{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T07:01:38Z","timestamp":1787900498107,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":138,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,16]],"date-time":"2019-12-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1576454400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,16]],"date-time":"2019-12-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1576454400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Neurol Sci"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,4]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s10072-019-04137-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,16]],"date-time":"2019-12-16T04:05:31Z","timestamp":1576469131000},"page":"769-781","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":48,"title":["The role of melatonin in Multiple Sclerosis"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"41","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1781-2799","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Charalampos","family":"Skarlis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Anagnostouli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"4137_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1517\/13543776.2014.1001739","volume":"25","author":"S Rivara","year":"2015","unstructured":"Rivara S, Pala D, Bedini A, Spadoni G (2015) Therapeutic uses of melatonin and melatonin derivatives: a patent review (2012\u20132014). Expert Opin Ther Pat 25:425\u2013441. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1517\/13543776.2014.1001739","journal-title":"Expert Opin Ther Pat"},{"key":"4137_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1159\/000097258","volume":"13","author":"A Giannoulia-Karantana","year":"2006","unstructured":"Giannoulia-Karantana A, Vlachou A, Polychronopoulou S et al (2006) Melatonin and immunomodulation: connections and potential clinical applications. Neuroimmunomodulation 13:133\u2013144. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000097258","journal-title":"Neuroimmunomodulation"},{"key":"4137_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pneurobio.2008.04.001","volume":"85","author":"SR Pandi-Perumal","year":"2008","unstructured":"Pandi-Perumal SR, Trakht I, Srinivasan V, Spence DW, Maestroni GJ, Zisapel N, Cardinali DP (2008) Physiological effects of melatonin: role of melatonin receptors and signal transduction pathways. Prog Neurobiol 85:335\u2013353. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pneurobio.2008.04.001","journal-title":"Prog Neurobiol"},{"key":"4137_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2012.01.003","volume":"65","author":"A Carpentieri","year":"2012","unstructured":"Carpentieri A, D\u00edaz de Barboza G, Areco V, Peralta L\u00f3pez M, Tolosa de Talamoni N (2012) New perspectives in melatonin uses. Pharmacol Res 65:437\u2013444. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.phrs.2012.01.003","journal-title":"Pharmacol Res"},{"key":"4137_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1503\/jpn.130009","volume":"39","author":"S Comai","year":"2014","unstructured":"Comai S, Gobbi G (2014) CCNP Award Paper: Unveiling the role of melatonin MT2 receptors in sleep, anxiety and other neuropsychiatric diseases: a novel target in psychopharmacology. J Psychiatry Neurosci 39:6\u201321. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1503\/jpn.130009","journal-title":"J Psychiatry Neurosci"},{"key":"4137_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.5152\/eurasianjmed.2015.0267","volume":"48","author":"M Emet","year":"2016","unstructured":"Emet M, Ozcan H, Ozel L, Yayla M, Halici Z, Hacimuftuoglu A (2016) A review of melatonin, its receptors and drugs. Eurasian J Med 48:135\u2013141. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5152\/eurasianjmed.2015.0267","journal-title":"Eurasian J Med"},{"key":"4137_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pneurobio.2010.12.004","volume":"93","author":"R Hardeland","year":"2011","unstructured":"Hardeland R, Cardinali DP, Srinivasan V, Spence DW, Brown GM, Pandi-Perumal SR (2011) Melatonin\u2014a pleiotropic, orchestrating regulator molecule. Prog Neurobiol 93:350\u2013384. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pneurobio.2010.12.004","journal-title":"Prog Neurobiol"},{"key":"4137_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11742","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms140611742","volume":"14","author":"G-J Lin","year":"2013","unstructured":"Lin G-J, Huang S-H, Chen S-J, Wang CH, Chang DM, Sytwu HK (2013) Modulation by melatonin of the pathogenesis of inflammatory autoimmune diseases. Int J Mol Sci 14:11742\u201311766. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms140611742","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"4137_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuchi.2015.03.002","volume":"61","author":"B Claustrat","year":"2015","unstructured":"Claustrat B, Leston J (2015) Melatonin: physiological effects in humans. Neurochirurgie 61:77\u201384. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neuchi.2015.03.002","journal-title":"Neurochirurgie"},{"key":"4137_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.03-0694fje","volume":"18","author":"A Carrillo-Vico","year":"2004","unstructured":"Carrillo-Vico A, Calvo JR, Abreu P, Lardone PJ, Garc\u00eda-Mauri\u00f1o S, Reiter RJ, Guerrero JM (2004) Evidence of melatonin synthesis by human lymphocytes and its physiological significance: possible role as intracrine, autocrine, and\/or paracrine substance. FASEB J 18:537\u2013539. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1096\/fj.03-0694fje","journal-title":"FASEB J"},{"key":"4137_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"516","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-008-8601-5","volume":"66","author":"PJ Lardone","year":"2009","unstructured":"Lardone PJ, Carrillo-Vico A, Molinero P, Rubio A, Guerrero JM (2009) A novel interplay between membrane and nuclear melatonin receptors in human lymphocytes: significance in IL-2 production. Cell Mol Life Sci 66:516\u2013525. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00018-008-8601-5","journal-title":"Cell Mol Life Sci"},{"key":"4137_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1059","DOI":"10.5604\/17322693.1221001","volume":"70","author":"S Ma\u0144ka","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ma\u0144ka S, Majewska E (2016) Immunoregulatory action of melatonin. The mechanism of action and the effect on inflammatory cells. Postepy Hig Med Dosw (Online) 70:1059\u20131067","journal-title":"Postepy Hig Med Dosw (Online)"},{"key":"4137_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"466","DOI":"10.1096\/fasebj.11.6.9194527","volume":"11","author":"D Pozo","year":"1997","unstructured":"Pozo D, Delgado M, Fernandez-Santos JM, Calvo JR, Gomariz RP, Martin-Lacave I, Ortiz GG, Guerrero JM (1997) Expression of the Mel1a-melatonin receptor mRNA in T and B subsets of lymphocytes from rat thymus and spleen. FASEB J 11:466\u2013473","journal-title":"FASEB J"},{"issue":"Suppl 6","key":"4137_CR14","first-page":"115","volume":"58","author":"M Szczepanik","year":"2007","unstructured":"Szczepanik M (2007) Melatonin and its influence on immune system. J Physiol Pharmacol 58(Suppl 6):115\u2013124","journal-title":"J Physiol Pharmacol"},{"key":"4137_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1016","DOI":"10.1002\/bies.201600018","volume":"38","author":"MF Farez","year":"2016","unstructured":"Farez MF, Calandri IL, Correale J, Quintana FJ (2016) Anti-inflammatory effects of melatonin in multiple sclerosis. Bioessays 38:1016\u20131026. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/bies.201600018","journal-title":"Bioessays"},{"key":"4137_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0185529","volume":"12","author":"J-D Lin","year":"2017","unstructured":"Lin J-D, Yang S-F, Wang Y-H, Fang WF, Lin YC, Liou BC, Lin YF, Tang KT, Cheng CW (2017) Associations of melatonin receptor gene polymorphisms with Graves\u2019 disease. PLoS One 12:e0185529. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0185529","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"4137_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/jpi.12240","volume":"59","author":"E Peschke","year":"2015","unstructured":"Peschke E, B\u00e4hr I, M\u00fchlbauer E (2015) Experimental and clinical aspects of melatonin and clock genes in diabetes. J Pineal Res 59:1\u201323. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jpi.12240","journal-title":"J Pineal Res"},{"key":"4137_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1051\/rnd:19990305","volume":"39","author":"M Bernard","year":"1999","unstructured":"Bernard M, Guerlott\u00e9 J, Gr\u00e8ve P et al (1999) Melatonin synthesis pathway: circadian regulation of the genes encoding the key enzymes in the chicken pineal gland and retina. Reprod Nutr Dev 39:325\u2013334","journal-title":"Reprod Nutr Dev"},{"key":"4137_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Bars DL, Thivolle P, Vitte PA, et al (1991) PET and plasma pharmacokinetic studies after bolus intravenous administration of [11C]melatonin in humans. International Journal of Radiation Applications and Instrumentation Part B Nuclear Medicine and Biology 18:357\u2013362. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0883-2897(91)90132-5","DOI":"10.1016\/0883-2897(91)90132-5"},{"key":"4137_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1761","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.1980.tb11272.x","volume":"34","author":"WM Pardridge","year":"1980","unstructured":"Pardridge WM, Mietus LJ (1980) Transport of albumin-bound melatonin through the blood-brain barrier. J Neurochem 34:1761\u20131763. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1471-4159.1980.tb11272.x","journal-title":"J Neurochem"},{"key":"4137_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1093\/clinchem\/33.4.453","volume":"33","author":"PL Francis","year":"1987","unstructured":"Francis PL, Leone AM, Young IM, Stovell P, Silman RE (1987) Gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric assay for 6-hydroxymelatonin sulfate and 6-hydroxymelatonin glucuronide in urine. Clin Chem 33:453\u2013457","journal-title":"Clin Chem"},{"key":"4137_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3263","DOI":"10.1111\/bph.13950","volume":"175","author":"E Cecon","year":"2018","unstructured":"Cecon E, Oishi A, Jockers R (2018) Melatonin receptors: molecular pharmacology and signalling in the context of system bias. Br J Pharmacol 175:3263\u20133280. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/bph.13950","journal-title":"Br J Pharmacol"},{"key":"4137_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1124\/pr.110.002832","volume":"62","author":"ML Dubocovich","year":"2010","unstructured":"Dubocovich ML, Delagrange P, Krause DN, Sugden D, Cardinali DP, Olcese J (2010) International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology. LXXV. Nomenclature, classification, and pharmacology of G protein-coupled melatonin receptors. Pharmacol Rev 62:343\u2013380. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1124\/pr.110.002832","journal-title":"Pharmacol Rev"},{"key":"4137_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-6147(96)10005-5","volume":"17","author":"SM Reppert","year":"1996","unstructured":"Reppert SM, Weaver DR, Godson C (1996) Melatonin receptors step into the light: cloning and classification of subtypes. Trends Pharmacol Sci 17:100\u2013102","journal-title":"Trends Pharmacol Sci"},{"key":"4137_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11208","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms140611208","volume":"14","author":"DY Li","year":"2013","unstructured":"Li DY, Smith DG, Hardeland R et al (2013) Melatonin receptor genes in vertebrates. Int J Mol Sci 14:11208\u201311223. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms140611208","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"4137_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1097\/00001756-199612200-00022","volume":"8","author":"DR Weaver","year":"1996","unstructured":"Weaver DR, Reppert SM (1996) The Mel1a melatonin receptor gene is expressed in human suprachiasmatic nuclei. Neuroreport 8:109\u2013112","journal-title":"Neuroreport"},{"key":"4137_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/0169-328X(96)00017-4","volume":"39","author":"C Mazzucchelli","year":"1996","unstructured":"Mazzucchelli C, Pannacci M, Nonno R, Lucini V, Fraschini F, Stankov BM (1996) The melatonin receptor in the human brain: cloning experiments and distribution studies. Brain Res Mol Brain Res 39:117\u2013126","journal-title":"Brain Res Mol Brain Res"},{"key":"4137_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3940(01)01967-X","volume":"308","author":"E Savaskan","year":"2001","unstructured":"Savaskan E, Olivieri G, Brydon L, Jockers R, Kr\u00e4uchi K, Wirz-Justice A, M\u00fcller-Spahn F (2001) Cerebrovascular melatonin MT1-receptor alterations in patients with Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Neurosci Lett 308:9\u201312","journal-title":"Neurosci Lett"},{"key":"4137_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Blodgett DM, Nowosielska A, Afik S, et al (2015) Novel observations from next-generation RNA sequencing of highly purified human adult and fetal islet cell subsets. Diabetes 64:3172\u20133181. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/db15-0039","DOI":"10.2337\/db15-0039"},{"key":"4137_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ren W, Liu G, Chen S et al (2017) Melatonin signaling in T cells: functions and applications. J Pineal Res 62. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jpi.12394","DOI":"10.1111\/jpi.12394"},{"key":"4137_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8734","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.92.19.8734","volume":"92","author":"SM Reppert","year":"1995","unstructured":"Reppert SM, Godson C, Mahle CD, Weaver DR, Slaugenhaupt SA, Gusella JF (1995) Molecular characterization of a second melatonin receptor expressed in human retina and brain: the Mel1b melatonin receptor. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 92:8734\u20138738","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"4137_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4063","DOI":"10.1097\/00001756-199812210-00011","volume":"9","author":"WM Al-Ghoul","year":"1998","unstructured":"Al-Ghoul WM, Herman MD, Dubocovich ML (1998) Melatonin receptor subtype expression in human cerebellum. Neuroreport 9:4063\u20134068","journal-title":"Neuroreport"},{"key":"4137_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2012.12.025","volume":"148","author":"Y-H Wu","year":"2013","unstructured":"Wu Y-H, Ursinus J, Zhou J-N, Scheer FA, Ai-Min B, Jockers R, van Heerikhuize J, Swaab DF (2013) Alterations of melatonin receptors MT1 and MT2 in the hypothalamic suprachiasmatic nucleus during depression. J Affect Disord 148:357\u2013367. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jad.2012.12.025","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"key":"4137_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31311","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M005141200","volume":"275","author":"O Nosjean","year":"2000","unstructured":"Nosjean O, Ferro M, Coge F, Beauverger P, Henlin JM, Lefoulon F, Fauchere JL, Delagrange P, Canet E, Boutin JA (2000) Identification of the melatonin-binding site MT3 as the quinone reductase 2. J Biol Chem 275:31311\u201331317. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1074\/jbc.M005141200","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"4137_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28531","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(19)61934-4","volume":"269","author":"M Becker-Andr\u00e9","year":"1994","unstructured":"Becker-Andr\u00e9 M, Wiesenberg I, Schaeren-Wiemers N et al (1994) Pineal gland hormone melatonin binds and activates an orphan of the nuclear receptor superfamily. J Biol Chem 269:28531\u201328534","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"4137_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01923944","volume":"49","author":"G Ben\u00edtez-King","year":"1993","unstructured":"Ben\u00edtez-King G, Ant\u00f3n-Tay F (1993) Calmodulin mediates melatonin cytoskeletal effects. Experientia 49:635\u2013641","journal-title":"Experientia"},{"key":"4137_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"832","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1432-1033.2003.03430.x","volume":"270","author":"M Mac\u00edas","year":"2003","unstructured":"Mac\u00edas M, Escames G, Leon J et al (2003) Calreticulin-melatonin. An unexpected relationship. Eur J Biochem 270:832\u2013840","journal-title":"Eur J Biochem"},{"key":"4137_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-079X.2004.00135.x","volume":"37","author":"D Pozo","year":"2004","unstructured":"Pozo D, Garc\u00eda-Mauri\u00f1o S, Guerrero JM, Calvo JR (2004) mRNA expression of nuclear receptor RZR\/RORalpha, melatonin membrane receptor MT, and hydroxindole-O-methyltransferase in different populations of human immune cells. J Pineal Res 37:48\u201354. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1600-079X.2004.00135.x","journal-title":"J Pineal Res"},{"key":"4137_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1191","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.160.3.1191","volume":"160","author":"MJ Barjavel","year":"1998","unstructured":"Barjavel MJ, Mamdouh Z, Raghbate N, Bakouche O (1998) Differential expression of the melatonin receptor in human monocytes. J Immunol 160:1191\u20131197","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"4137_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"574","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.159.2.574","volume":"159","author":"S Garcia-Mauri\u00f1o","year":"1997","unstructured":"Garcia-Mauri\u00f1o S, Gonzalez-Haba MG, Calvo JR et al (1997) Melatonin enhances IL-2, IL-6, and IFN-gamma production by human circulating CD4+ cells: a possible nuclear receptor-mediated mechanism involving T helper type 1 lymphocytes and monocytes. J Immunol 159:574\u2013581","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"4137_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-5728(99)00271-4","volume":"104","author":"NL Currier","year":"2000","unstructured":"Currier NL, Sun LZ, Miller SC (2000) Exogenous melatonin: quantitative enhancement in vivo of cells mediating non-specific immunity. J Neuroimmunol 104:101\u2013108","journal-title":"J Neuroimmunol"},{"key":"4137_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1902","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2005.04.013","volume":"77","author":"H Wang","year":"2005","unstructured":"Wang H, Wei W, Wang N-P, Gui SY, Wu L, Sun WY, Xu SY (2005) Melatonin ameliorates carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatic fibrogenesis in rats via inhibition of oxidative stress. Life Sci 77:1902\u20131915. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.lfs.2005.04.013","journal-title":"Life Sci"},{"key":"4137_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-079X.2009.00698.x","volume":"47","author":"KH Jung","year":"2009","unstructured":"Jung KH, Hong S-W, Zheng H-M, Lee DH, Hong SS (2009) Melatonin downregulates nuclear erythroid 2-related factor 2 and nuclear factor-kappaB during prevention of oxidative liver injury in a dimethylnitrosamine model. J Pineal Res 47:173\u2013183. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1600-079X.2009.00698.x","journal-title":"J Pineal Res"},{"issue":"Suppl 6","key":"4137_CR44","first-page":"125","volume":"58","author":"M Majewska","year":"2007","unstructured":"Majewska M, Zajac K, Zemelka M, Szczepanik M (2007) Influence of melatonin and its precursor L-tryptophan on Th1 dependent contact hypersensitivity. J Physiol Pharmacol 58(Suppl 6):125\u2013132","journal-title":"J Physiol Pharmacol"},{"key":"4137_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.5152\/balkanmedj.2013.8064","volume":"30","author":"R Robeva","year":"2013","unstructured":"Robeva R, Tanev D, Kirilov G, Stoycheva M, Tomova A, Kumanov P, Rashkov R, Kolarov Z (2013) Decreased daily melatonin levels in women with systemic lupus erythematosus - a short report. Balkan Med J 30:273\u2013276. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5152\/balkanmedj.2013.8064","journal-title":"Balkan Med J"},{"key":"4137_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.4081\/reumatismo.2017.998","volume":"69","author":"AB Rasheed","year":"2017","unstructured":"Rasheed AB, Daoud MS, Gorial FI (2017) Diagnostic utility of serum melatonin levels in systemic lupus erythematosus: a case-control study. Reumatismo 69:170\u2013174. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4081\/reumatismo.2017.998","journal-title":"Reumatismo"},{"key":"4137_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1007\/s00393-016-0121-3","volume":"77","author":"P Wang","year":"2018","unstructured":"Wang P, Li H-M, Zou Y-F, Tao JH, Pan HF (2018) Plasma melatonin levels do not differ in SLE patients. Z Rheumatol 77:66\u201370. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00393-016-0121-3","journal-title":"Z Rheumatol"},{"key":"4137_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2017.10.038","volume":"193","author":"M Dos Santos","year":"2018","unstructured":"Dos Santos M, Favero G, Bonomini F, Stacchiotti A, Rodella LF, Veronese FV, Rezzani R (2018) Oral supplementation of melatonin protects against lupus nephritis renal injury in a pristane-induced lupus mouse model. Life Sci 193:242\u2013251. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.lfs.2017.10.038","journal-title":"Life Sci"},{"key":"4137_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1717","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2005-0648","volume":"147","author":"AJ Jimenez-Caliani","year":"2006","unstructured":"Jimenez-Caliani AJ, Jimenez-Jorge S, Molinero P et al (2006) Sex-dependent effect of melatonin on systemic erythematosus lupus developed in Mrl\/Mpj-Faslpr mice: it ameliorates the disease course in females, whereas it exacerbates it in males. Endocrinology 147:1717\u20131724. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/en.2005-0648","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"4137_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-079X.2008.00578.x","volume":"45","author":"AJ Jimenez-Caliani","year":"2008","unstructured":"Jimenez-Caliani AJ, Jimenez-Jorge S, Molinero P, Rubio A, Guerrero JM, Osuna C (2008) Treatment with testosterone or estradiol in melatonin treated females and males MRL\/MpJ-Faslpr mice induces negative effects in developing systemic lupus erythematosus. J Pineal Res 45:204\u2013211. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1600-079X.2008.00578.x","journal-title":"J Pineal Res"},{"key":"4137_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1281","DOI":"10.1002\/art.1780351107","volume":"35","author":"IC Chikanza","year":"1992","unstructured":"Chikanza IC, Petrou P, Kingsley G et al (1992) Defective hypothalamic response to immune and inflammatory stimuli in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 35:1281\u20131288","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"4137_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2005.04.019","volume":"4","author":"M Cutolo","year":"2005","unstructured":"Cutolo M, Villaggio B, Otsa K, Aakre O, Sulli A, Seriolo B (2005) Altered circadian rhythms in rheumatoid arthritis patients play a role in the disease\u2019s symptoms. Autoimmun Rev 4:497\u2013502. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.autrev.2005.04.019","journal-title":"Autoimmun Rev"},{"key":"4137_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Katz Pat (2017) Fatigue in Rheumatoid Arthritis. Current Rheumatology Reports 19 (5)","DOI":"10.1007\/s11926-017-0649-5"},{"key":"4137_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2249.1993.tb03416.x","volume":"92","author":"I Hansson","year":"1993","unstructured":"Hansson I, Holmdahl R, Mattsson R (1993) Pinealectomy ameliorates collagen II-induced arthritis in mice. Clin Exp Immunol 92:432\u2013436","journal-title":"Clin Exp Immunol"},{"key":"4137_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2002.tb04226.x","volume":"966","author":"GJM Maestroni","year":"2002","unstructured":"Maestroni GJM, Sulli A, Pizzorni C, Villaggio B, Cutolo M (2002) Melatonin in rheumatoid arthritis: synovial macrophages show melatonin receptors. Ann N Y Acad Sci 966:271\u2013275","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci"},{"key":"4137_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Huang C-C, Chiou C-H, Liu S-C et al (2019) Melatonin attenuates TNF-\u03b1 and IL-1\u03b2 expression in synovial fibroblasts and diminishes cartilage degradation: implications for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. J Pineal Res e12560. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jpi.12560","DOI":"10.1111\/jpi.12560"},{"key":"4137_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1097\/WCO.0000000000000094","volume":"27","author":"R Dutta","year":"2014","unstructured":"Dutta R, Trapp BD (2014) Relapsing and progressive forms of multiple sclerosis: insights from pathology. Curr Opin Neurol 27:271\u2013278. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/WCO.0000000000000094","journal-title":"Curr Opin Neurol"},{"key":"4137_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1097\/WCO.0000000000000206","volume":"28","author":"I Katz Sand","year":"2015","unstructured":"Katz Sand I (2015) Classification, diagnosis, and differential diagnosis of multiple sclerosis. Curr Opin Neurol 28:193\u2013205. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/WCO.0000000000000206","journal-title":"Curr Opin Neurol"},{"key":"4137_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/103.2.281","volume":"103","author":"C Confavreux","year":"1980","unstructured":"Confavreux C, Aimard G, Devic M (1980) Course and prognosis of multiple sclerosis assessed by the computerized data processing of 349 patients. Brain 103:281\u2013300","journal-title":"Brain"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"4137_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1159\/000367614","volume":"72","author":"FD Lublin","year":"2014","unstructured":"Lublin FD (2014) New multiple sclerosis phenotypic classification. Eur Neurol 72(Suppl 1):1\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000367614","journal-title":"Eur Neurol"},{"key":"4137_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.2174\/157015911796557911","volume":"9","author":"I Loma","year":"2011","unstructured":"Loma I, Heyman R (2011) Multiple sclerosis: pathogenesis and treatment. Curr Neuropharmacol 9:409\u2013416. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2174\/157015911796557911","journal-title":"Curr Neuropharmacol"},{"key":"4137_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1401483","volume":"378","author":"DS Reich","year":"2018","unstructured":"Reich DS, Lucchinetti CF, Calabresi PA (2018) Multiple sclerosis. N Engl J Med 378:169\u2013180. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMra1401483","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"4137_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.4103\/2319-4170.128746","volume":"37","author":"CS Constantinescu","year":"2014","unstructured":"Constantinescu CS, Gran B (2014) The essential role of T cells in multiple sclerosis: a reappraisal. Biom J 37:34\u201340. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/2319-4170.128746","journal-title":"Biom J"},{"key":"4137_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(14)70305-9","volume":"14","author":"B Hemmer","year":"2015","unstructured":"Hemmer B, Kerschensteiner M, Korn T (2015) Role of the innate and adaptive immune responses in the course of multiple sclerosis. Lancet Neurol 14:406\u2013419. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S1474-4422(14)70305-9","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"4137_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-immunol-032713-120227","volume":"32","author":"L Steinman","year":"2014","unstructured":"Steinman L (2014) Immunology of relapse and remission in multiple sclerosis. Annu Rev Immunol 32:257\u2013281. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1146\/annurev-immunol-032713-120227","journal-title":"Annu Rev Immunol"},{"issue":"Suppl 5","key":"4137_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S287","DOI":"10.1007\/s10072-003-0176-1","volume":"24","author":"A Visconti","year":"2003","unstructured":"Visconti A, Santucci S, Fig\u00e0 Talamanca L, Cannoni S, Ristori G, Salvetti M (2003) Physiopathology of multiple sclerosis. Neurol Sci 24(Suppl 5):S287\u2013S290. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10072-003-0176-1","journal-title":"Neurol Sci"},{"key":"4137_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"710","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.24497","volume":"78","author":"JM Frischer","year":"2015","unstructured":"Frischer JM, Weigand SD, Guo Y, Kale N, Parisi JE, Pirko I, Mandrekar J, Bramow S, Metz I, Br\u00fcck W, Lassmann H, Lucchinetti CF (2015) Clinical and pathological insights into the dynamic nature of the white matter multiple sclerosis plaque. Ann Neurol 78:710\u2013721. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ana.24497","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"4137_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458512459684","volume":"19","author":"P Lourenco","year":"2013","unstructured":"Lourenco P, Shirani A, Saeedi J et al (2013) Oligoclonal bands and cerebrospinal fluid markers in multiple sclerosis: associations with disease course and progression. Mult Scler 19:577\u2013584. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1352458512459684","journal-title":"Mult Scler"},{"key":"4137_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2053","DOI":"10.1007\/s10072-015-2303-1","volume":"36","author":"M Anagnostouli","year":"2015","unstructured":"Anagnostouli M, Christidi F, Zalonis I, Nikolaou C, Lyrakos D, Triantafyllou N, Evdokimidis I, Kilidireas C (2015) Clinical and cognitive implications of cerebrospinal fluid oligoclonal bands in multiple sclerosis patients. Neurol Sci 36:2053\u20132060. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10072-015-2303-1","journal-title":"Neurol Sci"},{"key":"4137_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Thompson AJ, Banwell BL, Barkhof F, Carroll WM, Coetzee T, Comi G, Correale J, Fazekas F, Filippi M, Freedman MS, Fujihara K, Galetta SL, Hartung HP, Kappos L, Lublin FD, Marrie RA, Miller AE, Miller DH, Montalban X, Mowry EM, Sorensen PS, Tintor\u00e9 M, Traboulsee AL, Trojano M, Uitdehaag BMJ, Vukusic S, Waubant E, Weinshenker BG, Reingold SC, Cohen JA (2018) Diagnosis of multiple sclerosis: 2017 revisions of the McDonald criteria. Lancet Neurol 17:162\u2013173. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S1474-4422(17)30470-2","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422"},{"key":"4137_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Waubant E, Lucas R, Mowry E, et al Environmental and genetic risk factors for MS: an integrated review. Annals of Clinical and Translational Neurology 0: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/acn3.50862","DOI":"10.1002\/acn3.50862"},{"key":"4137_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1353","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.2770","volume":"45","author":"International Multiple Sclerosis Genetics Consortium (IMSGC), Beecham AH, Patsopoulos NA, et al","year":"2013","unstructured":"International Multiple Sclerosis Genetics Consortium (IMSGC), Beecham AH, Patsopoulos NA, et al (2013) Analysis of immune-related loci identifies 48 new susceptibility variants for multiple sclerosis. Nat Genet 45:1353\u20131360. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/ng.2770","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"key":"4137_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Sawcer S, Franklin RJM, Ban M (2014) Multiple sclerosis genetics. Lancet Neurol 13:700\u2013709. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S1474-4422(14)70041-9","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422"},{"key":"4137_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2383","DOI":"10.1007\/s10072-019-04000-4","volume":"40","author":"MA Al-Naseri","year":"2019","unstructured":"Al-Naseri MA, Salman ED, Ad\u2019hiah AH (2019) Association between interleukin-4 and interleukin-10 single nucleotide polymorphisms and multiple sclerosis among Iraqi patients. Neurol Sci 40:2383\u20132389. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10072-019-04000-4","journal-title":"Neurol Sci"},{"key":"4137_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"340508","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/340508","volume":"2013","author":"S Katsavos","year":"2013","unstructured":"Katsavos S, Anagnostouli M (2013) Biomarkers in multiple sclerosis: an up-to-date overview. Mult Scler Int 2013:340508. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2013\/340508","journal-title":"Mult Scler Int"},{"key":"4137_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1003926","volume":"9","author":"NA Patsopoulos","year":"2013","unstructured":"Patsopoulos NA, Barcellos LF, Hintzen RQ, Schaefer C, van Duijn C, Noble JA, Raj T, IMSGC, ANZgene, Gourraud PA, Stranger BE, Oksenberg J, Olsson T, Taylor BV, Sawcer S, Hafler DA, Carrington M, de Jager PL, de Bakker PI (2013) Fine-mapping the genetic association of the major histocompatibility complex in multiple sclerosis: HLA and non-HLA effects. PLoS Genet 9:e1003926. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pgen.1003926","journal-title":"PLoS Genet"},{"key":"4137_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1038\/nature10251","volume":"476","author":"S Sawcer","year":"2011","unstructured":"Sawcer S, Hellenthal G, Pirinen M et al (2011) Genetic risk and a primary role for cell-mediated immune mechanisms in multiple sclerosis. Nature 476:214\u2013219. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nature10251","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"4137_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1107","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.3395","volume":"47","author":"L Moutsianas","year":"2015","unstructured":"Moutsianas L, Jostins L, Beecham AH, Dilthey AT, Xifara DK, Ban M, Shah TS, Patsopoulos NA, Alfredsson L, Anderson CA, Attfield KE, Baranzini SE, Barrett J, Binder TMC, Booth D, Buck D, Celius EG, Cotsapas C, D'Alfonso S, Dendrou CA, Donnelly P, Dubois B, Fontaine B, Fugger L, Goris A, Gourraud PA, Graetz C, Hemmer B, Hillert J, International IBD Genetics Consortium (IIBDGC), Kockum I, Leslie S, Lill CM, Martinelli-Boneschi F, Oksenberg JR, Olsson T, Oturai A, Saarela J, S\u00f8ndergaard HB, Spurkland A, Taylor B, Winkelmann J, Zipp F, Haines JL, Pericak-Vance MA, Spencer CCA, Stewart G, Hafler DA, Ivinson AJ, Harbo HF, Hauser SL, de Jager PL, Compston A, McCauley J, Sawcer S, McVean G (2015) Class II HLA interactions modulate genetic risk for multiple sclerosis. Nat Genet 47:1107\u20131113. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/ng.3395","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"key":"4137_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"848","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem.79.3.8077372","volume":"79","author":"D Michelson","year":"1994","unstructured":"Michelson D, Stone L, Galliven E, Magiakou MA, Chrousos GP, Sternberg EM, Gold PW (1994) Multiple sclerosis is associated with alterations in hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis function. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 79:848\u2013853. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/jcem.79.3.8077372","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"4137_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1948","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000336918.32695.6b","volume":"71","author":"MC Ysrraelit","year":"2008","unstructured":"Ysrraelit MC, Gait\u00e1n MI, Lopez AS, Correale J (2008) Impaired hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis activity in patients with multiple sclerosis. Neurology 71:1948\u20131954. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1212\/01.wnl.0000336918.32695.6b","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"4137_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"772","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.53.4.772","volume":"53","author":"F Then Bergh","year":"1999","unstructured":"Then Bergh F, K\u00fcmpfel T, Trenkwalder C, Rupprecht R, Holsboer F (1999) Dysregulation of the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis is related to the clinical course of MS. Neurology 53:772\u2013777","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"4137_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"733","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.22597","volume":"70","author":"AK Hedstr\u00f6m","year":"2011","unstructured":"Hedstr\u00f6m AK, \u00c5kerstedt T, Hillert J, Olsson T, Alfredsson L (2011) Shift work at young age is associated with increased risk for multiple sclerosis. Ann Neurol 70:733\u2013741. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ana.22597","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"4137_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1195","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458514563592","volume":"21","author":"AK Hedstr\u00f6m","year":"2015","unstructured":"Hedstr\u00f6m AK, \u00c5kerstedt T, Olsson T, Alfredsson L (2015) Shift work influences multiple sclerosis risk. Mult Scler 21:1195\u20131199. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1352458514563592","journal-title":"Mult Scler"},{"key":"4137_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3293","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.176.6.3293","volume":"176","author":"AM Ercolini","year":"2006","unstructured":"Ercolini AM, Miller SD (2006) Mechanisms of immunopathology in murine models of central nervous system demyelinating disease. J Immunol 176:3293\u20133298","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"4137_CR85","unstructured":"Sandyk R, (2009) Influence of the Pineal Gland on the Expression of Experimental Allergic Encephalomyelitis: Possible Relationship to the Aquisition of Multiple Sclerosis. International Journal of Neuroscience 90 (1-2):129-133"},{"key":"4137_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1159\/000164122","volume":"65","author":"CS Constantinescu","year":"1997","unstructured":"Constantinescu CS, Hilliard B, Ventura E, Rostami A (1997) Luzindole, a melatonin receptor antagonist, suppresses experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Pathobiology 65:190\u2013194. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000164122","journal-title":"Pathobiology"},{"key":"4137_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.4142\/jvs.2001.2.2.85","volume":"2","author":"JC Kang","year":"2001","unstructured":"Kang JC, Ahn M, Kim YS, Moon C, Lee Y, Wie MB, Lee YJ, Shin T (2001) Melatonin ameliorates autoimmune encephalomyelitis through suppression of intercellular adhesion molecule-1. J Vet Sci 2:85\u201389","journal-title":"J Vet Sci"},{"key":"4137_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-079X.2008.00583.x","volume":"45","author":"AM Mathes","year":"2008","unstructured":"Mathes AM, Wolf B, Rensing H (2008) Melatonin receptor antagonist luzindole is a powerful radical scavenger in vitro. J Pineal Res 45:337\u2013338. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1600-079X.2008.00583.x","journal-title":"J Pineal Res"},{"key":"4137_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2015.06.021","volume":"50","author":"N \u00c1lvarez-S\u00e1nchez","year":"2015","unstructured":"\u00c1lvarez-S\u00e1nchez N, Cruz-Chamorro I, L\u00f3pez-Gonz\u00e1lez A et al (2015) Melatonin controls experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis by altering the T effector\/regulatory balance. Brain Behav Immun 50:101\u2013114. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bbi.2015.06.021","journal-title":"Brain Behav Immun"},{"key":"4137_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"763","DOI":"10.1007\/s11481-016-9702-9","volume":"11","author":"J Wen","year":"2016","unstructured":"Wen J, Ariyannur PS, Ribeiro R, Tanaka M, Moffett JR, Kirmani BF, Namboodiri AM, Zhang Y (2016) Efficacy of N-acetylserotonin and melatonin in the EAE model of multiple sclerosis. J NeuroImmune Pharmacol 11:763\u2013773. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11481-016-9702-9","journal-title":"J NeuroImmune Pharmacol"},{"key":"4137_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2015.12.020","volume":"31","author":"S-J Chen","year":"2016","unstructured":"Chen S-J, Huang S-H, Chen J-W, Wang KC, Yang YR, Liu PF, Lin GJ, Sytwu HK (2016) Melatonin enhances interleukin-10 expression and suppresses chemotaxis to inhibit inflammation in situ and reduce the severity of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Int Immunopharmacol 31:169\u2013177. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.intimp.2015.12.020","journal-title":"Int Immunopharmacol"},{"key":"4137_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1007\/s12031-017-1022-x","volume":"64","author":"T Long","year":"2018","unstructured":"Long T, Yang Y, Peng L, Li Z (2018) Neuroprotective effects of melatonin on experimental allergic encephalomyelitis mice via anti-oxidative stress activity. J Mol Neurosci 64:233\u2013241. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12031-017-1022-x","journal-title":"J Mol Neurosci"},{"key":"4137_CR93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Becker KL, Snider R, Nylen ES (2010) Procalcitonin in sepsis and systemic inflammation: a harmful biomarker and a therapeutic target. British Journal of Pharmacology 159 (2):253-264","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1476-5381.2009.00433.x"},{"key":"4137_CR94","unstructured":"The relationship between bone metabolism, melatonin and other hormones in sham-operated and pinealectomized rats. Ostrowska Z1, Kos-Kudla B, Nowak M, Swietochowska E, Marek B, Gorski J, Kajdaniuk D, Wolkowska K. Author information"},{"key":"4137_CR95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1145","DOI":"10.1007\/s10571-018-0580-y","volume":"38","author":"M Ghareghani","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ghareghani M, Zibara K, Sadeghi H, Farhadi N (2018) Spasticity treatment ameliorates the efficacy of melatonin therapy in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) mouse model of multiple sclerosis. Cell Mol Neurobiol 38:1145\u20131151. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10571-018-0580-y","journal-title":"Cell Mol Neurobiol"},{"key":"4137_CR96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1111\/fcp.12337","volume":"32","author":"M Ghareghani","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ghareghani M, Scavo L, Arnoult D et al (2018) Melatonin therapy reduces the risk of osteoporosis and normalizes bone formation in multiple sclerosis. Fundam Clin Pharmacol 32:181\u2013187. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/fcp.12337","journal-title":"Fundam Clin Pharmacol"},{"key":"4137_CR97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2019.00147","volume":"10","author":"M Ghareghani","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ghareghani M, Scavo L, Jand Y et al (2019) Melatonin therapy modulates cerebral metabolism and enhances remyelination by increasing PDK4 in a mouse model of multiple sclerosis. Front Pharmacol 10:147. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fphar.2019.00147","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"},{"key":"4137_CR98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1111\/1440-1681.12678","volume":"44","author":"M Ghareghani","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ghareghani M, Dokoohaki S, Ghanbari A, Farhadi N, Zibara K, Khodadoust S, Parishani M, Ghavamizadeh M, Sadeghi H (2017) Melatonin exacerbates acute experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis by enhancing the serum levels of lactate: a potential biomarker of multiple sclerosis progression. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 44:52\u201361. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/1440-1681.12678","journal-title":"Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol"},{"key":"4137_CR99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ramos Gonz\u00e1lez EJ, Ramirez Jirano LJ, Garc\u00eda Mart\u00ednez DZ et al (2018) A comparative study of melatonin and immunomodulatory therapy with interferon beta and glatiramer acetate in a mouse model of multiple sclerosis. Neurologia. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.nrl.2018.01.007","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nrl.2018.01.007"},{"key":"4137_CR100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.3109\/00207459208994783","volume":"67","author":"R Sandyk","year":"1992","unstructured":"Sandyk R, Awerbuch GI (1992) Nocturnal plasma melatonin and alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone levels during exacerbation of multiple sclerosis. Int J Neurosci 67:173\u2013186","journal-title":"Int J Neurosci"},{"key":"4137_CR101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.3109\/00207459408985993","volume":"76","author":"R Sandyk","year":"1994","unstructured":"Sandyk R, Awerbuch GI (1994) The relationship of pineal calcification to cerebral atrophy on CT scan in multiple sclerosis. Int J Neurosci 76:71\u201379","journal-title":"Int J Neurosci"},{"key":"4137_CR102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.3109\/00207459408986306","volume":"75","author":"R Sandyk","year":"1994","unstructured":"Sandyk R, Awerbuch GI (1994) Relationship of nocturnal melatonin levels to duration and course of multiple sclerosis. Int J Neurosci 75:229\u2013237","journal-title":"Int J Neurosci"},{"key":"4137_CR103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2007.11.022","volume":"161","author":"Z Akpinar","year":"2008","unstructured":"Akpinar Z, Tokg\u00f6z S, G\u00f6kbel H et al (2008) The association of nocturnal serum melatonin levels with major depression in patients with acute multiple sclerosis. Psychiatry Res 161:253\u2013257. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.psychres.2007.11.022","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res"},{"key":"4137_CR104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2014.02.020","volume":"730","author":"C Bahamonde","year":"2014","unstructured":"Bahamonde C, Conde C, Ag\u00fcera E et al (2014) Elevated melatonin levels in natalizumab-treated female patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis: relationship to oxidative stress. Eur J Pharmacol 730:26\u201330. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ejphar.2014.02.020","journal-title":"Eur J Pharmacol"},{"key":"4137_CR105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4876","DOI":"10.2174\/1381612822666160708000453","volume":"22","author":"BM Escribano","year":"2016","unstructured":"Escribano BM, Aguilar-Luque M, Bahamonde C, Conde C, Lillo R, Sanchez-Lopez F, Giraldo AI, Cruz AH, Luque E, Gascon F, Aguera E, Tunez I (2016) Natalizumab modifies catecholamines levels present in patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. Curr Pharm Des 22:4876\u20134880","journal-title":"Curr Pharm Des"},{"key":"4137_CR106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.4103\/2319-4170.125885","volume":"37","author":"N Farhadi","year":"2014","unstructured":"Farhadi N, Oryan S, Nabiuni M (2014) Serum levels of melatonin and cytokines in multiple sclerosis. Biom J 37:90\u201392. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/2319-4170.125885","journal-title":"Biom J"},{"key":"4137_CR107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2015.03.040","volume":"353","author":"A Damasceno","year":"2015","unstructured":"Damasceno A, Moraes AS, Farias A, Damasceno BP, dos Santos L, Cendes F (2015) Disruption of melatonin circadian rhythm production is related to multiple sclerosis severity: a preliminary study. J Neurol Sci 353:166\u2013168. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jns.2015.03.040","journal-title":"J Neurol Sci"},{"key":"4137_CR108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1338","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2015.08.025","volume":"162","author":"MF Farez","year":"2015","unstructured":"Farez MF, Mascanfroni ID, M\u00e9ndez-Huergo SP, Yeste A, Murugaiyan G, Garo LP, Balbuena Aguirre ME, Patel B, Ysrraelit MC, Zhu C, Kuchroo VK, Rabinovich GA, Quintana FJ, Correale J (2015) Melatonin contributes to the seasonality of multiple sclerosis relapses. Cell 162:1338\u20131352. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cell.2015.08.025","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"4137_CR109","first-page":"91","volume":"14","author":"T Gholipour","year":"2015","unstructured":"Gholipour T, Ghazizadeh T, Babapour S et al (2015) Decreased urinary level of melatonin as a marker of disease severity in patients with multiple sclerosis. Iran J Allergy Asthma Immunol 14:91\u201397","journal-title":"Iran J Allergy Asthma Immunol"},{"key":"4137_CR110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2011.11.003","volume":"314","author":"L Melamud","year":"2012","unstructured":"Melamud L, Golan D, Luboshitzky R et al (2012) Melatonin dysregulation, sleep disturbances and fatigue in multiple sclerosis. J Neurol Sci 314:37\u201340. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jns.2011.11.003","journal-title":"J Neurol Sci"},{"key":"4137_CR111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kern S, Geiger M, Paucke M, et al (2019) Clinical relevance of circadian melatonin release in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. J Mol Med. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00109-019-01821-w","DOI":"10.1007\/s00109-019-01821-w"},{"key":"4137_CR112","first-page":"S180","volume":"4","author":"A Ghorbani","year":"2013","unstructured":"Ghorbani A, Salari M, Shaygannejad V, Norouzi R (2013) The role of melatonin in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis: a case-control study. Int J Prev Med 4:S180\u2013S184","journal-title":"Int J Prev Med"},{"key":"4137_CR113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2012.05.014","volume":"250","author":"R Natarajan","year":"2012","unstructured":"Natarajan R, Einarsdottir E, Riutta A, Hagman S, Raunio M, Mononen N, Lehtim\u00e4ki T, Elovaara I (2012) Melatonin pathway genes are associated with progressive subtypes and disability status in multiple sclerosis among Finnish patients. J Neuroimmunol 250:106\u2013110. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2012.05.014","journal-title":"J Neuroimmunol"},{"key":"4137_CR114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1111\/jpi.12203","volume":"58","author":"A L\u00f3pez-Gonz\u00e1lez","year":"2015","unstructured":"L\u00f3pez-Gonz\u00e1lez A, \u00c1lvarez-S\u00e1nchez N, Lardone PJ et al (2015) Melatonin treatment improves primary progressive multiple sclerosis: a case report. J Pineal Res 58:173\u2013177. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jpi.12203","journal-title":"J Pineal Res"},{"key":"4137_CR115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"\u00c1lvarez-S\u00e1nchez N, Cruz-Chamorro I, D\u00edaz-S\u00e1nchez M et al (2017) Melatonin reduces inflammatory response in peripheral T helper lymphocytes from relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis patients. J Pineal Res 63. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jpi.12442","DOI":"10.1111\/jpi.12442"},{"key":"4137_CR116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinbiochem.2014.09.023","volume":"48","author":"M Karl\u00edk","year":"2015","unstructured":"Karl\u00edk M, Valkovi\u010d P, Han\u010dinov\u00e1 V et al (2015) Markers of oxidative stress in plasma and saliva in patients with multiple sclerosis. Clin Biochem 48:24\u201328. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.clinbiochem.2014.09.023","journal-title":"Clin Biochem"},{"key":"4137_CR117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2449","DOI":"10.1093\/clinchem\/38.12.2449","volume":"38","author":"R Naidoo","year":"1992","unstructured":"Naidoo R, Knapp ML (1992) Studies of lipid peroxidation products in cerebrospinal fluid and serum in multiple sclerosis and other conditions. Clin Chem 38:2449\u20132454","journal-title":"Clin Chem"},{"key":"4137_CR118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1159\/000363515","volume":"72","author":"P Wang","year":"2014","unstructured":"Wang P, Xie K, Wang C, Bi J (2014) Oxidative stress induced by lipid peroxidation is related with inflammation of demyelination and neurodegeneration in multiple sclerosis. Eur Neurol 72:249\u2013254. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000363515","journal-title":"Eur Neurol"},{"key":"4137_CR119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Fiorini A, Koudriavtseva T, Bucaj E et al (2013) Involvement of oxidative stress in occurrence of relapses in multiple sclerosis: the spectrum of oxidatively modified serum proteins detected by proteomics and redox proteomics analysis PLoS One:8. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0065184","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0065184"},{"key":"4137_CR120","first-page":"543","volume":"65","author":"M Adamczyk-Sowa","year":"2014","unstructured":"Adamczyk-Sowa M, Pierzchala K, Sowa P, Polaniak R, Kukla M, Hartel M (2014) Influence of melatonin supplementation on serum antioxidative properties and impact of the quality of life in multiple sclerosis patients. J Physiol Pharmacol 65:543\u2013550","journal-title":"J Physiol Pharmacol"},{"key":"4137_CR121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1585","DOI":"10.1007\/s11064-014-1347-6","volume":"39","author":"M Adamczyk-Sowa","year":"2014","unstructured":"Adamczyk-Sowa M, Pierzchala K, Sowa P, Mucha S, Sadowska-Bartosz I, Adamczyk J, Hartel M (2014) Melatonin acts as antioxidant and improves sleep in MS patients. Neurochem Res 39:1585\u20131593. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11064-014-1347-6","journal-title":"Neurochem Res"},{"key":"4137_CR122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2013.02.012","volume":"257","author":"E Miller","year":"2013","unstructured":"Miller E, Walczak A, Majsterek I, K\u0119dziora J (2013) Melatonin reduces oxidative stress in the erythrocytes of multiple sclerosis patients with secondary progressive clinical course. J Neuroimmunol 257:97\u2013101. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2013.02.012","journal-title":"J Neuroimmunol"},{"key":"4137_CR123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2015.12.014","volume":"145","author":"S Emamgholipour","year":"2016","unstructured":"Emamgholipour S, Hossein-Nezhad A, Sahraian MA, Askarisadr F, Ansari M (2016) Evidence for possible role of melatonin in reducing oxidative stress in multiple sclerosis through its effect on SIRT1 and antioxidant enzymes. Life Sci 145:34\u201341. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.lfs.2015.12.014","journal-title":"Life Sci"},{"key":"4137_CR124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2484","DOI":"10.12659\/MSM.895702","volume":"22","author":"M Adamczyk-Sowa","year":"2016","unstructured":"Adamczyk-Sowa M, Sowa P, Mucha S, Zostawa J, Mazur B, Owczarek M, Pierzcha\u0142a K (2016) Changes in serum ceruloplasmin levels based on immunomodulatory treatments and melatonin supplementation in multiple sclerosis patients. Med Sci Monit 22:2484\u20132491","journal-title":"Med Sci Monit"},{"key":"4137_CR125","first-page":"235","volume":"67","author":"M Adamczyk-Sowa","year":"2016","unstructured":"Adamczyk-Sowa M, Sowa P, Adamczyk J et al (2016) Effect of melatonin supplementation on plasma lipid hydroperoxides, homocysteine concentration and chronic fatigue syndrome in multiple sclerosis patients treated with interferons-beta and mitoxantrone. J Physiol Pharmacol 67:235\u2013242","journal-title":"J Physiol Pharmacol"},{"key":"4137_CR126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7905148","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/7905148","volume":"2017","author":"M Adamczyk-Sowa","year":"2017","unstructured":"Adamczyk-Sowa M, Galiniak S, \u017byracka E, Grzesik M, Napar\u0142o K, Sowa P, Bartosz G, Sadowska-Bartosz I (2017) Oxidative modification of blood serum proteins in multiple sclerosis after interferon beta and melatonin treatment. Oxidative Med Cell Longev 2017:7905148. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2017\/7905148","journal-title":"Oxidative Med Cell Longev"},{"key":"4137_CR127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0148573","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0148573","volume":"11","author":"CH Marck","year":"2016","unstructured":"Marck CH, Neate SL, Taylor KL, Weiland TJ, Jelinek GA (2016) Prevalence of comorbidities, overweight and obesity in an international sample of people with multiple sclerosis and associations with modifiable lifestyle factors. PLoS One 11:e0148573. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0148573","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"4137_CR128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1007\/s11910-016-0649-2","volume":"16","author":"TJ Braley","year":"2016","unstructured":"Braley TJ, Boudreau EA (2016) Sleep disorders in multiple sclerosis. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep 16:50\u201358. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11910-016-0649-2","journal-title":"Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep"},{"key":"4137_CR129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2009.07.005","volume":"14","author":"SD Brass","year":"2010","unstructured":"Brass SD, Duquette P, Proulx-Therrien J, Auerbach S (2010) Sleep disorders in patients with multiple sclerosis. Sleep Med Rev 14:121\u2013129. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.smrv.2009.07.005","journal-title":"Sleep Med Rev"},{"key":"4137_CR130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1191\/135248506ms1320oa","volume":"12","author":"BR Stanton","year":"2006","unstructured":"Stanton BR, Barnes F, Silber E (2006) Sleep and fatigue in multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler 12:481\u2013486. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1191\/135248506ms1320oa","journal-title":"Mult Scler"},{"key":"4137_CR131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1159\/000117070","volume":"34","author":"N Tachibana","year":"1994","unstructured":"Tachibana N, Howard RS, Hirsch NP, Miller DH, Moseley IF, Fish D (1994) Sleep problems in multiple sclerosis. Eur Neurol 34:320\u2013323. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000117070","journal-title":"Eur Neurol"},{"key":"4137_CR132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1080\/09540261.2017.1322555","volume":"29","author":"SB Patten","year":"2017","unstructured":"Patten SB, Marrie RA, Carta MG (2017) Depression in multiple sclerosis. Int Rev Psychiatry 29:463\u2013472. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/09540261.2017.1322555","journal-title":"Int Rev Psychiatry"},{"key":"4137_CR133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.3109\/00207459308994278","volume":"68","author":"R Sandyk","year":"1993","unstructured":"Sandyk R, Awerbuch GI (1993) Nocturnal melatonin secretion in multiple sclerosis patients with affective disorders. Int J Neurosci 68:227\u2013240","journal-title":"Int J Neurosci"},{"key":"4137_CR134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1159\/000080146","volume":"11","author":"CG Haase","year":"2004","unstructured":"Haase CG, Tinnefeld M, Faustmann PM (2004) The influence of immunomodulation on psycho-neuroimmunological functions in benign multiple sclerosis. Neuroimmunomodulation 11:365\u2013372. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000080146","journal-title":"Neuroimmunomodulation"},{"key":"4137_CR135","first-page":"589","volume":"14","author":"T Roostaei","year":"2015","unstructured":"Roostaei T, Sahraian MA, Hajeaghaee S et al (2015) Impact of melatonin on motor, cognitive and neuroimaging indices in patients with multiple sclerosis. Iran J Allergy Asthma Immunol 14:589\u2013595","journal-title":"Iran J Allergy Asthma Immunol"},{"key":"4137_CR136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1017\/S0317167100048691","volume":"21","author":"JD Fisk","year":"1994","unstructured":"Fisk JD, Pontefract A, Ritvo PG, Archibald CJ, Murray TJ (1994) The impact of fatigue on patients with multiple sclerosis. Can J Neurol Sci 21:9\u201314","journal-title":"Can J Neurol Sci"},{"key":"4137_CR137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1127","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458508092807","volume":"14","author":"AM Bamer","year":"2008","unstructured":"Bamer AM, Johnson KL, Amtmann D, Kraft GH (2008) Prevalence of sleep problems in individuals with multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler 14:1127\u20131130. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1352458508092807","journal-title":"Mult Scler"},{"key":"4137_CR138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1080\/14737175.2017.1257385","volume":"17","author":"A Gajofatto","year":"2017","unstructured":"Gajofatto A, Turatti M, Benedetti MD (2017) Primary progressive multiple sclerosis: current therapeutic strategies and future perspectives. Expert Rev Neurother 17:393\u2013406. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/14737175.2017.1257385","journal-title":"Expert Rev Neurother"}],"container-title":["Neurological Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10072-019-04137-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10072-019-04137-2\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10072-019-04137-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,23]],"date-time":"2023-09-23T22:06:22Z","timestamp":1695506782000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10072-019-04137-2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,16]]},"references-count":138,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,4]]}},"alternative-id":["4137"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10072-019-04137-2","relation":{},"ISSN":["1590-1874","1590-3478"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1590-1874","type":"print"},{"value":"1590-3478","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,16]]},"assertion":[{"value":"17 June 2019","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"31 October 2019","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"16 December 2019","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Compliance with ethical standards"}},{"value":"The authors declare that have no conflict of interest.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}},{"value":"This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval"}}]}}