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This study seeks to investigate the causal relationships between specific skin microbiotas and SLE using a Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis and a Bayesian weighted Mendelian randomization (BWMR) analysis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We utilized genome-wide association study (GWAS) data to investigate the role of skin microbiota in SLE. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were employed as instrumental variables (IVs) in 9 Mendelian randomization methods, including the inverse variance weighted (IVW) method, MR-Egger method, weighted median method, weighted mode, simple mode method, contamination mixture (ConMix) method, robust adjusted profile score (RAPS) method, constrained maximum likelihood and model averaging (CML-MA), and debiased inverse-variance weighted (dIVW) method. Additionally, sensitivity analyses such as leave-one-out analysis, Cochran\u2019s\n                      <jats:italic>Q<\/jats:italic>\n                      test, and Egger intercept test were conducted to ensure the robustness of the Mendelian randomization results. Finally, we applied Bayesian weighted Mendelian randomization (BWMR) approach to validate our MR findings.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      In the MR analysis of the skin microbiota (KORA FF4) and SLE, the IVW method revealed that ASV042 (\n                      <jats:italic>Acinetobacter<\/jats:italic>\n                      (unc.)) _Antecubitalfossa_Moist (OR\u2009=\u20090.964, 95% CI\u2009=\u20090.941\u20130.988,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.003) showed protective effects against SLE, while three taxa exhibited positive associations with SLE risk: ASV005 (\n                      <jats:italic>Propionibacterium granulosum<\/jats:italic>\n                      ) _Retroauricularfold_Sebaceous (OR\u2009=\u20091.051, 95% CI\u2009=\u20091.013\u20131.091,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.008), the phylum\n                      <jats:italic>Proteobacteria<\/jats:italic>\n                      _Retroauricularfold_Sebaceous (OR\u2009=\u20091.048, 95% CI\u2009=\u20091.004\u20131.094,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.033), and the class\n                      <jats:italic>Betaproteobacteria<\/jats:italic>\n                      _Retroauricularfold_Sebaceous (OR\u2009=\u20091.049, 95% CI\u2009=\u20091.00\u00a0l\u20131.098,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.044). In the MR analysis of the skin microbiota (PopGen) and SLE, five taxa demonstrated protective effects: ASV004 (\n                      <jats:italic>Corynebacterium<\/jats:italic>\n                      (unc.)) _Forehead_Sebaceous (OR\u2009=\u20090.960, 95% CI\u2009=\u20090.927\u20130.994,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.023), ASV005 (\n                      <jats:italic>Propionibacterium granulosum<\/jats:italic>\n                      ) _Antecubitalfossa_Moist (OR\u2009=\u20090.964, 95% CI\u2009=\u20090.930\u20130.999,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.042), ASV007 (\n                      <jats:italic>Anaerococcus<\/jats:italic>\n                      (unc.)) _Forehead_Sebaceous (OR\u2009=\u20090.969, 95% CI\u2009=\u20090.942\u20130.996,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.027), the genus\n                      <jats:italic>Kocuria<\/jats:italic>\n                      _Volarforearm_Dry (OR\u2009=\u20090.964, 95% CI\u2009=\u20090.935\u20130.995,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.023), and the class\n                      <jats:italic>Betaproteobacteria<\/jats:italic>\n                      _Antecubitalfossa_Moist (OR\u2009=\u20090.952, 95% CI\u2009=\u20090.918\u20130.988,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.010), while ASV039 (\n                      <jats:italic>Acinetobacter<\/jats:italic>\n                      (unc.)) _Antecubitalfossa_Moist (OR\u2009=\u20091.024, 95% CI\u2009=\u20091.000\u20131.048,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.049) was found to potentially increase risk in SLE. The findings were further supported by BWMR analysis, adding credibility to this research. Sensitivity analyses confirmed robustness of these findings.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Through genetic approaches, our study has illustrated specific skin microbiotas that may influence SLE, potentially facilitating earlier detection and enhancing the efficacy of treatment alternatives for patients with SLE.<\/jats:p>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:table-wrap>\n                        <jats:table>\n                          <jats:tbody>\n                            <jats:tr>\n                              <jats:td align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\">\n                                <jats:bold>Key points<\/jats:bold>\n                                \u2022\n                                <jats:italic>This is the first study to uncover the potential causal relationship\u00a0between skin microbiota and SLE using MR analysis.<\/jats:italic>\n                                \u2022\n                                <jats:italic>The study has identified a potential causal relationship between 10\u00a0skin microbiotas and SLE<\/jats:italic>\n                                .\u00a0\u2022\n                                <jats:italic>A series of sensitivity analyses and BWMR were conducted to\u00a0validate the robustness of our findings.<\/jats:italic>\n                              <\/jats:td>\n                            <\/jats:tr>\n                          <\/jats:tbody>\n                        <\/jats:table>\n                      <\/jats:table-wrap>\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10067-025-07556-z","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,8]],"date-time":"2025-07-08T07:53:27Z","timestamp":1751961207000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A Mendelian randomization analysis reveals the role of the skin microbiota in systemic lupus erythematosus"],"prefix":"10.1007","author":[{"given":"Yangqi","family":"Yin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jingting","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhongbin","family":"Tao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-9732-8989","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jie","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"7556_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Tian J, et al. 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