{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]],"date-time":"2026-07-08T20:21:07Z","timestamp":1783542067114,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":10,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,13]],"date-time":"2020-03-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1584057600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,13]],"date-time":"2020-03-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1584057600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000855","name":"University of Birmingham","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000855","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Neurol Sci"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Tourette syndrome (TS) and persistent motor\/vocal tic disorders are neurodevelopmental conditions characterised by the chronic presence of motor and\/or vocal tics. Patients with TS often present with co-morbid disorders, especially attention-deficit and hyperactivity disorder (which tends to improve after childhood), and obsessive-compulsive disorder (which can persist in adulthood). We set out to explore pharmacotherapy for tics in adult patients with TS and persistent motor\/vocal tic disorders, as well as its relationship with the presence of co-morbid conditions.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>We retrospectively reviewed the clinical characteristics and pharmacotherapy of 192 adult patients with TS (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009187), persistent motor tic disorder (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20093) and persistent vocal tic disorder (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20092) attending a specialist clinic in the UK.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Anti-dopaminergic medications (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200965) and alpha-2-agonists (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200950) were the most commonly prescribed pharmacotherapy for tic management. A sub-group analysis revealed that co-morbid obsessive-compulsive disorder and sub-threshold obsessive-compulsive behaviours were significantly more common in patients treated with anti-dopaminergic medications than patients taking alpha-2-agonists (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.013 and <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.047, respectively).<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>The use of pharmacotherapy options for tic management observed at a specialist clinic for adults with TS reflects guideline recommendations. We found that the presence of co-morbid obsessive-compulsive disorder\/behaviours correlates with the choice of anti-dopaminergic medications over alpha-2-agonists, in line with available evidence on the efficacy of anti-dopaminergic medications for the treatment of specific tic\u2013related behavioural symptoms.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10072-020-04327-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,13]],"date-time":"2020-03-13T09:03:27Z","timestamp":1584090207000},"page":"1923-1926","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Pharmacotherapy for tics in adult patients with Tourette syndrome and other tic disorders"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"41","author":[{"given":"James","family":"Badenoch","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea E.","family":"Cavanna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"4327_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1017\/S1092852918000834","volume":"23","author":"AE Cavanna","year":"2018","unstructured":"Cavanna AE (2018) Gilles de la Tourette syndrome as a paradigmatic neuropsychiatric disorder. 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