{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,8]],"date-time":"2026-01-08T00:03:10Z","timestamp":1767830590582,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,9]],"date-time":"2020-01-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1578528000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,9]],"date-time":"2020-01-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1578528000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Neurol Sci"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,5]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s10072-019-04237-z","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,9]],"date-time":"2020-01-09T08:02:57Z","timestamp":1578556977000},"page":"1251-1257","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Premorbid functional reserve modulates the effect of rehabilitation in multiple sclerosis"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"41","author":[{"given":"Letizia","family":"Castelli","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"De Giglio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shalom","family":"Haggiag","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Arianna","family":"Traini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Francesca","family":"De Luca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Serena","family":"Ruggieri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3237-6267","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luca","family":"Prosperini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,9]]},"reference":[{"issue":"Pt 6","key":"4237_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1591","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awr039","volume":"134","author":"SC Cramer","year":"2011","unstructured":"Cramer SC, Sur M, Dobkin BH, O'Brien C, Sanger TD, Trojanowski JQ, Rumsey JM, Hicks R, Cameron J, Chen D, Chen WG, Cohen LG, deCharms C, Duffy CJ, Eden GF, Fetz EE, Filart R, Freund M, Grant SJ, Haber S, Kalivas PW, Kolb B, Kramer AF, Lynch M, Mayberg HS, McQuillen P, Nitkin R, Pascual-Leone A, Reuter-Lorenz P, Schiff N, Sharma A, Shekim L, Stryker M, Sullivan EV, Vinogradov S (2011) Harnessing neuroplasticity for clinical applications. Brain J Neurol 134(Pt 6):1591\u20131609","journal-title":"Brain J Neurol"},{"issue":"5","key":"4237_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcomdis.2011.04.006","volume":"44","author":"JA Kleim","year":"2011","unstructured":"Kleim JA (2011) Neural plasticity and neurorehabilitation: teaching the new brain old tricks. J Commun Disord 44(5):521\u2013528","journal-title":"J Commun Disord"},{"issue":"11","key":"4237_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneurol.2012.179","volume":"8","author":"V Tomassini","year":"2012","unstructured":"Tomassini V, Matthews PM, Thompson AJ et al (2012) Neuroplasticity and functional recovery in multiple sclerosis. Nat Rev Neurol 8(11):635\u2013646","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurol"},{"issue":"3","key":"4237_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1097\/00019052-200206000-00003","volume":"15","author":"F Barkhof","year":"2002","unstructured":"Barkhof F (2002) The clinico-radiological paradox in multiple sclerosis revisited. Curr Opin Neurol 15(3):239\u2013245","journal-title":"Curr Opin Neurol"},{"issue":"1","key":"4237_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2017.08.003","volume":"36","author":"SC Krieger","year":"2018","unstructured":"Krieger SC, Sumowski J (2018) New insights into multiple sclerosis clinical course from the topographical model and functional reserve. Neurol Clin 36(1):13\u201325","journal-title":"Neurol Clin"},{"issue":"9","key":"4237_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1122","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458513498834","volume":"19","author":"JF Sumowski","year":"2013","unstructured":"Sumowski JF, Leavitt VM (2013) Cognitive reserve in multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler 19(9):1122\u20131127","journal-title":"Mult Scler"},{"issue":"3","key":"4237_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-4943(96)00696-6","volume":"22","author":"S Elmst\u00e5hl","year":"1996","unstructured":"Elmst\u00e5hl S, Sommer M, Hagberg B (1996) A 3-year follow-up of stroke patients: relationships between activities of daily living and personality characteristics. Arch Gerontol Geriatr 22(3):233\u2013244","journal-title":"Arch Gerontol Geriatr"},{"issue":"6","key":"4237_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"584","DOI":"10.1080\/13803395.2013.799123","volume":"35","author":"M Sela-Kaufman","year":"2013","unstructured":"Sela-Kaufman M, Rassovsky Y, Agranov E, Levi Y, Vakil E (2013) Premorbid personality characteristics and attachment style moderate the effect of injury severity on occupational outcome in traumatic brain injury: another aspect of reserve. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol 35(6):584\u2013595","journal-title":"J Clin Exp Neuropsychol"},{"issue":"6","key":"4237_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"516","DOI":"10.1177\/1545968313478484","volume":"27","author":"L Prosperini","year":"2013","unstructured":"Prosperini L, Fortuna D, Giann\u00ec C, Leonardi L, Marchetti MR, Pozzilli C (2013) Home-based balance training using the Wii balance board: a randomized, crossover pilot study in multiple sclerosis. Neurorehabil Neural Repair 27(6):516\u2013525","journal-title":"Neurorehabil Neural Repair"},{"issue":"5","key":"4237_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1177\/1545968314554623","volume":"29","author":"L De Giglio","year":"2015","unstructured":"De Giglio L, De Luca F, Prosperini L et al (2015) A low-cost cognitive rehabilitation with a commercial video game improves sustained attention and executive functions in multiple sclerosis: a pilot study. Neurorehabil Neural Repair 29(5):453\u2013461","journal-title":"Neurorehabil Neural Repair"},{"issue":"2","key":"4237_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.14140168","volume":"273","author":"L Prosperini","year":"2014","unstructured":"Prosperini L, Fanelli F, Petsas N et al (2014) Multiple sclerosis: changes in microarchitecture of white matter tracts after training with a video game balance board. Radiology. 273(2):529\u2013538","journal-title":"Radiology."},{"issue":"1","key":"4237_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2016150710","volume":"280","author":"L De Giglio","year":"2016","unstructured":"De Giglio L, Tona F, De Luca F et al (2016) Multiple sclerosis: changes in thalamic resting-state functional connectivity induced by a home-based cognitive rehabilitation program. Radiology. 280(1):202\u2013211","journal-title":"Radiology."},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"4237_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2012.08.033","volume":"323","author":"RW Motl","year":"2012","unstructured":"Motl RW, Dlugonski D, Pilutti L, Sandroff B, McAuley E (2012) Premorbid physical activity predicts disability progression in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. J Neurol Sci 323(1\u20132):123\u2013127","journal-title":"J Neurol Sci"},{"issue":"3","key":"4237_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03654795","volume":"24","author":"M Nucci","year":"2012","unstructured":"Nucci M, Mapelli D, Mondini S (2012) Cognitive reserve index questionnaire (CRIq): a new instrument for measuring cognitive reserve. Aging Clin Exp Res 24(3):218\u2013226","journal-title":"Aging Clin Exp Res"},{"issue":"12","key":"4237_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"975","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1993.01820240059008","volume":"50","author":"CR Cloninger","year":"1993","unstructured":"Cloninger CR, Svrakic DM, Przybeck TR (1993) A psychobiological model of temperament and character. Arch Gen Psychiatry 50(12):975\u2013990","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"issue":"4","key":"4237_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comppsych.2007.02.003","volume":"48","author":"A Fossati","year":"2007","unstructured":"Fossati A, Cloninger CR, Villa D, Borroni S, Grazioli F, Giarolli L, Battaglia M, Maffei C (2007) Reliability and validity of the Italian version of the temperament and character inventory-revised in an outpatient sample. Compr Psychiatry 48(4):380\u2013387","journal-title":"Compr Psychiatry"},{"issue":"4","key":"4237_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458515573128","volume":"21","author":"L Prosperini","year":"2015","unstructured":"Prosperini L, Coghe G, Pau M et al (2015) Minimal detectable change of postural sway detected at static posturography in multiple sclerosis. RIMS conference abstracts. Mult Scler 21(4):492\u2013534","journal-title":"Mult Scler"},{"key":"4237_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Strober L, DeLuca J, Benedict RH, et al (2019) Symbol digit modalities test: a valid clinical trial endpoint for measuring cognition in multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler 25(13):1781\u20131790","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458518808204"},{"issue":"3","key":"4237_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1037\/neu0000520","volume":"33","author":"G Santangelo","year":"2019","unstructured":"Santangelo G, Altieri M, Enzinger C, Gallo A, Trojano L (2019) Cognitive reserve and neuropsychological performance in multiple sclerosis: a meta-analysis. Neuropsychology. 33(3):379\u2013390","journal-title":"Neuropsychology."},{"issue":"5","key":"4237_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.1097\/NMD.0000000000000114","volume":"202","author":"S Gazioglu","year":"2014","unstructured":"Gazioglu S, Cakmak VA, Ozkorumak E, Usta NC, Ates C, Boz C (2014) Personality traits of patients with multiple sclerosis and their relationship with clinical characteristics. J Nerv Ment Dis 202(5):408\u2013411","journal-title":"J Nerv Ment Dis"},{"issue":"3","key":"4237_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clineuro.2012.05.022","volume":"115","author":"C Fazekas","year":"2013","unstructured":"Fazekas C, Khalil M, Enzinger C, Matzer F, Fuchs S, Fazekas F (2013) No impact of adult attachment and temperament on clinical variability in patients with clinically isolated syndrome and early multiple sclerosis. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 115(3):293\u2013297","journal-title":"Clin Neurol Neurosurg"},{"issue":"13","key":"4237_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1786","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458516685417","volume":"23","author":"VM Leavitt","year":"2017","unstructured":"Leavitt VM, Buyukturkoglu K, Inglese M (2017) Sumowski JF (2017) protective personality traits: high openness and low neuroticism linked to better memory in multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler 23(13):1786\u20131790","journal-title":"Mult Scler"},{"issue":"4","key":"4237_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458515594045","volume":"22","author":"IR Zarbo","year":"2016","unstructured":"Zarbo IR, Minacapelli E, Falautano M et al (2016) Personality traits predict perceived health-related quality of life in persons with multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler 22(4):551\u2013558","journal-title":"Mult Scler"},{"key":"4237_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Roy S, Drake A, Fuchs T, et al (2018) Longitudinal personality change associated with cognitive decline in multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1352458517753720","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458517753720"},{"key":"4237_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"481574","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/481574","volume":"2015","author":"L Prosperini","year":"2015","unstructured":"Prosperini L, Piattella MC, Giann\u00ec C, Pantano P (2015) Functional and structural brain plasticity enhanced by motor and cognitive rehabilitation in multiple sclerosis. Neural Plast 2015:481574","journal-title":"Neural Plast"},{"key":"4237_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2016.10.023","volume":"34","author":"MK Sunwoo","year":"2017","unstructured":"Sunwoo MK, Lee JE, Hong JY, Ye BS, Lee HS, Oh JS, Kim JS, Lee PH, Sohn YH (2017) Premorbid exercise engagement and motor reserve in Parkinson\u2019s disease. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 34:49\u201353","journal-title":"Parkinsonism Relat Disord"},{"key":"4237_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1186\/s11556-018-0208-8","volume":"15","author":"T Yamaguchi","year":"2018","unstructured":"Yamaguchi T, Yamamura O, Hamano T, Murakita K, Nakamoto Y (2018) Premorbid physical activity is modestly associated with gait independence after a stroke: an exploratory study. Eur Rev Aging Phys Act 15:18","journal-title":"Eur Rev Aging Phys Act"},{"issue":"1","key":"4237_CR28","first-page":"38","volume":"17","author":"OZ Karaahmet","year":"2018","unstructured":"Karaahmet OZ, Umay E, Gurcay E, Ser\u00e7e A, Gundogdu I, Cakci A (2018) The effect of premorbid features on post-stroke rehabilitation outcome. Iran J Neurol 17(1):38\u201346","journal-title":"Iran J Neurol"},{"issue":"18","key":"4237_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1636","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000000379","volume":"82","author":"EB Schneider","year":"2014","unstructured":"Schneider EB, Sur S, Raymont V et al (2014) Functional recovery after moderate\/severe traumatic brain injury: a role for cognitive reserve? Neurology. 82(18):1636\u20131642","journal-title":"Neurology."},{"issue":"12","key":"4237_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1296","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2016-313914","volume":"87","author":"H Jokinen","year":"2016","unstructured":"Jokinen H, Melkas S, Madureira S et al (2016) Cognitive reserve moderates long-term cognitive and functional outcome in cerebral small vessel disease. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 87(12):1296\u20131302","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"issue":"9","key":"4237_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1007\/s11920-016-0721-2","volume":"18","author":"S-T Cheng","year":"2016","unstructured":"Cheng S-T (2016) Cognitive reserve and the prevention of dementia: the role of physical and cognitive activities. Curr Psychiatry Rep 18(9):85","journal-title":"Curr Psychiatry Rep"},{"issue":"1","key":"4237_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E18","DOI":"10.1097\/HTR.0000000000000325","volume":"33","author":"KA Steward","year":"2018","unstructured":"Steward KA, Kennedy R, Novack TA, Crowe M, Marson DC, Triebel KL (2018) The role of cognitive reserve in recovery from traumatic brain injury. J Head Trauma Rehabil 33(1):E18\u2013E27","journal-title":"J Head Trauma Rehabil"},{"issue":"4","key":"4237_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"554","DOI":"10.23736\/S1973-9087.17.04837-7","volume":"54","author":"G Piccinini","year":"2018","unstructured":"Piccinini G, Imbimbo I, Ricciardi D, Coraci D, Santilli C, Lo Monaco MR, Loreti C, Vulpiani MC, Silveri MC, Padua L (2018) The impact of cognitive reserve on the effectiveness of balance rehabilitation in Parkinson\u2019s disease. Eur J Phys Rehabil Med 54(4):554\u2013559","journal-title":"Eur J Phys Rehabil Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"4237_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1080\/13803395.2010.493151","volume":"33","author":"P Satz","year":"2011","unstructured":"Satz P, Cole MA, Hardy DJ, Rassovsky Y (2011) Brain and cognitive reserve: mediator(s) and construct validity, a critique. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol 33(1):121\u2013130","journal-title":"J Clin Exp Neuropsychol"},{"key":"4237_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2015.00176","volume":"6","author":"JF Sumowski","year":"2015","unstructured":"Sumowski JF (2015) Cognitive reserve as a useful concept for early intervention research in multiple sclerosis. Front Neurol 6:176","journal-title":"Front Neurol"}],"container-title":["Neurological Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10072-019-04237-z.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10072-019-04237-z\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10072-019-04237-z.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,29]],"date-time":"2024-07-29T22:13:24Z","timestamp":1722291204000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10072-019-04237-z"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,9]]},"references-count":35,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,5]]}},"alternative-id":["4237"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10072-019-04237-z","relation":{},"ISSN":["1590-1874","1590-3478"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1590-1874","type":"print"},{"value":"1590-3478","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"13 June 2019","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"30 December 2019","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"9 January 2020","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Compliance with ethical standards"}},{"value":"None related to this article.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}},{"value":"The present study was conducted after approval of the Local Ethics Committee. All data were gathered after informed consent was obtained from each participant, in accordance with specific national laws and the ethics standards laid down in the 1964 Declaration of Helsinki and its later amendments. In no way this study did interfere in the care received by patients. Anonymized data will be shared upon request by the corresponding author (LP).","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical standards"}},{"value":"LC: consulting fees from Almirall; LDG: travel grants from Biogen, Novartis, and Teva; LP: consulting fees from Biogen, Novartis and Roche; speaker honoraria from Biogen, Genzyme, Merck Serono, Novartis, and Teva; travel grants from Biogen, Genzyme, Novartis, and Teva; research grants from the Italian MS Society (Associazione Italiana Sclerosi Multipla) and Genzyme; SH, AT, FDL: none to declare.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Financial disclosures"}}]}}