstructured":"Bengtsson K, Forsblad-d\u2019Elia H, Lie E, Klingberg E, Dehlin M, Exarchou S, Lindstr\u00f6m U, Askling J, Jacobsson LTH (2017) Are ankylosing spondylitis, psoriatic arthritis and undifferentiated spondyloarthritis associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular events? A prospective nationwide population-based cohort study. Arthritis Res Ther 19(1):102. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13075-017-1315-z","journal-title":"Arthritis Res Ther"},{"issue":"4","key":"6913_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2017-212189","volume":"77","author":"K Bengtsson","year":"2018","unstructured":"Bengtsson K, Forsblad-d\u2019Elia H, Lie E, Klingberg E, Dehlin M, Exarchou S, Lindstr\u00f6m U, Askling J, Jacobsson LTH (2018) Risk of cardiac rhythm disturbances and aortic regurgitation in different spondyloarthritis subtypes in comparison with general population: a register-based study from Sweden. Ann Rheum Dis 77(4):541\u2013548. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/annrheumdis-2017-212189","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"issue":"5","key":"6913_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"699","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cjca.2021.02.005","volume":"37","author":"PJ Connelly","year":"2021","unstructured":"Connelly PJ, Azizi Z, Alipour P, Delles C, Pilote L, Raparelli V (2021) The importance of gender to understand sex differences in cardiovascular disease. Can J Cardiol 37(5):699\u2013710. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cjca.2021.02.005","journal-title":"Can J Cardiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"6913_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semarthrit.2020.05.005","volume":"50","author":"GC Wright","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wright GC, Kaine J, Deodhar A (2020) Understanding differences between men and women with axial spondyloarthritis. Semin Arthritis Rheum 50(4):687\u2013694. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.semarthrit.2020.05.005","journal-title":"Semin Arthritis Rheum"},{"issue":"6","key":"6913_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0b013e3181c10773","volume":"88","author":"C Gonzalez-Juanatey","year":"2009","unstructured":"Gonzalez-Juanatey C, Vazquez-Rodriguez TR, Miranda-Filloy JA, Dierssen T, Vaqueiro I, Blanco R, Martin J, Llorca J, Gonzalez-Gay MA (2009) The high prevalence of subclinical atherosclerosis in patients with ankylosing spondylitis without clinically evident cardiovascular disease. Medicine (Baltimore) 88(6):358\u2013365. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/MD.0b013e3181c10773","journal-title":"Medicine (Baltimore)"},{"issue":"2","key":"6913_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1007\/s40744-015-0017-8","volume":"2","author":"I Verma","year":"2015","unstructured":"Verma I, Krishan P, Syngle A (2015) Predictors of atherosclerosis in ankylosing spondylitis. Rheumatol Ther 2(2):173\u2013182. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40744-015-0017-8","journal-title":"Rheumatol Ther"},{"issue":"5","key":"6913_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"548","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbspin.2007.11.007","volume":"75","author":"J-Y Choe","year":"2008","unstructured":"Choe J-Y, Lee M-Y, Rheem I, Rhee M-Y, Park S-H, Kim S-K (2008) No differences of carotid intima\u2013media thickness between young patients with ankylosing spondylitis and healthy controls. Joint Bone Spine 75(5):548\u2013553. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jbspin.2007.11.007","journal-title":"Joint Bone Spine"},{"issue":"3","key":"6913_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.4081\/reumatismo.2013.105","volume":"65","author":"FM Perrotta","year":"2013","unstructured":"Perrotta FM, Scarno A, Carboni A, Bernardo V, Montepaone M, Lubrano E, Spadaro A (2013) Assessment of subclinical atherosclerosis in ankylosing spondylitis: correlations with disease activity indices. Reumatismo 65(3):105\u2013112. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4081\/reumatismo.2013.105","journal-title":"Reumatismo"},{"issue":"2","key":"6913_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.5603\/FM.a2017.0101","volume":"77","author":"PP Chmielewski","year":"2018","unstructured":"Chmielewski PP, Strzelec B (2018) Elevated leukocyte count as a harbinger of systemic inflammation, disease progression, and poor prognosis: a review. Folia Morphol (Warsz) 77(2):171\u2013178. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5603\/FM.a2017.0101","journal-title":"Folia Morphol (Warsz)"},{"issue":"10","key":"6913_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1945","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2004.07.056","volume":"44","author":"M Madjid","year":"2004","unstructured":"Madjid M, Awan I, Willerson James T, Casscells SW (2004) Leukocyte count and coronary heart disease. J Am Coll Cardiol 44(10):1945\u20131956. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jacc.2004.07.056","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"issue":"5","key":"6913_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"500","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.165.5.500","volume":"165","author":"KL Margolis","year":"2005","unstructured":"Margolis KL, Manson JE, Greenland P, Rodabough RJ, Bray PF, Safford M, Grimm RH Jr, Howard BV, Assaf AR, Prentice R et al (2005) Leukocyte count as a predictor of cardiovascular events and mortality in postmenopausal women: The Women\u2019s Health Initiative Observational Study. Arch Intern Med 165(5):500\u2013508. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/archinte.165.5.500","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"issue":"9","key":"6913_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1253","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1992.03480090101035","volume":"267","author":"WB Kannel","year":"1992","unstructured":"Kannel WB, Anderson K, Wilson PWF (1992) White blood cell count and cardiovascular disease: insights from the Framingham Study. JAMA 267(9):1253\u20131256. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jama.1992.03480090101035","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"2","key":"6913_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2005.01.013","volume":"181","author":"MSV Elkind","year":"2005","unstructured":"Elkind MSV, Sciacca RR, Boden-Albala B, Tondella MLC, Feikin DR, Fields BS, Sacco RL, Tullio MRD, Homma S (2005) Leukocyte count is associated with reduced endothelial reactivity. Atherosclerosis 181(2):329\u2013338. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2005.01.013","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"issue":"1","key":"6913_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2011.12.038","volume":"221","author":"E Ortega","year":"2012","unstructured":"Ortega E, Gilabert R, Nu\u00f1ez I, Cof\u00e1n M, Sala-Vila A, de Groot E, Ros E (2012) White blood cell count is associated with carotid and femoral atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis 221(1):275\u2013281. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2011.12.038","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"issue":"2","key":"6913_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2005.11.021","volume":"188","author":"A Loimaala","year":"2006","unstructured":"Loimaala A, Rontu R, Vuori I, Mercuri M, Lehtim\u00e4ki T, Nenonen A, Bond MG (2006) Blood leukocyte count is a risk factor for intima-media thickening and subclinical carotid atherosclerosis in middle-aged men. Atherosclerosis 188(2):363\u2013369. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2005.11.021","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"issue":"1","key":"6913_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1186\/s13075-021-02623-7","volume":"23","author":"F Karow","year":"2021","unstructured":"Karow F, Smiljanovic B, Gr\u00fcn JR, Poddubnyy D, Proft F, Talpin A, Hue C, Boland A, Deleuze J-F, Garchon H-J et al (2021) Monocyte transcriptomes from patients with axial spondyloarthritis reveal dysregulated monocytopoiesis and a distinct inflammatory imprint. Arthritis Res Ther 23(1):246. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13075-021-02623-7","journal-title":"Arthritis Res Ther"},{"issue":"3","key":"6913_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.3390\/cells11030515","volume":"11","author":"S Mart\u00ednez-Ramos","year":"2022","unstructured":"Mart\u00ednez-Ramos S, Rafael-Vidal C, Pego-Reigosa JM, Garc\u00eda S (2022) Monocytes and macrophages in spondyloarthritis: functional roles and effects of current therapies. Cells 11(3):515","journal-title":"Cells"},{"issue":"3","key":"6913_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.3899\/jrheum.130803","volume":"41","author":"A Surdacki","year":"2014","unstructured":"Surdacki A, Sulicka J, Korkosz M, Miko\u0142ajczyk T, Telesi\u0144ska-Jasi\u00f3wka D, Klimek E, Kierzkowska I, Guzik T, Grodzicki TK (2014) Blood monocyte heterogeneity and markers of endothelial activation in ankylosing spondylitis. J Rheumatol 41(3):481. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3899\/jrheum.130803","journal-title":"J Rheumatol"}],"container-title":["Clinical Rheumatology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10067-024-06913-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10067-024-06913-8\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10067-024-06913-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,15]],"date-time":"2024-04-15T05:12:23Z","timestamp":1713157943000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10067-024-06913-8"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,6]]},"references-count":43,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,5]]}},"alternative-id":["6913"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10067-024-06913-8","relation":{},"ISSN":["0770-3198","1434-9949"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0770-3198","type":"print"},{"value":"1434-9949","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"29 November 2023","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"12 February 2024","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"15 February 2024","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"6 March 2024","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The regional Ethical Review Board at Ume\u00e5 University, Sweden, approved this study (Patients with r-axSpA; 2015\/352\u201331, 2016\/208\u201331, controls; 2020\u201301813) which was performed in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval"}},{"value":"All patients included in the Backbone Study and control subjects gave written informed consent.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent to participate"}},{"value":"Consent for publication has been obtained from all authors. See attached disclosure form.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"L.L, P. Ld, P.Lv, U.H, K.L and HFdE have declared no conflicts of interest. S.So reports consultancy and speakers honoraria from Actelion Ltd. P. Ld reports consultancy and speakers honoraria from Pfizer. MG reports speakers bureau Abbvie and UBC.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflicts of interest"}}]}}