{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]],"date-time":"2026-10-20T13:38:17Z","timestamp":1792503497937,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,2]],"date-time":"2023-03-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1677715200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,2]],"date-time":"2023-03-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1677715200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002286","name":"University of Plymouth","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["GD105241-106"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GD105241-106"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002286","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Anim Cogn"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,7]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s10071-023-01761-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,2]],"date-time":"2023-03-02T18:02:48Z","timestamp":1677780168000},"page":"1147-1159","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Do you see what I see? Testing horses\u2019 ability to recognise real-life objects from 2D computer projections"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8877-5462","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sarah","family":"Kappel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marco A.","family":"Ramirez Montes De Oca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah","family":"Collins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katherine","family":"Herborn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Mendl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carole","family":"Fureix","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"1761_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.3758\/s13420-018-0363-9","volume":"47","author":"F Amici","year":"2019","unstructured":"Amici F (2019) Memories of emotional expressions in horses. Learn Behav 47:191\u2013192. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3758\/s13420-018-0363-9","journal-title":"Learn Behav"},{"key":"1761_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1016\/j.beproc.2014.10.016","volume":"111","author":"P Anselme","year":"2015","unstructured":"Anselme P (2015) Incentive salience attribution under reward uncertainty: a Pavlovian model. Behav Proc 111:6\u201318. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.beproc.2014.10.016","journal-title":"Behav Proc"},{"key":"1761_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1037\/0097-7403.32.2.190","volume":"32","author":"U Aust","year":"2006","unstructured":"Aust U, Huber L (2006) Picture-object recognition in pigeons: evidence of representational insight in a visual categorization task using a complementary information procedure. J Exp Psychol Anim Behav Process 32:190\u2013195. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0097-7403.32.2.190","journal-title":"J Exp Psychol Anim Behav Process"},{"issue":"1","key":"1761_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v067.i01","volume":"67","author":"D Bates","year":"2015","unstructured":"Bates D, M\u00e4chler M, Bolker B, Walker S (2015) Fitting linear mixed-effects models using lme4. J Stat Softw 67(1):1\u201348 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18637\/jss.v067.i01","journal-title":"J Stat Softw"},{"issue":"1","key":"1761_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2517-6161.1995.tb02031.x","volume":"57","author":"Y Benjamini","year":"1995","unstructured":"Benjamini Y, Hochberg Y (1995) Controlling the false discovery rate: a practical and powerful approach to multiple testing. J Roy Stat Soc 57(1):289\u2013300. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.2517-6161.1995.tb02031.x","journal-title":"J Roy Stat Soc"},{"key":"1761_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-4328(00)00146-7","volume":"109","author":"D Bovet","year":"2000","unstructured":"Bovet D, Vauclair J (2000) Picture recognition in animals and humans. Behav Brain Res 109:143\u2013165. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0166-4328(00)00146-7","journal-title":"Behav Brain Res"},{"key":"1761_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03211224","volume":"19","author":"PA Cabe","year":"1976","unstructured":"Cabe PA (1976) Transfer of discrimination from solid objects to pictures by pigeons: a test of theoretical models of pictorial perception. Percept Psychophys 19:545\u2013550. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3758\/BF03211224","journal-title":"Percept Psychophys"},{"key":"1761_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1093\/czoolo\/57.4.491","volume":"57","author":"C Carere","year":"2011","unstructured":"Carere C, Locurto C (2011) Interaction between animal personality and animal cognition. Curr Zool 57:491\u2013498. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/czoolo\/57.4.491","journal-title":"Curr Zool"},{"key":"1761_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/j.applanim.2012.05.003","volume":"140","author":"JW Christensen","year":"2012","unstructured":"Christensen JW, Ahrendt LP, Lintrup R et al (2012) Does learning performance in horses relate to fearfulness, baseline stress hormone, and social rank? Appl Anim Behav Sci 140:44\u201352. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.applanim.2012.05.003","journal-title":"Appl Anim Behav Sci"},{"key":"1761_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1017\/S0006323198005179","volume":"73","author":"RB D\u2019Eath","year":"1998","unstructured":"D\u2019Eath RB (1998) Can video images imitate real stimuli in animal behaviour experiments? Biol Rev 73:267\u2013292. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S0006323198005179","journal-title":"Biol Rev"},{"key":"1761_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2008.03.002","volume":"94","author":"RA De Boyer Des","year":"2008","unstructured":"De Boyer Des RA, Richard-Yris M-A, Henry S et al (2008) Laterality and emotions: visual laterality in the domestic horse (Equus caballus) differs with objects\u2019 emotional value. Physiol Behav 94:487\u2013490. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.physbeh.2008.03.002","journal-title":"Physiol Behav"},{"key":"1761_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20170282","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2017.0282","volume":"373","author":"LR Dougherty","year":"2018","unstructured":"Dougherty LR, Guillette LM (2018) Linking personality and cognition: a meta-analysis. Phil Trans R Soc B 373:20170282. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/rstb.2017.0282","journal-title":"Phil Trans R Soc B"},{"key":"1761_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1901\/jeab.1991.56-97","volume":"56","author":"DM Dougherty","year":"1991","unstructured":"Dougherty DM, Lewis P (1991) Stimulus generalization, discrimination learning, and peak shift in horses. J Exp Anal Behav 56:97\u2013104. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1901\/jeab.1991.56-97","journal-title":"J Exp Anal Behav"},{"key":"1761_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Duke-Elder S (1958) System of Ophthalmology. In: The Eye in Evolution, vol 1. Henry Kimpton, London","DOI":"10.5962\/bhl.title.7241"},{"key":"1761_CR14","volume-title":"Picture perception in animals","author":"J Fagot","year":"2000","unstructured":"Fagot J (2000) Picture perception in animals. Psychology Press, East Sussex"},{"key":"1761_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.3819\/ccbr.2010.50007","volume":"5","author":"J Fagot","year":"2010","unstructured":"Fagot J, Parron C (2010) Picture perception in birds: perspective from primatologists. CCBR 5:132\u2013135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3819\/ccbr.2010.50007","journal-title":"CCBR"},{"key":"1761_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0913577107","volume":"107","author":"J Fagot","year":"2010","unstructured":"Fagot J, Thompson RKR, Parron C (2010) How to read a picture: lessons from nonhuman primates. Proc Natl Acad Sci 107:519\u2013520. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.0913577107","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci"},{"key":"1761_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-1591(97)00006-3","volume":"54","author":"B Flannery","year":"1997","unstructured":"Flannery B (1997) Relational discrimination learning in horses. Appl Anim Behav Sci 54:267\u2013280. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0168-1591(97)00006-3","journal-title":"Appl Anim Behav Sci"},{"key":"1761_CR18","unstructured":"Fox J, Weisberg S (2019) An {R} Companion to applied regression, 3rd edn. Sage, Thousand Oaks. https:\/\/socialsciences.mcmaster.ca\/jfox\/Books\/Companion\/. Accessed 15 Feb 2022"},{"key":"1761_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1016\/j.applanim.2012.04.010","volume":"139","author":"V Gabor","year":"2012","unstructured":"Gabor V, Gerken M (2012) Cognitive testing in horses using a computer based apparatus. Appl Anim Behav Sci 139:242\u2013250. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.applanim.2012.04.010","journal-title":"Appl Anim Behav Sci"},{"key":"1761_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03196031","volume":"32","author":"DA Gottlieb","year":"2004","unstructured":"Gottlieb DA (2004) Acquisition with partial and continuous reinforcement in pigeon autoshaping. Anim Learn Behav 32:321\u2013334. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3758\/BF03196031","journal-title":"Anim Learn Behav"},{"issue":"3","key":"1761_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0310.1943.tb00661.x","volume":"5","author":"B Grzimek","year":"1943","unstructured":"Grzimek B (1943) Begr\u00fc\u00dfung zweier Pferde. Das Erkennen von Phantomen und Bildern. Zeitschrift f\u00fcr Tierpsychologie 5(3):465\u2013480.\u00a0https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1439-0310.1943.tb00661.x","journal-title":"Zeitschrift f\u00fcr Tierpsychologie"},{"key":"1761_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1037\/0735-7036.113.3.243","volume":"113","author":"EB Hanggi","year":"1999","unstructured":"Hanggi EB (1999) Categorization learning in horses (Equus caballus). J Comp Psychol 113:243\u2013252. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0735-7036.113.3.243","journal-title":"J Comp Psychol"},{"key":"1761_CR23","unstructured":"Hanggi E (2001) Can horses recognize pictures? In: Proceedings of the third international conference of cognitive science, Beijing, China, pp 52\u201356"},{"key":"1761_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-1591(03)00136-9","volume":"83","author":"EB Hanggi","year":"2003","unstructured":"Hanggi EB (2003) Discrimination learning based on relative size concepts in horses (Equus caballus). Appl Anim Behav Sci 83:201\u2013213. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0168-1591(03)00136-9","journal-title":"Appl Anim Behav Sci"},{"key":"1761_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/j.beproc.2009.04.009","volume":"82","author":"EB Hanggi","year":"2009","unstructured":"Hanggi EB, Ingersoll JF (2009a) Stimulus discrimination by horses under scotopic conditions. Behav Proc 82:45\u201350. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.beproc.2009.04.009","journal-title":"Behav Proc"},{"key":"1761_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1007\/s10071-008-0205-9","volume":"12","author":"EB Hanggi","year":"2009","unstructured":"Hanggi EB, Ingersoll JF (2009b) Long-term memory for categories and concepts in horses (Equus caballus). Anim Cogn 12:451\u2013462. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10071-008-0205-9","journal-title":"Anim Cogn"},{"key":"1761_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1037\/0735-7036.121.1.65","volume":"121","author":"EB Hanggi","year":"2007","unstructured":"Hanggi EB, Ingersoll JF, Waggoner TL (2007) Color vision in horses (Equus caballus): deficiencies identified using a pseudoisochromatic plate test. J Comp Psychol 121:65\u201372. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0735-7036.121.1.65","journal-title":"J Comp Psychol"},{"key":"1761_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"540","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2019.08.022","volume":"107","author":"M Hausberger","year":"2019","unstructured":"Hausberger M, Stomp M, Sankey C et al (2019) Mutual interactions between cognition and welfare: the horse as an animal model. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 107:540\u2013559. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2019.08.022","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev"},{"issue":"1","key":"1761_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00346285","volume":"150","author":"R Hebel","year":"1976","unstructured":"Hebel R (1976) Distribution of retinal ganglion cells in five mammalian species (pig, sheep, ox, horse, dog). Anat Embryol (Berl) 150(1):45\u201351. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/BF00346285","journal-title":"Anat Embryol (Berl)"},{"key":"1761_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1007\/s10071-009-0245-9","volume":"13","author":"B Hothersall","year":"2010","unstructured":"Hothersall B, Gale EV, Harris P, Nicol CJ (2010) Cue use by foals (Equus caballus) in a discrimination learning task. Anim Cogn 13:63\u201374. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10071-009-0245-9","journal-title":"Anim Cogn"},{"key":"1761_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-66468-7_11","volume-title":"The visual system in vertebrates","author":"A Hughes","year":"1977","unstructured":"Hughes A (1977) The topography of vision in mammals of contrasting life style: comparative optics and retinal organisation. In: Crescitelli F (ed) The visual system in vertebrates. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg, pp 613\u2013756"},{"key":"1761_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0952523898153154","author":"GH Jacobs","year":"1998","unstructured":"Jacobs GH, Deegan JF, Neitz J (1998) Photopigment basis for dichromatic color vision in cows, goats, and sheep. Vis Neurosci. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S0952523898153154","journal-title":"Vis Neurosci"},{"key":"1761_CR64","unstructured":"Kappel S, Collins S, Herborn K, Mendl M, Fureix C (in prep) Developing an affect-related attention bias test in horses"},{"key":"1761_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/0376-6357(96)00006-X","volume":"38","author":"KM Kendrick","year":"1996","unstructured":"Kendrick KM, Atkins K, Hinton MR et al (1996) Are faces special for sheep? Evidence from facial and object discrimination learning tests showing effects of inversion and social familiarity. Behav Proc 38:19\u201335. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0376-6357(96)00006-X","journal-title":"Behav Proc"},{"key":"1761_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.1007\/s10071-013-0696-x","volume":"17","author":"K Krueger","year":"2014","unstructured":"Krueger K, Farmer K, Heinze J (2014) The effects of age, rank and neophobia on social learning in horses. Anim Cogn 17:645\u2013655. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10071-013-0696-x","journal-title":"Anim Cogn"},{"key":"1761_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1007\/s10071-012-0490-1","volume":"15","author":"JF Lampe","year":"2012","unstructured":"Lampe JF, Andre J (2012) Cross-modal recognition of human individuals in domestic horses (Equus caballus). Anim Cogn 15:623\u2013630. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10071-012-0490-1","journal-title":"Anim Cogn"},{"key":"1761_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6302","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-62940-w","volume":"10","author":"L Lansade","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lansade L, Colson V, Parias C et al (2020a) Female horses spontaneously identify a photograph of their keeper, last seen six months previously. Sci Rep 10:6302. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-020-62940-w","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"1761_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"575808","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2020.575808","volume":"11","author":"L Lansade","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lansade L, Colson V, Parias C et al (2020) Human face recognition in horses: data in favor of a holistic process. Front Psychol 11:575808. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2020.575808","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"key":"1761_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1037\/h0040113","volume":"67","author":"RE Miller","year":"1964","unstructured":"Miller RE, Murphy JV (1964) Influence of the spatial relationships between the cue, reward, and response in discrimination learning. J Exp Psychol 67:120\u2013123. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/h0040113","journal-title":"J Exp Psychol"},{"key":"1761_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.applanim.2003.12.002","volume":"87","author":"J Murphy","year":"2004","unstructured":"Murphy J, Waldmann T, Arkins S (2004) Sex differences in equine learning skills and visuo-spatial ability. Appl Anim Behav Sci 87:119\u2013130. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.applanim.2003.12.002","journal-title":"Appl Anim Behav Sci"},{"key":"1761_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1037\/com0000129","volume":"133","author":"J Oh","year":"2019","unstructured":"Oh J, \u0160lipogor V, Fitch WT (2019) Artificial visual stimuli for animal experiments: an experimental evaluation in a prey capture context with common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus). J Comp Psychol 133:72\u201380. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/com0000129","journal-title":"J Comp Psychol"},{"key":"1761_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1016\/j.beproc.2008.01.019","volume":"78","author":"C Parron","year":"2008","unstructured":"Parron C, Call J, Fagot J (2008) Behavioural responses to photographs by pictorially na\u00efve baboons (Papio anubis), gorillas (Gorilla gorilla) and chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes). Behav Proc 78:351\u2013357. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.beproc.2008.01.019","journal-title":"Behav Proc"},{"key":"1761_CR42","volume-title":"A contribution to experimental animal and human psychology","author":"O Pfungst","year":"1911","unstructured":"Pfungst O, Rahn CL (1911) Clever Hans: the horse of Mr. Von Osten. A contribution to experimental animal and human psychology. Holt, Rineheart, and Winston, New York"},{"key":"1761_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1007\/s10071-009-0257-5","volume":"13","author":"L Proops","year":"2010","unstructured":"Proops L, McComb K (2010) Attributing attention: the use of human-given cues by domestic horses (Equus caballus). Anim Cogn 13:197\u2013205. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10071-009-0257-5","journal-title":"Anim Cogn"},{"key":"1761_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"947","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0809127105","volume":"106","author":"L Proops","year":"2009","unstructured":"Proops L, McComb K, Reby D (2009) Cross-modal individual recognition in domestic horses (Equus caballus). PNAS 106:947\u2013951. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.0809127105","journal-title":"PNAS"},{"key":"1761_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e67000","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0067000","volume":"8","author":"L Proops","year":"2013","unstructured":"Proops L, Rayner J, Taylor AM, McComb K (2013) The responses of young domestic horses to human-given cues. PLoS One 8:e67000. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0067000","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"1761_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1428","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2018.03.035","volume":"28","author":"L Proops","year":"2018","unstructured":"Proops L, Grounds K, Smith AV, McComb K (2018) Animals remember previous facial expressions that specific humans have exhibited. Curr Biol 28:1428-1432.e4. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cub.2018.03.035","journal-title":"Curr Biol"},{"key":"1761_CR47","volume-title":"R: a language and environment for statistical computing","author":"R Core team","year":"2021","unstructured":"R Core team (2021) R: a language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna"},{"key":"1761_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2020.00633","volume":"7","author":"MV R\u00f8rvang","year":"2020","unstructured":"R\u00f8rvang MV, Nielsen BL, McLean AN (2020) Sensory abilities of horses and their importance for equitation science. Front Vet Sci 7:633. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fvets.2020.00633","journal-title":"Front Vet Sci"},{"key":"1761_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1287","DOI":"10.1093\/beheco\/aru090","volume":"25","author":"C Rowe","year":"2014","unstructured":"Rowe C, Healy SD (2014) Measuring variation in cognition. Behav Ecol 25:1287\u20131292. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/beheco\/aru090","journal-title":"Behav Ecol"},{"key":"1761_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-1591(02)00092-8","volume":"78","author":"CA Saslow","year":"2002","unstructured":"Saslow CA (2002) Understanding the perceptual world of horses. Appl Anim Behav Sci 78:209\u2013224. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0168-1591(02)00092-8","journal-title":"Appl Anim Behav Sci"},{"key":"1761_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20150907","DOI":"10.1098\/rsbl.2015.0907","volume":"12","author":"AV Smith","year":"2016","unstructured":"Smith AV, Proops L, Grounds K et al (2016) Functionally relevant responses to human facial expressions of emotion in the domestic horse (Equus caballus). Biol Lett 12:20150907. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/rsbl.2015.0907","journal-title":"Biol Lett"},{"key":"1761_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1567","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.2001.218.1567","volume":"218","author":"B Timney","year":"2001","unstructured":"Timney B, Macuda T (2001) Vision and hearing in horses. J Am Vet Med Assoc 218:1567\u20131574. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2460\/javma.2001.218.1567","journal-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc"},{"key":"1761_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20150701","DOI":"10.1098\/rsbl.2015.0701","volume":"11","author":"M Tomonaga","year":"2015","unstructured":"Tomonaga M, Kumazaki K, Camus F et al (2015) A horse\u2019s eye view: size and shape discrimination compared with other mammals. Biol Lett 11:20150701. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/rsbl.2015.0701","journal-title":"Biol Lett"},{"key":"1761_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"862","DOI":"10.3390\/ani9110862","volume":"9","author":"M Tr\u00f6sch","year":"2019","unstructured":"Tr\u00f6sch M, Cuzol F, Parias C et al (2019) Horses categorize human emotions cross-modally based on facial expression and non-verbal vocalizations. Animals 9:862. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ani9110862","journal-title":"Animals"},{"key":"1761_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1007\/s10071-020-01369-0","volume":"23","author":"M Tr\u00f6sch","year":"2020","unstructured":"Tr\u00f6sch M, Pellon S, Cuzol F et al (2020) Horses feel emotions when they watch positive and negative horse\u2013human interactions in a video and transpose what they saw to real life. Anim Cogn 23:643\u2013653. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10071-020-01369-0","journal-title":"Anim Cogn"},{"key":"1761_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e62324","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0062324","volume":"8","author":"M Valenchon","year":"2013","unstructured":"Valenchon M, L\u00e9vy F, Prunier A et al (2013) Stress modulates instrumental learning performances in horses (Equus caballus) in interaction with temperament. PLOS ONE 8:e62324. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0062324","journal-title":"PLOS ONE"},{"key":"1761_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/0376-6357(94)90024-8","volume":"32","author":"M Vandenheede","year":"1994","unstructured":"Vandenheede M, Bouissou MF (1994) Fear reactions of ewes to photographic images. Behav Proc 32:17\u201328. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0376-6357(94)90024-8","journal-title":"Behav Proc"},{"key":"1761_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2007.01.007","volume":"92","author":"E von Borell","year":"2007","unstructured":"von Borell E, Langbein J, Despr\u00e9s G et al (2007) Heart rate variability as a measure of autonomic regulation of cardiac activity for assessing stress and welfare in farm animals\u2014a review. Physiol Behav 92:293\u2013316. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.physbeh.2007.01.007","journal-title":"Physiol Behav"},{"key":"1761_CR60","volume-title":"Horse behaviour","author":"GH Waring","year":"2003","unstructured":"Waring GH (2003) Horse behaviour, 2nd edn. Noyes Publications, New York","edition":"2"},{"key":"1761_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0131738","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0131738","volume":"10","author":"J Wathan","year":"2015","unstructured":"Wathan J, Burrows AM, Waller BM, McComb K (2015) EquiFACS: the equine facial action coding system. PLoS ONE 10:e0131738. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0131738","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"1761_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"38322","DOI":"10.1038\/srep38322","volume":"6","author":"J Wathan","year":"2016","unstructured":"Wathan J, Proops L, Grounds K, McComb K (2016) Horses discriminate between facial expressions of conspecifics. Sci Rep 6:38322. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/srep38322","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"1761_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.3819\/ccbr.2010.50006","volume":"5","author":"R Weisman","year":"2010","unstructured":"Weisman R, Spetch M (2010) Determining when birds perceive correspondence between pictures and objects: a critique. CCBR 5:117\u2013131. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3819\/ccbr.2010.50006","journal-title":"CCBR"}],"container-title":["Animal Cognition"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10071-023-01761-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10071-023-01761-6\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10071-023-01761-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,9]],"date-time":"2025-04-09T15:14:21Z","timestamp":1744211661000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10071-023-01761-6"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,2]]},"references-count":64,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,7]]}},"alternative-id":["1761"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10071-023-01761-6","relation":{},"ISSN":["1435-9448","1435-9456"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1435-9448","type":"print"},{"value":"1435-9456","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"19 August 2022","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"2 February 2023","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"20 February 2023","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"2 March 2023","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no conflicts of interest.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}]}}