{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]],"date-time":"2026-08-05T15:58:07Z","timestamp":1785945487849,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":104,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,23]],"date-time":"2022-02-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1645574400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,23]],"date-time":"2022-02-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1645574400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Anim Cogn"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,10]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s10071-022-01607-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,23]],"date-time":"2022-02-23T18:03:25Z","timestamp":1645639405000},"page":"1241-1257","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Hermit crabs, shells, and sentience"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6932-8691","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Robert W.","family":"Elwood","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"1607_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1299","DOI":"10.1111\/oik.03742","volume":"126","author":"G Alcaraz","year":"2017","unstructured":"Alcaraz G, Arce E (2017) Predator discrimination in the hermit crab Calcinus californiensis: tight for shell breakers, loose for shell peelers. Oikos 126:1299\u20131307. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/oik.03742","journal-title":"Oikos"},{"key":"1607_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"jeb222703","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.222703","volume":"223","author":"G Alcaraz","year":"2020","unstructured":"Alcaraz G, Toledo B, Burciaga LM (2020) The energetic costs of living in the surf and impacts on zonation of shells occupied by hermit crabs. J Exp Biol 223:jeb222703. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1242\/jeb.222703","journal-title":"J Exp Biol"},{"key":"1607_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1016\/j.applanim.2009.03.013","volume":"119","author":"M Appel","year":"2009","unstructured":"Appel M, Elwood RW (2009a) Motivational trade-offs and the potential for pain experience in hermit crabs. Appl Anim Behav Sci 119:120\u2013124","journal-title":"Appl Anim Behav Sci"},{"key":"1607_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1373","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anbehav.2009.09.008","volume":"78","author":"M Appel","year":"2009","unstructured":"Appel M, Elwood RW (2009b) Gender differences, responsiveness and memory of a potentially painful event in hermit crabs. Anim Behav 78:1373\u20131379","journal-title":"Anim Behav"},{"key":"1607_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"454","DOI":"10.1139\/cjz-2017-00","volume":"96","author":"E Arce","year":"2018","unstructured":"Arce E, C\u00f3rdoba-Aguilar A (2018) The right choice: predation pressure drives shell selection decisions in the hermit crab Calcinus californiensis. Can J Zool 96:454\u2013459. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1139\/cjz-2017-00","journal-title":"Can J Zool"},{"key":"1607_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1139\/cjz-2012-0310","volume":"91","author":"E Arce","year":"2013","unstructured":"Arce E, Alcaraz G (2013) Plasticity of shell preference and its antipredatory advantages in the hermit crab Calcinus californiensis. Can J Zool 91:321\u2013327. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1139\/cjz-2012-0310","journal-title":"Can J Zool"},{"key":"1607_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3011","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2007.1196","volume":"274","author":"G Arnott","year":"2007","unstructured":"Arnott G, Elwood RW (2007) Fighting for shells: how private information about resource value changes hermit crab pre-fight displays and escalated fight behaviour. Proc Roy Soc B 274:3011\u20133017","journal-title":"Proc Roy Soc B"},{"key":"1607_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anbehav.2009.10.011","volume":"79","author":"G Arnott","year":"2010","unstructured":"Arnott G, Elwood RW (2010) Signal residuals and hermit crab displays: flaunt it if you have it! Anim Behav 79:137\u2013143","journal-title":"Anim Behav"},{"key":"1607_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"745","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anbehav.2007.07.004","volume":"75","author":"S Barr","year":"2008","unstructured":"Barr S, Laming PR, Dick JTA, Elwood RW (2008) Nociception or pain in a decapod crustacean? Anim Behav 75:745\u2013751","journal-title":"Anim Behav"},{"key":"1607_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4900","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1520084113","volume":"113","author":"AB Barron","year":"2016","unstructured":"Barron AB, Klein C (2016) What insects can tell us about the origins of consciousness. Proc Nat Acad Sci USA 113:4900\u20134908. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.1520084113","journal-title":"Proc Nat Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"1607_CR11","first-page":"1","volume":"2","author":"J Birch","year":"2017","unstructured":"Birch J (2017) Animal sentience and the precautionary principle. Anim Sent 2:1\u201315","journal-title":"Anim Sent"},{"key":"1607_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2020.07.007","author":"J Birch","year":"2020","unstructured":"Birch J, Schnell AK, Clayton NS (2020) Dimensions of animal consciousness. Trends Cogn Sci. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tics.2020.07.007","journal-title":"Trends Cogn Sci"},{"key":"1607_CR13","volume-title":"Do fish feel pain?","author":"VA Braithwaite","year":"2010","unstructured":"Braithwaite VA (2010) Do fish feel pain? Oxford University Press, Oxford"},{"key":"1607_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1093\/beheco\/11.3.288","volume":"11","author":"M Briffa","year":"2000","unstructured":"Briffa M, Elwood RW (2000a) The power of rapping influences eviction during hermit crab shell fights. Behav Ecol 11:288\u2013293","journal-title":"Behav Ecol"},{"key":"1607_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2445","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2000.1304","volume":"267","author":"M Briffa","year":"2000","unstructured":"Briffa M, Elwood RW (2000b) Cumulative or sequential assessment during hermit crab shell fights: effects of oxygen on decision rules. Proc Roy Soc B 267:2445\u20132452","journal-title":"Proc Roy Soc B"},{"key":"1607_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1006\/anbe.1999.1273","volume":"59","author":"M Briffa","year":"2000","unstructured":"Briffa M, Elwood RW (2000c) The temporal pattern of shell rapping within bouts indicates costly signalling. Anim Behav 59:159\u2013165","journal-title":"Anim Behav"},{"key":"1607_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1006\/anbe.2001.1764","volume":"62","author":"M Briffa","year":"2001","unstructured":"Briffa M, Elwood RW (2001a) Changes in motivational state during hermit crab shell fights. Anim Behav 62:505\u2013510","journal-title":"Anim Behav"},{"key":"1607_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1841","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2001.1752","volume":"268","author":"M Briffa","year":"2001","unstructured":"Briffa M, Elwood RW (2001b) Decision rules, energy metabolism and vigour in hermit crab fights. Proc Roy Soc B 268:1841\u20131847","journal-title":"Proc Roy Soc B"},{"key":"1607_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2331","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2002.2158","volume":"269","author":"M Briffa","year":"2002","unstructured":"Briffa M, Elwood RW (2002) Power of signals influences physiological costs and subsequent decisions during hermit crab fights. Proc Roy Soc B 269:2331\u20132336","journal-title":"Proc Roy Soc B"},{"key":"1607_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1093\/beheco\/14.1.74","volume":"14","author":"M Briffa","year":"2003","unstructured":"Briffa M, Elwood RW (2003) Change in the power of shell rapping during shell fights between hermit crabs: does magnitude contribute to repeated signals? Behav Ecol 14:60\u201365","journal-title":"Behav Ecol"},{"key":"1607_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2003.2633","volume":"271","author":"M Briffa","year":"2004","unstructured":"Briffa M, Elwood RW (2004) Use of energy reserves in fighting hermit crabs. Proc Roy Soc B 271:373\u2013379","journal-title":"Proc Roy Soc B"},{"key":"1607_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1007\/s00265-005-0020-0","volume":"59","author":"M Briffa","year":"2005","unstructured":"Briffa M, Elwood RW (2005a) Metabolic consequences of shell choice in Pagurus bernhardus: do hermit crabs prefer cryptic or portable shells? Behav Ecol Sociobiol 59:143\u2013148","journal-title":"Behav Ecol Sociobiol"},{"key":"1607_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anbehav.2004.10.013","volume":"70","author":"M Briffa","year":"2005","unstructured":"Briffa M, Elwood RW (2005b) Rapid change in energetic status in fighting animals: causes and effects of strategic decisions. Anim Behav 70:119\u2013124","journal-title":"Anim Behav"},{"key":"1607_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anbehav.2017.03.031","volume":"128","author":"M Briffa","year":"2017","unstructured":"Briffa M, Fortescue KJ (2017) Motor pattern during fights in the hermit crab Pagurus bernhardus: evidence for the role of skill in animal contests. Anim Behav 128:13\u201320. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.anbehav.2017.03.031","journal-title":"Anim Behav"},{"key":"1607_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1098\/rsbl.2010.0761","volume":"7","author":"M Briffa","year":"2011","unstructured":"Briffa M, Twyman C (2011) Do I stand out or blend in? Conspicuousness awareness and consistent behavioural differences in hermit crabs. Biol Lett 7:330\u2013332. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/rsbl.2010.0761","journal-title":"Biol Lett"},{"key":"1607_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1467","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.1998.0459","volume":"265","author":"M Briffa","year":"1998","unstructured":"Briffa M, Elwood RW, Dick JTA (1998) Analyses of repeated signals during hermit crab shell fights. Proc Roy Soc B 265:1467\u20131474","journal-title":"Proc Roy Soc B"},{"key":"1607_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"915","DOI":"10.1163\/156853908784089261","volume":"145","author":"M Briffa","year":"2008","unstructured":"Briffa M, Haskell P, Wildings C (2008a) Behavioural colour change in the hermit crab: reduced crypticity when the threat of predation is high. Behaviour 145:915\u2013929","journal-title":"Behaviour"},{"key":"1607_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1305","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2008.0025","volume":"275","author":"M Briffa","year":"2008","unstructured":"Briffa M, Rundle SD, Fryer A (2008b) Comparing the strength of behavioural plasticity and consistency across situations: animal personalities in the hermit crab Pagurus bernhardus. Proc Roy Soc B 275:1305\u20131311. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/rspb.2008.0025","journal-title":"Proc Roy Soc B"},{"key":"1607_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.3354\/dao075099","volume":"75","author":"DM Broom","year":"2007","unstructured":"Broom DM (2007) Cognitive ability and sentience: which aquatic animals should be protected? Dis Aquat Org 75:99\u2013108","journal-title":"Dis Aquat Org"},{"key":"1607_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2539","DOI":"10.1007\/s10750-021-04573-2","volume":"848","author":"LM Burciaga","year":"2021","unstructured":"Burciaga LM, Alvarez A, Alcarez G (2021) Same resource, different benefits: hermit crab shell structure advantages owners, but not intruders in agonistic interactions. Hydrobiologia 848:2539\u20132550","journal-title":"Hydrobiologia"},{"key":"1607_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2008.11.028","volume":"198","author":"M Cabanac","year":"2009","unstructured":"Cabanac M, Cabanac AJ, Parent A (2009) The emergence of consciousness in phylogeny. Behav Brain Res 198:267\u2013272","journal-title":"Behav Brain Res"},{"key":"1607_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1904","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1993.69.6.1904","volume":"69","author":"WD Chapple","year":"1993","unstructured":"Chapple WD (1993) Dynamics of reflex contraction in hermit crab abdomen: experiments and a systems model. J Neurophysiol 69:1904\u20131917. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/jn.1993.69.6.1904","journal-title":"J Neurophysiol"},{"key":"1607_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.so.17.080191.001025","volume":"17","author":"ID Chase","year":"1991","unstructured":"Chase ID (1991) Vacancy chains. Ann Rev Sociol 17:133\u2013154","journal-title":"Ann Rev Sociol"},{"key":"1607_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1163\/20021975-99990161","volume":"21","author":"R Chiussi","year":"2001","unstructured":"Chiussi R, D\u00edaz H, Rittschof D, Forward RB Jr (2001) Orientation of the hermit crab Clibanarius antillensis: effects of visual and chemical cues. J Crust Biol 21:593\u2013605. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1163\/20021975-99990161","journal-title":"J Crust Biol"},{"key":"1607_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"867","DOI":"10.1006\/anbe.1998.0828","volume":"56","author":"IM C\u00f4t\u00e9","year":"1998","unstructured":"C\u00f4t\u00e9 IM, Reverdy B, Cooke PK (1998) Less choosy or different preference? Impact of hypoxia on hermit crab shell assessment and selection. Anim Behav 56:867\u2013873","journal-title":"Anim Behav"},{"key":"1607_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20201715","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2020.1715","volume":"287","author":"A Crump","year":"2020","unstructured":"Crump A, Bethell EJ, Earley R, Lee VE, Mendl M, Oldham L, Turner SP, Arnott G (2020) Emotion in animal contests. Proc Roy Soc B 287:20201715. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/rspb.2020.1715","journal-title":"Proc Roy Soc B"},{"key":"1607_CR37","volume-title":"Why animals matter: animal consciousness, animal welfare and human well-being","author":"MS Dawkins","year":"2012","unstructured":"Dawkins MS (2012) Why animals matter: animal consciousness, animal welfare and human well-being. Oxford University Press, Oxford"},{"key":"1607_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2010.1418","volume":"278","author":"S Doake","year":"2011","unstructured":"Doake S, Elwood RW (2011) How resource quality differentially affects motivation and ability to fight in hermit crabs. Proc Roy Soc B 278:567\u2013573","journal-title":"Proc Roy Soc B"},{"key":"1607_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anbehav.2010.06.023","volume":"80","author":"S Doake","year":"2010","unstructured":"Doake S, Scantlebury M, Elwood RW (2010) The cost of bearing arms and armour in the hermit crab, Pagurus bernhardus. Anim Behav 80:637\u2013642","journal-title":"Anim Behav"},{"key":"1607_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1163\/156853983X00011","volume":"85","author":"BM Dowds","year":"1983","unstructured":"Dowds BM, Elwood RW (1983) Shell wars: assessment strategies and the timing of decisions in hermit crab fights. Behaviour 85:1\u201324","journal-title":"Behaviour"},{"key":"1607_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-3472(85)80088-9","volume":"33","author":"BM Dowds","year":"1985","unstructured":"Dowds BM, Elwood RW (1985) Shell wars 2: the influence of relative size on decisions made during hermit crab shell fights. Anim Behav 33:649\u2013656","journal-title":"Anim Behav"},{"key":"1607_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rsbl.2015.0884","author":"E Edmonds","year":"2015","unstructured":"Edmonds E, Briffa M (2015) Weak rappers rock more: hermit crabs assess their own agonistic behaviour. Biol Lett. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/rsbl.2015.0884","journal-title":"Biol Lett"},{"key":"1607_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-0981(95)00109-3","volume":"193","author":"RW Elwood","year":"1995","unstructured":"Elwood RW (1995) Motivational change during resource assessment in hermit crabs. J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 193:41\u201355","journal-title":"J Exp Mar Biol Ecol"},{"key":"1607_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1093\/ilar.52.2.175","volume":"52","author":"RW Elwood","year":"2011","unstructured":"Elwood RW (2011) Pain and suffering in invertebrates? ILAR J 52:175\u2013184","journal-title":"ILAR J"},{"key":"1607_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20190368","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2019.0368","volume":"374","author":"RW Elwood","year":"2019","unstructured":"Elwood RW (2019) Discrimination between nociceptive reflexes and more complex responses consistent with pain in crustaceans. Phil Trans Roy Soc B 374:20190368","journal-title":"Phil Trans Roy Soc B"},{"key":"1607_CR46","first-page":"180","volume":"23","author":"RW Elwood","year":"1990","unstructured":"Elwood RW, Adams PM (1990) How hermit crabs (Pagurus bernhardus) deal with obstructions in the apertures of shells. Ir Nat J 23:180\u2013185","journal-title":"Ir Nat J"},{"key":"1607_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20150800","DOI":"10.1098\/rsbl.2015.0800","volume":"11","author":"RW Elwood","year":"2015","unstructured":"Elwood RW, Adams L (2015) Electric shock causes physiological stress responses in shore crabs, consistent with prediction of pain. Biol Lett 11:20150800. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/rsbl.2015.0800","journal-title":"Biol Lett"},{"key":"1607_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1243","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anbehav.2009.01.028","volume":"77","author":"RW Elwood","year":"2009","unstructured":"Elwood RW, Appel M (2009) Pain in hermit crabs? Anim Behav 77:1243\u20131246","journal-title":"Anim Behav"},{"key":"1607_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1239","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-3472(81)80075-9","volume":"29","author":"RW Elwood","year":"1981","unstructured":"Elwood RW, Glass CW (1981) Negotiation or aggression during shell fights of the hermit crab, Pagurus bernhardus. Anim Behav 29:1239\u20131244","journal-title":"Anim Behav"},{"key":"1607_CR50","first-page":"436","volume":"22","author":"RW Elwood","year":"1988","unstructured":"Elwood RW, Kennedy HF (1988) Sex differences in shell preferences in the hermit crab, Pagurus bernhardus L. Ir Nat J 22:436\u2013440","journal-title":"Ir Nat J"},{"key":"1607_CR51","volume-title":"Assessments and decisions: a study of information gathering by hermit crabs","author":"RW Elwood","year":"1992","unstructured":"Elwood RW, Neil SJ (1992) Assessments and decisions: a study of information gathering by hermit crabs. Chapman and Hall, London"},{"key":"1607_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"620","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-3472(85)80086-5","volume":"33","author":"RW Elwood","year":"1985","unstructured":"Elwood RW, Stewart A (1985) The timing of decisions during shell investigation by the hermit crab, Pagurus bernhardus. Anim Behav 33:620\u2013627","journal-title":"Anim Behav"},{"key":"1607_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"940","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-3472(79)90032-0","volume":"27","author":"RW Elwood","year":"1979","unstructured":"Elwood RW, McClean A, Webb L (1979) The development of shell preferences by the hermit crab, Pagurus bernhardus. Anim Behav 27:940\u2013946","journal-title":"Anim Behav"},{"key":"1607_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00349221","volume":"123","author":"RW Elwood","year":"1995","unstructured":"Elwood RW, Marks N, Dick JTA (1995) Consequences of shell species preference for female reproductive success in the hermit crab, Pagurus bernhardus. Mar Biol 123:431\u2013434","journal-title":"Mar Biol"},{"key":"1607_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1038\/29980","volume":"393","author":"RW Elwood","year":"1998","unstructured":"Elwood RW, Wood K, Gallagher M, Dick JTA (1998) Probing motivational state during agonistic encounters in animals. Nature 393:66\u201368","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"1607_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"853","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anbehav.2006.01.025","volume":"72","author":"RW Elwood","year":"2006","unstructured":"Elwood RW, Pothanikat E, Briffa M (2006) Honest and dishonest displays, motivational state, and subsequent decisions in hermit crab shell fights. Anim Behav 72:853\u2013859","journal-title":"Anim Behav"},{"key":"1607_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1293","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1248811","volume":"344","author":"P Fossat","year":"2014","unstructured":"Fossat P, Bacqu\u00e9-Cazenave J, De Deurwaerd\u00e8re P, Delbecque J-P, Cattaert D (2014) Anxiety-like behavior in crayfish is controlled by serotonin. Science 344:1293\u20131297","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"1607_CR58","first-page":"2745","volume":"218","author":"P Fossat","year":"2015","unstructured":"Fossat P, Bacqu\u00e9-Cazenave J, De Deurwaerdere P, Cattaert D, Delbecque J-P (2015) Serotonin, but not dopamine, controls the stress response and anxiety-like behavior in the crayfish Procambarus clarkii. J Exp Biol 218:2745\u20132752","journal-title":"J Exp Biol"},{"key":"1607_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1163\/156854076X00233","volume":"31","author":"N Fotheringham","year":"1976","unstructured":"Fotheringham N (1976) Hermit crab shells as a limiting resource (Decapoda, Paguridae). Crustaceana 31:193\u2013199","journal-title":"Crustaceana"},{"key":"1607_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0310.2004.01060.x","volume":"111","author":"F Gherardi","year":"2005","unstructured":"Gherardi F, Atema J (2005) Memory of social partners in hermit crab dominance. Ethology 111:271\u2013285. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1439-0310.2004.01060.x","journal-title":"Ethology"},{"key":"1607_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2877","DOI":"10.1007\/s10886-005-8400-5","volume":"31","author":"F Gherardi","year":"2005","unstructured":"Gherardi F, Tricarico E, Atema J (2005) Unraveling the nature of individual recognition by odor in hermit crabs. J Chem Ecol 31:2877\u20132896. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10886-005-8400-5","journal-title":"J Chem Ecol"},{"key":"1607_CR62","volume-title":"Metazoa: animal minds and the birth of consciousness","author":"P Godfrey-Smith","year":"2020","unstructured":"Godfrey-Smith P (2020) Metazoa: animal minds and the birth of consciousness. William Collins, London"},{"key":"1607_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1007\/s10750-014-2047-6","volume":"743","author":"D Gorman","year":"2015","unstructured":"Gorman D, Barros F, Turra A (2015) What motivates hermit crabs to abandon trapped shells? Assessing the influence of shell value, olfactory attractants, and previous experience. Hydrobiologia 743:285\u2013297. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10750-014-2047-6","journal-title":"Hydrobiologia"},{"key":"1607_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1163\/156853970X00033","volume":"36","author":"BA Hazlett","year":"1970","unstructured":"Hazlett BA (1970) Tactile stimuli in the social behavior of Pagurus bernhardus (Decapoda, Paguridae). Behaviour 36:20\u201348","journal-title":"Behaviour"},{"key":"1607_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-3472(72)80178-7","volume":"20","author":"BA Hazlett","year":"1978","unstructured":"Hazlett BA (1978) Shell exchanges in hermit crabs; aggression, negotiation or both? Anim Behav 20:101\u2013107","journal-title":"Anim Behav"},{"key":"1607_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-3472(87)80227-0","volume":"35","author":"BA Hazlett","year":"1987","unstructured":"Hazlett BA (1987) Information transfer during shell exchange in the hermit crab Clibanarius antillensis. Anim Behav 35:218\u2013226","journal-title":"Anim Behav"},{"key":"1607_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-3472(89)90010-9","volume":"37","author":"BA Hazlett","year":"1989","unstructured":"Hazlett BA (1989) Shell exchanges in the hermit crab Calcinus tibicen. Anim Behav 37:104\u2013111","journal-title":"Anim Behav"},{"key":"1607_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.120.1.297","volume":"120","author":"CF Herreid","year":"1986","unstructured":"Herreid CF, Full RJ (1986) Energetics of hermit crabs during locomotion: the cost of carrying a shell. J Exp Biol 120:297\u2013308","journal-title":"J Exp Biol"},{"key":"1607_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02350055","volume":"12","author":"M Imafuku","year":"1994","unstructured":"Imafuku M (1994) Response of hermit crabs to sinistral shells. J Ethol 12:107\u2013114. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/BF02350055","journal-title":"J Ethol"},{"key":"1607_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"951","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-3472(89)80136-8","volume":"38","author":"NW Jackson","year":"1989","unstructured":"Jackson NW, Elwood RW (1989a) How animals make assessments: information gathering by the hermit crab, Pagurus bernhardus. Anim Behav 38:951\u2013957","journal-title":"Anim Behav"},{"key":"1607_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-3472(89)90032-8","volume":"37","author":"NW Jackson","year":"1989","unstructured":"Jackson NW, Elwood RW (1989b) Memory of shells in the hermit crab, Pagurus bernhardus. Anim Behav 37:529\u2013534","journal-title":"Anim Behav"},{"key":"1607_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1068","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-3472(05)80779-1","volume":"39","author":"NW Jackson","year":"1990","unstructured":"Jackson NW, Elwood RW (1990) Interrupting an assessment process to probe changes in the motivational state. Anim Behav 39:1068\u20131077","journal-title":"Anim Behav"},{"key":"1607_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.51291\/2377-7478.1011","author":"B Key","year":"2016","unstructured":"Key B (2016) Why fish do not feel pain. Anim Sent. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.51291\/2377-7478.1011","journal-title":"Anim Sent."},{"key":"1607_CR74","first-page":"293","volume":"11","author":"H Kinosita","year":"1968","unstructured":"Kinosita H, Okajima A (1968) Analysis of shell-searching behavior of the land hermit crab, Coenobita rugosus H Milne Edwards. J Fac Sci Univ Tokyo Sect IV 11:293\u2013358","journal-title":"J Fac Sci Univ Tokyo Sect IV"},{"key":"1607_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1007\/s00441-012-1353-4","volume":"348","author":"J Krieger","year":"2012","unstructured":"Krieger J, Sombke A, Seefluth F, Kenning M, Hansson BS, Harzsch S (2012) Comparative brain architecture of the European shore crab Carcinus maenas (Brachyura) and the common hermit crab Pagurus bernhardus (Anomura) with notes on other marine hermit crabs. Cell Tissue Res 348:47\u201369. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00441-012-1353-4 (PMID: 22374330)","journal-title":"Cell Tissue Res"},{"key":"1607_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1177","DOI":"10.1007\/s10071-020-01419-7","volume":"23","author":"J Krieger","year":"2020","unstructured":"Krieger J, H\u00f6rnig MK, Laidre ME (2020) Shells as \u2018extended architecture\u2019: to escape isolation, social hermit crabs choose shells with the right external architecture. Anim Cogn 23:1177\u20131187. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10071-020-01419-7","journal-title":"Anim Cogn"},{"key":"1607_CR77","first-page":"24","volume":"122","author":"ME Laidre","year":"2014","unstructured":"Laidre ME (2014) The social lives of hermits. J Nat Hist 122:24\u201329","journal-title":"J Nat Hist"},{"key":"1607_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fevo.2021.766342","author":"ME Laidre","year":"2021","unstructured":"Laidre ME (2021) The architecture of cooperation among non-kin: coalitions to move up in nature\u2019s housing market. Front Ecol Evol. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fevo.2021.766342","journal-title":"Front Ecol Evol"},{"key":"1607_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anbehav.2020.07.013","volume":"167","author":"SM Lane","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lane SM, Briffa M (2020) The role of spatial accuracy and precision in hermit crab contests. Anim Behav 167:111\u2013118. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.anbehav.2020.07.013","journal-title":"Anim Behav"},{"key":"1607_CR80","first-page":"189","volume":"7","author":"I Lancaster","year":"1988","unstructured":"Lancaster I (1988) Pagurus bernardus (L)\u2014an introduction to the natural history of hermit crabs. Field Stud 7:189\u2013238","journal-title":"Field Stud"},{"key":"1607_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/j.beproc.2016.06.017","volume":"130","author":"B Magee","year":"2016","unstructured":"Magee B, Elwood RW (2016) Trade-offs between predator avoidance and electric shock avoidance in hermit crabs demonstrate a non-reflexive response to noxious stimuli consistent with prediction of pain. Behav Process 130:31\u201335","journal-title":"Behav Process"},{"key":"1607_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"735","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anbehav.2009.07.003","volume":"78","author":"SL Mowles","year":"2009","unstructured":"Mowles SL, Cotton PA, Briffa M (2009) Aerobic capacity influences giving-up decisions in fighting hermit crabs: does stamina constrain contests? Anim Behav 78:735\u2013740","journal-title":"Anim Behav"},{"key":"1607_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1163\/156853985X00361","volume":"92","author":"SJ Neil","year":"1985","unstructured":"Neil SJ (1985) Size assessment and cues: studies of hermit crab contests. Behaviour 92:22\u201337. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1163\/156853985X00361","journal-title":"Behaviour"},{"key":"1607_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-0981(85)90052-8","volume":"94","author":"SJ Neil","year":"1985","unstructured":"Neil SJ, Elwood RW (1985) Behavioural modification during egg-brooding in the hermit crab, Pagurus bernhardus. J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 94:99\u2013114","journal-title":"J Exp Mar Biol Ecol"},{"key":"1607_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0310.1986.tb00913.x","volume":"73","author":"SJ Neil","year":"1986","unstructured":"Neil SJ, Elwood RW (1986) Factors influencing shell selection in the hermit crab, Pagurus bernhardus. Ethology 73:225\u2013234","journal-title":"Ethology"},{"key":"1607_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.3390\/ani11010073","volume":"11","author":"A Passantino","year":"2021","unstructured":"Passantino A, Elwood RW, Coluccio P (2021) Why protect decapod crustaceans used as models in biomedical research and in ecotoxicology? Some ethical and legislative considerations. Animals 11:73. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ani11010073","journal-title":"Animals"},{"key":"1607_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1007\/s00227-007-0681-5","volume":"152","author":"L Patterson","year":"2007","unstructured":"Patterson L, Dick JTA, Elwood RW (2007) Physiological stress responses in the edible crab Cancer pagurus to the fishery practice of de-clawing. Mar Biol 152:265\u2013272","journal-title":"Mar Biol"},{"key":"1607_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-0981(00)00234-3","volume":"253","author":"JA Pechenik","year":"2000","unstructured":"Pechenik JA, Lewis S (2000) Avoidance of drilled gastropod shells by the hermit crab Pagurus longicarpus at Nahant, Massachusetts. J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 253:17\u201332","journal-title":"J Exp Mar Biol Ecol"},{"key":"1607_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1163\/156853963X00121","volume":"21","author":"ES Reese","year":"1963","unstructured":"Reese ES (1963) The behavioral mechanisms underlying shell selection by hermit crabs. Behaviour 21:78\u2013126","journal-title":"Behaviour"},{"key":"1607_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.beproc.2021.104414","volume":"188","author":"JEV Rimmer","year":"2021","unstructured":"Rimmer JEV, Todd CD, Shuker DM (2021) Context-dependent use of visual cues in the shell selection behaviour of the hermit crab Pagurus bernhardus. Behav Processes 188:104414. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.beproc.2021.104414","journal-title":"Behav Processes"},{"key":"1607_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1111\/faf.12010","volume":"15","author":"JD Rose","year":"2014","unstructured":"Rose JD, Arlinghaus R, Cooke SJ, Diggles BK, Sawynok W, Steven ED, Wynne CDL (2014) Can fish really feel pain? Fish Fish 15:97\u2013133. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/faf.12010","journal-title":"Fish Fish"},{"key":"1607_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1007\/s00265-004-0770-0","volume":"56","author":"RD Rotjan","year":"2004","unstructured":"Rotjan RD, Blum J, Lewis SM (2004) Shell choice in Pagurus longicarpus hermit crabs: does predation threat influence shell selection behavior? Behav Ecol Sociobiol 56:171\u2013176. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00265-004-0770-0","journal-title":"Behav Ecol Sociobiol"},{"key":"1607_CR93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.1093\/beheco\/arq027","volume":"21","author":"RD Rotjan","year":"2010","unstructured":"Rotjan RD, Chabot JR, Lewis SM (2010) Social context of shell acquisition in Coenobita clypeatus hermit crabs. Behav Ecol 21:639\u2013646. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/beheco\/arq027","journal-title":"Behav Ecol"},{"key":"1607_CR94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-0981(79)90091-1","volume":"37","author":"EP Scully","year":"1979","unstructured":"Scully EP (1979) The effects of gastropod shell availability and habitat characteristics on shell utilization by the intertidal hermit crab Pagurus longicarpus Say. J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 37:139\u2013152","journal-title":"J Exp Mar Biol Ecol"},{"key":"1607_CR95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.neuro.23.1.557","volume":"23","author":"JR Searle","year":"1993","unstructured":"Searle JR (1993) Consciousness. Annu Rev Neurosci 23:557\u2013578","journal-title":"Annu Rev Neurosci"},{"key":"1607_CR96","volume-title":"Cognition, evolution and behavior","author":"SJ Shettleworth","year":"1998","unstructured":"Shettleworth SJ (1998) Cognition, evolution and behavior. Oxford University Press, New York"},{"key":"1607_CR97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anbehav.2014.09.007","volume":"97","author":"LU Sneddon","year":"2014","unstructured":"Sneddon LU, Elwood RW, Adamo SA, Leach MC (2014) Defining and assessing animal pain. Anim Behav 97:202\u2013212","journal-title":"Anim Behav"},{"key":"1607_CR98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1098\/rsbl.2012.0085","volume":"8","author":"K Sonoda","year":"2012","unstructured":"Sonoda K, Asakura A, Minoura M, Elwood RW, Gunji P (2012) Hermit crabs perceive the extent of their virtual bodies. Biol Lett 8:495\u2013497","journal-title":"Biol Lett"},{"key":"1607_CR99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e52411","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.52411","volume":"9","author":"NJ Strausfeld","year":"2020","unstructured":"Strausfeld NJ, Wolff GH, Sayre ME (2020) Mushroom body evolution demonstrates homology and divergence across Pancrustacea. Elife 9:e52411","journal-title":"Elife"},{"key":"1607_CR100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1127","DOI":"10.1163\/15685403-00003483","volume":"88","author":"HW Teoh","year":"2015","unstructured":"Teoh HW, Chong VC (2015) Allometric relationships and sexual dimorphism in three ubiquitous hermit crab species (Anomura, Diogenidae) from a tropical mangrove estuary. Crustaceana 88:1127\u20131138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1163\/15685403-00003483","journal-title":"Crustaceana"},{"key":"1607_CR101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anbehav.2019.03.010","volume":"151","author":"S Tidau","year":"2019","unstructured":"Tidau S, Briffa M (2019) Anthropogenic noise pollution reverses grouping behaviour in hermit crabs. Anim Behav 151:113\u2013120","journal-title":"Anim Behav"},{"key":"1607_CR102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jembe.2013.12.018","volume":"452","author":"A Turra","year":"2014","unstructured":"Turra A, Gorman D (2014) Subjective resource value and shell abandoning behavior in hermit crabs. J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 452:137\u2013142","journal-title":"J Exp Mar Biol Ecol"},{"key":"1607_CR103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20170098","DOI":"10.1098\/rsbl.2017.0098","volume":"13","author":"EP Walsh","year":"2017","unstructured":"Walsh EP, Arnott G, Kunc HP (2017) Noise affects resource assessment in an invertebrate. Biol Lett 13:20170098. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/rsbl.2017.0098","journal-title":"Biol Lett"},{"key":"1607_CR104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Walters ET (2018) Defining pain and painful sentience in animals. Anim Sent 21(14)","DOI":"10.51291\/2377-7478.1360"}],"container-title":["Animal Cognition"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10071-022-01607-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10071-022-01607-7\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10071-022-01607-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,30]],"date-time":"2022-10-30T11:11:24Z","timestamp":1667128284000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10071-022-01607-7"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,23]]},"references-count":104,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,10]]}},"alternative-id":["1607"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10071-022-01607-7","relation":{},"ISSN":["1435-9448","1435-9456"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1435-9448","type":"print"},{"value":"1435-9456","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,23]]},"assertion":[{"value":"1 September 2021","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"25 January 2022","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"14 February 2022","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"23 February 2022","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The author declares that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval"}}]}}