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Patients were observed from the time of enrollment until the diagnosis of HF (outcome of interest), death, dropout, or end of study, whichever occurred first. The association of sex with HF and the association of traditional and RA-specific variables with HF, stratified by sex, were analyzed using multiple logistic regression.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The study sample consisted of 4022 men (3.9% HF) and 11,785 women (2.6% HF). For men compared to women, adjusted odds ratio for HF [95% CI] was 1.48 [1.20\u20131.83] overall, 2.42 [1.60\u20133.66] in patients with coronary heart disease (CHD), and 1.40 [1.10\u20131.78] for patients without CHD. Age, CHD, and high disease activity (DAS28-ESR) were the main risk factors for both sexes. The effect estimate of hypertension and particularly diabetes was higher in women than in men. Our results suggest a possible underdiagnosis of HF in women, especially of higher age.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our exploratory study suggests a higher chance for HF, particularly in men with CHD compared to women, among patients with RA. Age, CHD, and high disease activity may be important risk factors for HF for both sexes, whereas diabetes, hypertension, and longer RA duration seem to be more deleterious in women than men.<\/jats:p>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:table-wrap>\n                        <jats:table>\n                          <jats:tbody>\n                            <jats:tr>\n                              <jats:td align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\">\n                                <jats:bold>Key Points<\/jats:bold>\n                                \u2022\n                                <jats:italic>Male RA patients with coronary heart disease (CHD) may have a higher chance for HF compared to females.<\/jats:italic>\n                                \u2022\n                                <jats:italic>Effect estimates for diabetes and hypertension were higher in women than in men.<\/jats:italic>\n                                \u2022\n                                <jats:italic>Age, CHD, and high RA disease activity were associated with HF in both sexes.<\/jats:italic>\n                              <\/jats:td>\n                            <\/jats:tr>\n                          <\/jats:tbody>\n                        <\/jats:table>\n                      <\/jats:table-wrap>\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10067-026-08078-y","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,9]],"date-time":"2026-04-09T01:54:22Z","timestamp":1775699662000},"page":"3143-3154","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Sex-specific traditional and disease-related risk factors for incident heart failure in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: a registry-based cohort study"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"45","author":[{"given":"Vera","family":"Zietemann","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tatjana","family":"Rudi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Bestler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Herzer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Uta","family":"Kiltz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christian","family":"Kneitz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0147-4112","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yvette","family":"Meissner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anja","family":"Strangfeld","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"8078_CR1","unstructured":"Golla MSG, Hajouli S, Ludhwani D (2024) Heart failure and ejection fraction. 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UK: Dr. Kiltz has received grant and research support and consultancy fees from AbbVie, Amgen, Biocad, Biogen, Chugai, Eli Lilly, Fresenius, Gilead, Gr\u00fcnenthal, GSK, Janssen, MSD, Novartis, Pfizer, Roche, and UCB. CK: consulting fees from AstraZeneca, Galapagos, and MICE Service GmbH and payment or honoraria for lectures, presentations, speaker bureaus, manuscript writing, or educational events from AbbVie, AstraZeneca, Boehringer-Ingelheim, Celltrion, GSK, Pfizer, and UCB. AS: lecture honoraria from AbbVie, Amgen, BMS, Celltrion, MSD, Lilly, Pfizer, Roche, and UCB.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}},{"value":"The study protocol was approved by the ethics committee of the Charit\u00e9 University Medicine Berlin.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval"}},{"value":"Obtained.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Patient consent"}},{"value":"Results were presented and discussed in the presence of patient research partners of the TARISMA (Targeted Risk Management in Musculoskeletal Diseases) research network.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Patient and public involvement"}}]}}