{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]],"date-time":"2026-07-02T07:53:35Z","timestamp":1782978815377,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":75,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,4]],"date-time":"2019-05-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1556928000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Neurol Sci"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,9]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s10072-019-03913-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,6]],"date-time":"2019-05-06T13:00:23Z","timestamp":1557147623000},"page":"1775-1783","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":78,"title":["Hypertension, seizures, and epilepsy: a review on pathophysiology and management"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"40","author":[{"name":"On behalf of the Epilepsy Study Group of the Italian Neurological Society","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sara","family":"Gasparini","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Edoardo","family":"Ferlazzo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chiara","family":"Sueri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vittoria","family":"Cianci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michele","family":"Ascoli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Salvatore M.","family":"Cavalli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ettore","family":"Beghi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vincenzo","family":"Belcastro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amedeo","family":"Bianchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paolo","family":"Benna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roberto","family":"Cantello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Domenico","family":"Consoli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fabrizio A.","family":"De Falco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giancarlo","family":"Di Gennaro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antonio","family":"Gambardella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gian Luigi","family":"Gigli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alfonso","family":"Iudice","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Angelo","family":"Labate","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roberto","family":"Michelucci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maurizio","family":"Paciaroni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pasquale","family":"Palumbo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alberto","family":"Primavera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ferdinando","family":"Sartucci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pasquale","family":"Striano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Flavio","family":"Villani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emilio","family":"Russo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giovambattista","family":"De Sarro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4574-2951","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Umberto","family":"Aguglia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"3913_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(10)60834-3","volume":"376","author":"MJ O\u2019Donnell","year":"2010","unstructured":"O\u2019Donnell MJ, Xavier D, Liu L, Zhang H, Chin SL, Rao-Melacini P, Rangarajan S, Islam S, Pais P, McQueen MJ, Mondo C, Damasceno A, Lopez-Jaramillo P, Hankey GJ, Dans AL, Yusoff K, Truelsen T, Diener HC, Sacco RL, Ryglewicz D, Czlonkowska A, Weimar C, Wang X, Yusuf S (2010) Risk factors for ischaemic and intracerebral haemorrhagic stroke in 22 countries (the interstroke study): a case-control study. Lancet 376:112\u2013123","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"2","key":"3913_CR2","first-page":"91","volume":"7","author":"B Paradowski","year":"2005","unstructured":"Paradowski B, Zagrajek MM (2005) Epilepsy in middle-aged and elderly people: a three-year observation. Epileptic Disord 7(2):91\u201395","journal-title":"Epileptic Disord"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"3913_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S39","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eplepsyres.2005.07.016","volume":"68","author":"J Cloyd","year":"2006","unstructured":"Cloyd J, Hauser W, Towne A et al (2006) Epidemiological and medical aspects of epilepsy in the elderly. Epilepsy Res 68(Suppl 1):S39\u2013S48","journal-title":"Epilepsy Res"},{"issue":"8","key":"3913_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1205","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.13448","volume":"57","author":"E Ferlazzo","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ferlazzo E, Gasparini S, Beghi E, Epilepsy Study Group of the Italian Neurological Society et al (2016) Epilepsy in cerebrovascular diseases: review of experimental and clinical data with meta-analysis of risk factors. Epilepsia 57(8):1205\u20131214","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"3913_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Beghi E, D\u2019Alessandro R, Beretta et al. (2011) Incidence and predictors of acute symptomatic seizuresafter stroke. Neurology 77:1785\u20141793","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e3182364878"},{"key":"3913_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1157.1993.tb02586.x","volume":"34","author":"WA Hauser","year":"1993","unstructured":"Hauser WA, Annegers JF, Kurland LT (1993) Incidence of epilepsy and unprovoked seizures in Rochester, Minnesota: 1935-1984. Epilepsia 34:453\u2013468","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"issue":"11","key":"3913_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1375","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2018.1935","volume":"1;75","author":"EL Johnson","year":"2018","unstructured":"Johnson EL, Krauss GL, Lee AK et al (2018) Association between midlife risk factors and late-onset epilepsy: results from the atherosclerosis risk in communities study. JAMA Neurol 1;75(11):1375\u20131382","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol"},{"key":"3913_CR8","unstructured":"Neill TA. Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome. UpToDate inc, Wolters Kluver eds. \n                    https:\/\/www.uptodate.com\/contents\/reversible-posterior-leukoencephalopathy-syndrome?search=pres&source=search_result&selectedTitle=1~150&usage_type=default&display_rank=1#H1336824701\n                    \n                  . Updated Nov 19, 2018, accessed on Jan 24, 2019"},{"issue":"9","key":"3913_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"955","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2004.10.012","volume":"14;76","author":"J Tchekalarova","year":"2005","unstructured":"Tchekalarova J, Georgiev V (2005) Angiotensin peptides modulatory system: how is it implicated in the control of seizure susceptibility? Life Sci 14;76(9):955\u2013970","journal-title":"Life Sci"},{"issue":"11","key":"3913_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1042\/CS20100053","volume":"17;119","author":"MG Pereira","year":"2010","unstructured":"Pereira MG, Becari C, Oliveira JA et al (2010) Inhibition of the renin-angiotensin system prevents seizures in a rat model of epilepsy. Clin Sci (Lond) 17;119(11):477\u2013482","journal-title":"Clin Sci (Lond)"},{"key":"3913_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2015.03.021","volume":"46","author":"J Tchekalarova","year":"2015","unstructured":"Tchekalarova J, Loyens E, Smolders I (2015) Effects of AT1 receptor antagonism on kainate-induced seizures and concomitant changes in hippocampal extracellular noradrenaline, serotonin, and dopamine levels in Wistar-Kyoto and spontaneously hypertensive rats. Epilepsy Behav 46:66\u201371","journal-title":"Epilepsy Behav"},{"issue":"6","key":"3913_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"927","DOI":"10.1007\/s10571-015-0278-3","volume":"36","author":"JD Tchekalarova","year":"2016","unstructured":"Tchekalarova JD, Ivanova N, Atanasova D, Pechlivanova DM, Lazarov N, Kortenska L, Mitreva R, Lozanov V, Stoynev A (2016) Long-term treatment with losartan attenuates seizure activity and neuronal damage without affecting behavioral changes in a model of co-morbid hypertension and epilepsy. Cell Mol Neurobiol 36(6):927\u2013941","journal-title":"Cell Mol Neurobiol"},{"issue":"193","key":"3913_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2017.12.006","volume":"15","author":"D Atanasova","year":"2018","unstructured":"Atanasova D, Tchekalarova J, Ivanova N et al (2018) Losartan suppresses the kainate-induced changes of angiotensin AT1 receptor expression in a model of comorbid hypertension and epilepsy. Life Sci 15(193):40\u201346","journal-title":"Life Sci"},{"key":"3913_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1348","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1167.2008.01581.x","volume":"49","author":"GA Arganaraz","year":"2008","unstructured":"Arganaraz GA, Konno AC, Perosa SR et al (2008) The renin-angiotensin system is upregulated in the cortex and hippocampus of patients with temporal lobe epilepsy related to mesial temporal sclerosis. Epilepsia 49:1348\u20131357","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"3913_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.43.2.425","volume":"43","author":"SK Ng","year":"1993","unstructured":"Ng SK, Hauser WA, Brust JC et al (1993) Hypertension and the risk of new-onset unprovoked seizures. Neurology 43:425\u2013428","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"3913_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1216","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1157.1997.tb01219.x","volume":"38","author":"X Li","year":"1997","unstructured":"Li X, Breteler MM, deBruyne MC et al (1997) Vascular determinants of epilepsy: the Rotterdam Study. Epilepsia 38:1216\u20131220","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"issue":"8","key":"3913_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"736","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1157.1996.tb00644.x","volume":"37","author":"TCC Hesdorffer","year":"1996","unstructured":"Hesdorffer TCC, Hauser WA, Annegers JF et al (1996) Severe, uncontrolled hypertension and adult-onset seizures: a case-control study in Rochester, Minnesota. Epilepsia 37(8):736\u2013741","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"3913_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1016\/S0896-6974(98)00029-2","volume":"11","author":"CC Lambrakis","year":"1998","unstructured":"Lambrakis CC, Lancman ME (1998) The phenomenology of seizures and epilepsy after stroke. J Epilepsy 11:233\u2013240","journal-title":"J Epilepsy"},{"issue":"2","key":"3913_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.59.2.195","volume":"59","author":"IE Silverman","year":"2002","unstructured":"Silverman IE, Restrepo L, Mathews GC (2002) Poststroke Seizures. Arch Neurol 59(2):195\u2013201","journal-title":"Arch Neurol"},{"key":"3913_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eplepsyres.2009.08.007","volume":"87","author":"B Menon","year":"2009","unstructured":"Menon B, Shorvon SD (2009) Ischaemic stroke in adults and epilepsy. Epilepsy Res 87:1\u201311","journal-title":"Epilepsy Res"},{"key":"3913_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-4886(79)90080-3","volume":"66","author":"AD Rosen","year":"1979","unstructured":"Rosen AD, Frumin NV (1979) Focal epileptogenesis after intracortical hemoglobin injection. Exp Neurol 66:277\u2013284","journal-title":"Exp Neurol"},{"key":"3913_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.66.5.561","volume":"66","author":"NF Moran","year":"1999","unstructured":"Moran NF, Fish DR, Kitchen N, Shorvon S, Kendall BE, Stevens JM (1999) Supratentorial cavernous haemangiomas and epilepsy: a review of the literature and case series. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 66:561\u2013568","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"3913_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410170513","volume":"17","author":"BD Watson","year":"1985","unstructured":"Watson BD, Dietrich WD, Busto R, Wachtel MS, Ginsberg MD (1985) Induction of reproducible brain infarction by photochemically initiated thrombosis. Ann Neurol 17:497\u2013504","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"3913_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2007.05.047","volume":"48","author":"H Karhunen","year":"2007","unstructured":"Karhunen H, Bezvenyuk Z, Nissinen J et al (2007) Epileptogenesis after cortical photothrombotic brain lesion in rats. Neuroscience 48:314\u2013324","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"3913_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0080852","volume":"8","author":"O Cuomo","year":"2013","unstructured":"Cuomo O, Rispoli V, Leo A, Politi GB, Vinciguerra A, di Renzo G, Cataldi M (2013) The antiepileptic drug levetiracetam suppresses non-convulsive seizure activity and reduces ischemic brain damage in rats subjected to permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion. PLoS One 8:e80852","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"3913_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1028","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.59.7.1028","volume":"59","author":"KR Kessler","year":"2002","unstructured":"Kessler KR, Schnitzler A, Classen J, Benecke R (2002) Reduced inhibition within primary motor cortex in patients with poststroke focal motor seizures. Neurology 59:1028\u20131033","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"3913_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1167.2007.01231.x","volume":"49","author":"JH Kim","year":"2008","unstructured":"Kim JH, Lee HW, Cohen LG, Park KD, Choi KG (2008) Motor cortical excitability in patients with poststroke epilepsy. Epilepsia 49:117\u2013124","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"3913_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1159\/000382078","volume":"45","author":"A Serafini","year":"2015","unstructured":"Serafini A, Gigli GL, Gregoraci G, Janes F, Cancelli I, Novello S, Valente M (2015) Are early seizures predictive of epilepsy after a stroke? Results of a population-based study. Neuroepidemiology 45:50\u201358","journal-title":"Neuroepidemiology"},{"key":"3913_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(17)30404-0","volume":"17","author":"M Galovic","year":"2018","unstructured":"Galovic M, D\u00f6hler N, Erd\u00e9lyi-Canavese B, Felbecker A, Siebel P, Conrad J, Evers S, Winklehner M, von Oertzen TJ, Haring HP, Serafini A, Gregoraci G, Valente M, Janes F, Gigli GL, Keezer MR, Duncan JS, Sander JW, Koepp MJ, Tettenborn B (2018) Prediction of late seizures after ischaemic stroke with a novel prognostic model (the SeLECT score): a multivariable prediction model development and validation study. The Lancet Neurology 17:143\u2013152","journal-title":"The Lancet Neurology"},{"key":"3913_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.57.2.200","volume":"57","author":"DL Labovitz","year":"2001","unstructured":"Labovitz DL, Hauser WA, Sacco RL (2001) Prevalence and predictors of early seizure and status epilepticus after first stroke. Neurology 57:200\u2013206","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"3913_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.2147\/VHRM.S2445","volume":"4","author":"A Alberti","year":"2008","unstructured":"Alberti A, Paciaroni M, Caso V et al (2008) Early seizures in patients with acute stroke: frequency, predictive factors, and effect on clinical outcome. Vasc Health Risk Manag 4:715\u2013720","journal-title":"Vasc Health Risk Manag"},{"key":"3913_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1794","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e31823648a6","volume":"77","author":"V De Herdt","year":"2011","unstructured":"De Herdt V, Dumont F, Henon H et al (2011) Early seizures in intracerebral hemorrhage: incidence, associated factors, and outcome. Neurology 77:1794\u20131800","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"3913_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1159\/000338374","volume":"39","author":"G Procaccianti","year":"2012","unstructured":"Procaccianti G, Zaniboni A, Rondelli F, Crisci M, Sacquegna T (2012) Seizures in acute stroke: incidence, risk factors and prognosis. Neuroepidemiology 39:45\u201350","journal-title":"Neuroepidemiology"},{"key":"3913_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1361","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-1331.2012.03782.x","volume":"19","author":"RP Goswami","year":"2012","unstructured":"Goswami RP, Karmakar PS, Ghosh A (2012) Early seizures in first-ever acute stroke patients in India: incidence, predictive factors and impact on early outcome. Eur J Neurol 19:1361\u20131366","journal-title":"Eur J Neurol"},{"key":"3913_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0404.1999.tb00674.x","volume":"99","author":"A Awada","year":"1999","unstructured":"Awada A, Omojola MF, Obeid T (1999) Late epileptic seizures after cerebral infarction. Acta Neurol Scand 99:265\u2013268","journal-title":"Acta Neurol Scand"},{"key":"3913_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1468-1331.2002.00415.x","volume":"9","author":"MI Lossius","year":"2002","unstructured":"Lossius MI, R\u00f8nning OM, Mowinckel P, Gjerstad L (2002) Incidence and predictors for post-stroke epilepsy. A prospective controlled trial. The Akershus stroke study. Eur J Neurol 9:365\u2013368","journal-title":"Eur J Neurol"},{"key":"3913_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1111\/ane.12070","volume":"127","author":"GJ Jungehulsing","year":"2013","unstructured":"Jungehulsing GJ, Heuschmann PU, Holtkamp M, Schwab S, Kolominsky-Rabas PL (2013) Incidence and predictors of post-stroke epilepsy. Acta Neurol Scand 127:427\u2013430","journal-title":"Acta Neurol Scand"},{"issue":"4","key":"3913_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"578","DOI":"10.1227\/00006123-199010000-00012","volume":"27","author":"J Ohman","year":"1990","unstructured":"Ohman J (1990) Hypertension as a risk factor for epilepsy after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage and surgery. Neurosurgery 27(4):578\u2013581","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"key":"3913_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2169","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000004009","volume":"88","author":"AM Lahti","year":"2017","unstructured":"Lahti AM, Saloheimo P, Huhtakangas J, Salminen H, Juvela S, Bode MK, Hillbom M, Tetri S (2017) Poststroke epilepsy in long-term survivors of primary intracerebral hemorrhage. Neurology 88:2169\u20132175","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"3913_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1007\/s004010050877","volume":"96","author":"GA Lammie","year":"1998","unstructured":"Lammie GA, Brannan F, Wardlaw JM (1998) Incomplete lacunar infarction (type 1b lacunes). Acta Neuropathol 96:163\u2013171","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol"},{"issue":"2","key":"3913_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"644","DOI":"10.1177\/0271678X16635657","volume":"37","author":"S Mu\u00f1oz Maniega","year":"2017","unstructured":"Mu\u00f1oz Maniega S, Chappell FM, Vald\u00e9s Hern\u00e1ndez MC, Armitage PA, Makin SD, Heye AK, Thrippleton MJ, Sakka E, Shuler K, Dennis MS, Wardlaw JM (2017) Integrity of normal-appearing white matter: influence of age, visible lesion burden and hypertension in patients with small-vessel disease. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 37(2):644\u2013656","journal-title":"J Cereb Blood Flow Metab"},{"issue":"10","key":"3913_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1273","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2018.1073","volume":"1;75","author":"RW Regenhardt","year":"2018","unstructured":"Regenhardt RW, Das AS, Lo EH et al (2018) Advances in understanding the pathophysiology of lacunar stroke: a review. JAMA Neurol 1;75(10):1273\u20131281","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol"},{"issue":"7","key":"3913_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1038\/s41582-018-0014-y","volume":"14","author":"A Ter Telgte","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ter Telgte A, van Leijsen EMC, Wiegertjes K et al (2018) Cerebral small vessel disease: from a focal to a global perspective. Nat Rev Neurol 14(7):387\u2013398","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurol"},{"key":"3913_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"822","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(13)70124-8","volume":"12","author":"JM Wardlaw","year":"2013","unstructured":"Wardlaw JM, Smith EE, Biessels GJ, Cordonnier C, Fazekas F, Frayne R, Lindley RI, O'Brien JT, Barkhof F, Benavente OR, Black SE, Brayne C, Breteler M, Chabriat H, DeCarli C, de Leeuw FE, Doubal F, Duering M, Fox NC, Greenberg S, Hachinski V, Kilimann I, Mok V, Oostenbrugge R, Pantoni L, Speck O, Stephan BCM, Teipel S, Viswanathan A, Werring D, Chen C, Smith C, van Buchem M, Norrving B, Gorelick PB, Dichgans M (2013) Neuroimaging standards for research into small vessel disease and its contribution to ageing and neurodegeneration. Lancet Neurol 12:822\u2013838","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"3913_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1293","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.26.7.1293","volume":"26","author":"L Pantoni","year":"1995","unstructured":"Pantoni L, Garcia JH (1995) The significance of cerebral white matter abnormalities 100 years after Binswanger\u2019s report: a review. Stroke 26:1293\u20131301","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"3913_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(11)70307-6","volume":"11","author":"EE Smith","year":"2012","unstructured":"Smith EE, Schneider JA, Wardlaw JM, Greenberg SM (2012) Cerebral microinfarcts: the invisible lesions. Lancet Neurol 11:272\u2013282","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"3913_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainresbull.2017.02.003","volume":"130","author":"E Russo","year":"2017","unstructured":"Russo E, Leo A, Scicchitano F, Donato A, Ferlazzo E, Gasparini S, Cianci V, Mignogna C, Donato G, Citraro R, Aguglia U, de Sarro G (2017) Cerebral small vessel disease predisposes to temporal lobe epilepsy in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Brain Res Bull 130:245\u2013250","journal-title":"Brain Res Bull"},{"key":"3913_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-510X(95)00020-3","volume":"130","author":"A Schreiner","year":"1995","unstructured":"Schreiner A, Pohlmann-Eden B, Schwartz A, Hennerici M (1995) Epileptic seizures in subcortical vascular encephalopathy. J Neurol Sci 130:171\u2013177","journal-title":"J Neurol Sci"},{"key":"3913_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1159\/000047730","volume":"12","author":"C Bentes","year":"2001","unstructured":"Bentes C, Pimentel J, Ferro JM (2001) Epileptic seizures following subcortical infarcts. Cerebrovasc Dis 12:331\u2013334","journal-title":"Cerebrovasc Dis"},{"issue":"2","key":"3913_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0053455","volume":"8","author":"S Okroglic","year":"2013","unstructured":"Okroglic S, Widmann CN, Urbach H, Scheltens P, Heneka MT (2013) Clinical symptoms and risk factors in cerebral microangiopathy patients. PLoS One 8(2):e53455","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"3913_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clineuro.2012.07.009","volume":"115","author":"H Maxwell","year":"2013","unstructured":"Maxwell H, Hanby M, Parkes LM, Gibson LM, Coutinho C, Emsley HCA (2013) Prevalence and subtypes of radiological cerebrovascular disease in late-onset isolated seizures and epilepsy. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 115:591\u2013596","journal-title":"Clin Neurol Neurosurg"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"3913_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2007.06.004","volume":"15;263","author":"J De Reuck","year":"2007","unstructured":"De Reuck J, Nagy E, Van Maele G (2007) Seizures and epilepsy in patients with lacunar strokes. J Neurol Sci 15;263(1\u20132):75\u201378","journal-title":"J Neurol Sci"},{"issue":"3","key":"3913_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1159\/000186507","volume":"61","author":"J De Reuck","year":"2009","unstructured":"De Reuck J, Van Maele G (2009) Cognitive impairment and seizures in patients with lacunar strokes. Eur Neurol 61(3):159\u2013163","journal-title":"Eur Neurol"},{"key":"3913_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eplepsyres.2014.10.012","volume":"109","author":"S Gasparini","year":"2015","unstructured":"Gasparini S, Ferlazzo E, Beghi E, Sofia V, Mumoli L, Labate A, Cianci V, Fatuzzo D, Bellavia MA, Arcudi L, Russo E, de Sarro G, Gambardella A, Aguglia U (2015) Epilepsy associated with Leukoaraiosis mainly affects temporal lobe: a casual or causal relationship? Epilepsy Res 109:1\u20138","journal-title":"Epilepsy Res"},{"key":"3913_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1534","DOI":"10.1212\/01.WNL.0000061479.59789.10","volume":"60","author":"C Solinas","year":"2003","unstructured":"Solinas C, Briellmann RS, Harvey ASETAL (2003) Hypertensive encephalopathy antecedent to hippocampal sclerosis and temporal lobe epilepsy? Neurology 60:1534\u20131536","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"3913_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-6576.1971.tb00661.x","volume":"45","author":"NA Lassen","year":"1971","unstructured":"Lassen NA (1971) Regulation of cerebral circulation. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand Suppl 45:78\u201380","journal-title":"Acta Anaesthesiol Scand Suppl"},{"issue":"5852","key":"3913_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.1.5852.507","volume":"1","author":"S Strandgaard","year":"1973","unstructured":"Strandgaard S, Olesen J, Skinhoj E, Lassen NA (1973) Autoregulation of brain circulation in severe arterial hypertension. Br Med J 1(5852):507\u2013510","journal-title":"Br Med J"},{"key":"3913_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1007\/s10072-006-0667-y","volume":"27","author":"MC Narbone","year":"2006","unstructured":"Narbone MC, Musolino R, Granata F, Mazz\u00f9 I, Abbate M, Ferlazzo E (2006) PRES: posterior or potentially reversible encephalopathy syndrome? Neurol Sci 27:187\u2013189","journal-title":"Neurol Sci"},{"key":"3913_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainresbull.2017.03.012","volume":"131","author":"Z Chen","year":"2017","unstructured":"Chen Z, Shen GQ, Lerner A, Gao B (2017) Immune system activation in the pathogenesis of posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome. Brain Res Bull 131:93\u201399","journal-title":"Brain Res Bull"},{"issue":"2","key":"3913_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1001\/archneurol.2007.46","volume":"65","author":"VH Lee","year":"2008","unstructured":"Lee VH, Wijdicks EF, Manno EM et al (2008) Clinical spectrum of reversible posterior leukoencephalopathy syndrome. Arch Neurol 65(2):205\u2013210","journal-title":"Arch Neurol"},{"issue":"7","key":"3913_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1383","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-011-6362-9","volume":"259","author":"O Kastrup","year":"2012","unstructured":"Kastrup O, Gerwig M, Frings M, Diener HC (2012) Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES): electroencephalographic findings and seizure patterns. J Neurol 259(7):1383\u20131389","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"key":"3913_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"468.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2013.02.015","volume":"208","author":"J Brewer","year":"2013","unstructured":"Brewer J, Owens MY, Wallace K, Reeves AA, Morris R, Khan M, LaMarca B, Martin JN Jr (2013) Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome in 46 of 47 patients with eclampsia. Am J Obstet Gynecol 208:468.e1\u2013468.e6","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"3913_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preghy.2017.01.003","volume":"7","author":"CR Camara-Lemarroy","year":"2017","unstructured":"Camara-Lemarroy CR, Escobedo-Zuniga N, Villareal-Garza E et al (2017) Posterior reversible leukoencephalopathy syndrome (PRES) associated with severe eclampsia: clinical and biochemical features. Pregnancy Hypertension 7:44\u201349","journal-title":"Pregnancy Hypertension"},{"key":"3913_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"894","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000269780.45472.16","volume":"69","author":"OS Kozak","year":"2007","unstructured":"Kozak OS, Wijdicks EF, Manno EM et al (2007) Status epilepticus as initial manifestation of posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome. Neurology 69:894\u2013897","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"3913_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2015.05.027","volume":"48","author":"Z Sha","year":"2015","unstructured":"Sha Z, Moran BP, McKinney AM et al (2015) Seizure outcomes of posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome and correlations with electroencephalographic changes. Epilepsy Behav 48:70\u201374","journal-title":"Epilepsy Behav"},{"key":"3913_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"564","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.12933","volume":"56","author":"S Datar","year":"2015","unstructured":"Datar S, Singh T, Rabinstein AA, Fugate JE, Hocker S (2015) Long-term risk of seizures and epilepsy in patients with posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome. Epilepsia 56:564\u2013568","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"3913_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2015.12.005","volume":"34","author":"K Heo","year":"2016","unstructured":"Heo K, Cho KH, Lee MK, Chung SJ, Cho YJ, Lee BI (2016) Development of epilepsy after posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome. Seizure 34:90\u201394","journal-title":"Seizure"},{"key":"3913_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2016.02.013","volume":"106","author":"E Ferlazzo","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ferlazzo E, Sueri C, Gasparini S, Aguglia U (2016) Challenges in the pharmacological management of epilepsy and its causes in the elderly. Pharmacol Res 106:21\u201326","journal-title":"Pharmacol Res"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"3913_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S41","DOI":"10.1517\/14740338.2014.947260","volume":"13","author":"C Leporini","year":"2014","unstructured":"Leporini C, De Sarro G, Russo E (2014) Adherence to therapy and adverse drug reactions: is there a link? Exp Opin Drug Safety 13(Suppl 1):S41\u2013S55","journal-title":"Exp Opin Drug Safety"},{"key":"3913_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1167.2012.03671.x","volume":"54","author":"MJ Brodie","year":"2013","unstructured":"Brodie MJ, Mintzer S, Pack AM, Gidal BE, Vecht CJ, Schmidt D (2013) Enzyme induction with antiepileptic drugs: cause for concern? Epilepsia 54:11\u201327","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"3913_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"740","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.41.5.740","volume":"41","author":"FH Bahls","year":"1991","unstructured":"Bahls FH, Ozuna J, Ritchie DE (1991) Interactions between calcium channel blockers and the anticonvulsants carbamazepine and phenytoin. Neurology 41:740\u2013742","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"3913_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1520","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2003.12.057","volume":"190","author":"BM Sibai","year":"2004","unstructured":"Sibai BM (2004) Magnesium sulfate prophylaxis in preeclampsia: lessons learned from recent trials. Am J Obstet Gynecol 190:1520\u20131526","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"3913_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0113670","volume":"9","author":"AC Johnson","year":"2014","unstructured":"Johnson AC, Tremble SM, Chan SL, Moseley J, LaMarca B, Nagle KJ, Cipolla MJ (2014) Magnesium sulfate treatment reverses seizure susceptibility and decreases neuroinflammation in a rat model of severe preeclampsia. PLoS One 9:e113670","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"6\u20137","key":"3913_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurol.2016.06.004","volume":"172","author":"A Chardain","year":"2016","unstructured":"Chardain A, Mesnage V, Alamowitch S, Bourdain F, Crozier S, Lenglet T, Psimaras D, Demeret S, Graveleau P, Hoang-Xuan K, Levy R (2016) Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES) and hypomagnesemia: a frequent association? Rev Neurol 172(6\u20137):384\u2013388","journal-title":"Rev Neurol"},{"issue":"2","key":"3913_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1097\/NRL.0000000000000174","volume":"23","author":"A Pandita","year":"2018","unstructured":"Pandita A, Lehmann DF (2018) Magnesium sulfate treatment correlates with improved neurological function in posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES). Neurologist 23(2):65\u201366","journal-title":"Neurologist"}],"container-title":["Neurological Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10072-019-03913-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10072-019-03913-4\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10072-019-03913-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,2]],"date-time":"2020-05-02T23:21:39Z","timestamp":1588461699000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10072-019-03913-4"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,4]]},"references-count":75,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,9]]}},"alternative-id":["3913"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10072-019-03913-4","relation":{},"ISSN":["1590-1874","1590-3478"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1590-1874","type":"print"},{"value":"1590-3478","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"19 February 2019","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"23 April 2019","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"4 May 2019","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Compliance with ethical standards"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}]}}