{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,14]],"date-time":"2026-04-14T13:50:21Z","timestamp":1776174621990,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":73,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,5]],"date-time":"2021-02-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1612483200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,5]],"date-time":"2021-02-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1612483200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Neurol Sci"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,4]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s10072-021-05077-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,5]],"date-time":"2021-02-05T02:47:34Z","timestamp":1612493254000},"page":"1367-1375","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Benefit and danger from immunotherapy in myasthenia gravis"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"42","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2543-6356","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carmelo","family":"Rodolico","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Giulia","family":"Nicocia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Valentina","family":"Damato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Giovanni","family":"Antonini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rocco","family":"Liguori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Amelia","family":"Evoli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,5]]},"reference":[{"issue":"6","key":"5077_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1111","DOI":"10.1007\/s10072-019-03746-1","volume":"40","author":"A Evoli","year":"2019","unstructured":"Evoli A, Antonini G, Antozzi C, DiMuzio A, Habetswallner F, Iani C, Inghilleri M, Liguori R, Mantegazza R, Massa R, Pegoraro E, Ricciardi R, Rodolico C (2019) Italian recommendations for the diagnosis and treatment of myasthenia gravis. Neurol Sci 40(6):1111\u20131124. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10072-019-03746-1","journal-title":"Neurol Sci"},{"key":"5077_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175628561774913","DOI":"10.1177\/1756285617749134.","volume":"11","author":"R Mantegazza","year":"2018","unstructured":"Mantegazza R, Antozzi C (2018) When myasthenia gravis is deemed refractory: clinical signposts and treatment strategies. Ther Adv Neurol Disord 11:1756285617749134. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1756285617749134.","journal-title":"Ther Adv Neurol Disord"},{"issue":"9","key":"5077_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"993","DOI":"10.1634\/theoncologist.2008-0086","volume":"13","author":"A Dmytrijuk","year":"2008","unstructured":"Dmytrijuk A, Robie-Suh K, Cohen MH, Rieves D, Weiss K, Pazdur R (2008) FDA report: eculizumab (Soliris) for the treatment of patients with paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria. Oncologist 13(9):993\u20131000. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1634\/theoncologist.2008-0086","journal-title":"Oncologist"},{"issue":"23","key":"5077_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2169","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1208981","volume":"368","author":"CM Legendre","year":"2013","unstructured":"Legendre CM, Licht C, Muus P, Greenbaum LA, Babu S, Bedrosian C et al (2013) Terminal complement inhibitor eculizumab in atypical hemolytic-uremic syndrome. N Engl J Med 368(23):2169\u20132181","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"5077_CR5","unstructured":"FDA (2020) FDA approves first treatment for neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder, a rare autoimmune disease of the central nervous system. Available online at: http:\/\/www.fda.gov\/news-events\/press-announcements\/fda-approves-first-treatment-neuromyelitis-optica-spectrum-disorderrare-autoimmune-disease-central. Accessed 21 March 2020"},{"key":"5077_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.5152\/eurjrheum.2018.1709632.","volume":"5","author":"F Alshaiki","year":"2018","unstructured":"Alshaiki F, Obaid E, Almuallim A, Taha R, El-Haddad H, Almoallim H (2018) Outcomes of rituximab therapy in refractory lupus: a meta-analysis. Eur J Rheumatol 5:118\u2013126. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5152\/eurjrheum.2018.1709632.","journal-title":"Eur J Rheumatol"},{"issue":"10","key":"5077_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1795","DOI":"10.2217\/fon.14.30","volume":"10","author":"Z Huang","year":"2014","unstructured":"Huang Z, Wu Y, Zhou X, Xu J, Zhu W, Shu Y et al (2014) Efficacy of therapy with bortezomib in solid tumors: a review based on 32 clinical trials. Future Oncol 10(10):1795\u20131807","journal-title":"Future Oncol"},{"key":"5077_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1196\/annals.1405.028","volume":"1132","author":"J Rowin","year":"2008","unstructured":"Rowin J (2008) Etanercept treatment in myasthenia gravis. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1132:300\u2013304. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1196\/annals.1405.028","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci"},{"issue":"3","key":"5077_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nmd.2020.01.001.","volume":"30","author":"G Nicocia","year":"2020","unstructured":"Nicocia G, Bonanno C, Lupica A, Toscano A, Rodolico C (2020) Myasthenia gravis after etanercept and ustekinumab treatment for psoriatic arthritis: a case report. Neuromuscul Disord 30(3):246\u2013249. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.nmd.2020.01.001.","journal-title":"Neuromuscul Disord"},{"issue":"11","key":"5077_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1891","DOI":"10.1007\/s00296-020-04587-4","volume":"40","author":"E Pelechas","year":"2020","unstructured":"Pelechas E, Memi T, Markatseli TE, Voulgari PV, Drosos AA (2020) Adalimumab-induced myasthenia gravis: case-based review. Rheumatol Int 40(11):1891\u20131894. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00296-020-04587-4","journal-title":"Rheumatol Int"},{"key":"5077_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"634","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2020.00634.","volume":"11","author":"YT Huang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Huang YT, Chen YP, Lin WC, Su WC, Sun YT (2020) Immune checkpoint inhibitor-induced myasthenia gravis. Front Neurol 11:634. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fneur.2020.00634.","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"key":"5077_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"917","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.00917","volume":"11","author":"K Albazli","year":"2020","unstructured":"Albazli K, Kaminski HJ, Howard JF Jr (2020) Complement inhibitor therapy for myasthenia gravis. Front Immunol 11:917. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2020.00917","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"issue":"7","key":"5077_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"859","DOI":"10.1007\/s40262-019-00742-8.","volume":"58","author":"KL Wijnsma","year":"2019","unstructured":"Wijnsma KL, Ter Heine R, Moes DJAR, Langemeijer S, Schols SEM, Volokhina EB, van den Heuvel LP, Wetzels JFM, van de Kar NCAJ, Br\u00fcggemann RJ (2019) Pharmacology, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of eculizumab, and possibilities for an individualized approach to eculizumab. Clin Pharmacokinet 58(7):859\u2013874. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40262-019-00742-8.","journal-title":"Clin Pharmacokinet"},{"key":"5077_CR14","unstructured":"FDA Approves soliris to treat generalized myasthenia gravis. Muscular Dystrophy Association. (2017) Available online at: https:\/\/www.mda.org\/press-releases\/fda-approves-soliris-treat-generalized-myasthenia-gravis. Accessed 21 March 2020"},{"key":"5077_CR15","unstructured":"Alexion Europe SAS. Soliris (eculizumab): summary of product characteristics. 2017. [cited 2020 Mar 30]. Available from: http:\/\/www.ema.europa.eu\/docs\/en_GB\/document_library\/EPAR_Product_Information\/human\/000791\/WC500054208.pdf"},{"issue":"12","key":"5077_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"976","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(17)30369-1","volume":"16","author":"JF Howard","year":"2017","unstructured":"Howard JF, Utsugisawa K, Benatar M et al (2017) Safety and efficacy of eculizumab in anti-acetylcholine receptor antibody-positive refractory generalised myasthenia gravis (REGAIN): a phase 3, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicentre study. Lancet Neurol 16(12):976\u2013986. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S1474-4422(17)30369-1","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"5077_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.26447","volume":"60","author":"S Muppidi","year":"2019","unstructured":"Muppidi S, Utsugisawa K, Benatar M et al (2019) Long-term safety and efficacy of eculizumab in generalized myasthenia gravis. Muscle Nerve 60:14\u201324","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve"},{"key":"5077_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"De Latour RP, Brodsky RA, Ortiz S et al (2018) Ravulizumab (ALXN1210) versus eculizumab in adults with paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria: pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics observed in two phase 3 randomized, multicenter studies [abstract no. 626]. Blood. 132","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2018-99-110858"},{"issue":"5","key":"5077_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"582","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2019.5125","volume":"77","author":"JF Howard Jr","year":"2020","unstructured":"Howard JF Jr, Nowak RJ, Wolfe GI et al (2020) Clinical effects of the self-administered subcutaneous complement inhibitor zilucoplan in patients with moderate to severe generalized myasthenia gravis: results of a phase 2 randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicenter clinical trial. JAMA Neurol 77(5):582\u2013592. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamaneurol.2019.5125","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol"},{"issue":"9","key":"5077_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.1038\/nri2155","volume":"7","author":"DC Roopenian","year":"2007","unstructured":"Roopenian DC, Akilesh S (2007) FcRn: the neonatal Fc receptor comes of age. Nat Rev Immunol 7(9):715\u2013725. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nri2155","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"issue":"10","key":"5077_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4372","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI97911","volume":"128","author":"P Ulrichts","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ulrichts P, Guglietta A, Dreier T, van Bragt T, Hanssens V, Hofman E, Vankerckhoven B, Verheesen P, Ongenae N, Lykhopiy V, Enriquez FJ, Cho J, Ober RJ, Ward ES, de Haard H, Leupin N (2018) Neonatal Fc receptor antagonist efgartigimod safely and sustainably reduces IgGs in humans. J Clin Invest 128(10):4372\u20134386. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1172\/JCI97911","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"issue":"23","key":"5077_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2661","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000007600.","volume":"92","author":"JF Howard Jr","year":"2019","unstructured":"Howard JF Jr, Bril V, Burns TM, Mantegazza R, Bilinska M, Szczudlik A, Beydoun S, Garrido FJRR, Piehl F, Rottoli M, Van Damme P, Vu T, Evoli A, Freimer M, Mozaffar T, Ward ES, Dreier T, Ulrichts P, Verschueren K, Guglietta A, de Haard H, Leupin N, Verschuuren JJGM (2019) Efgartigimod MG Study Group. Randomized phase 2 study of FcRn antagonist efgartigimod in generalized myasthenia gravis. Neurology. 92(23):e2661\u2013e2673. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1212\/WNL.0000000000007600.","journal-title":"Neurology."},{"key":"5077_CR23","unstructured":"An efficacy and safety study of ARGX-113 in patients with myasthenia gravis who have generalized muscle weakness Available online at: https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/ct2\/show\/NCT03669588. Accessed 22 March 2020"},{"key":"5077_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bril V, Benatar M, Brock M et al (2019) Proof-of-concept and safety of the anti-FcRn antibody rozanolixizumab in patients with moderate-to-severe generalized myasthenia gravis (GMG): a phase 2a study. American Academy of Neuology Annual Meeting, Philadelphia, PA 92 (Suppl 15)","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.92.15_supplement.S43.001"},{"key":"5077_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1031","DOI":"10.1002\/cpt.1276","volume":"105","author":"LE Ling","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ling LE, Hillson JL, Tiessen RG, Bosje T, van Iersel MP, Nix DJ et al (2019) M281, an anti-FcRn antibody: pharmacodynamics, pharmacokinetics, and safety across the full range of IgG reduction in a first-in-human study. Clin Pharmacol Ther 105:1031\u20131039. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/cpt.1276","journal-title":"Clin Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"5077_CR26","unstructured":"Momenta. Pharmaceuticals, Inc (2018) A study to evaluate the safety, tolerability, efficacy, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of M281 administered to adults with generalized myasthenia gravis. Clinicaltrials.gov. Available online at: https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/ct2\/show\/NCT03772587?term=M281&rank=5"},{"key":"5077_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1007\/s40265-019-1065-0","volume":"79","author":"G Beecher","year":"2019","unstructured":"Beecher G, Putko BN, Wagner AN, Siddiqi ZA (2019) Therapies directed against B cells and downstream effectors in generalized autoimmune myasthenia gravis: current status. Drugs. 79:353\u2013364. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40265-019-1065-0","journal-title":"Drugs."},{"issue":"11","key":"5077_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1747","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.189.11.1747","volume":"189","author":"P Schneider","year":"1999","unstructured":"Schneider P, MacKay F, Steiner V, Hofmann K, Bodmer JL, Holler N et al (1999) BAFF, a novel ligand of the tumor necrosis factor family, stimulates B cell growth. J Exp Med 189(11):1747\u20131756","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"5077_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-61779-974-7_30","volume":"907","author":"S Derer","year":"2012","unstructured":"Derer S, Kellner C, Berger S, Valerius T, Peipp M (2012) Fc engineering: design, expression, and functional characterization of antibody variants with improved effector function. Methods Mol Biol 907:519\u2013536. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-1-61779-974-7_30","journal-title":"Methods Mol Biol"},{"key":"5077_CR30","unstructured":"US Food and Drug Administration. Rituxan prescribing information. https:\/\/www.accessdata.fda.gov\/drugsatfda_docs\/label\/2018\/103705s5450lbl.pdf. Accessed 22 Nov 2019"},{"issue":"2","key":"5077_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-1331.2008.02399.x","volume":"16","author":"C Lebrun","year":"2009","unstructured":"Lebrun C, Bourg V, Tieulie N, Thomas P (2009) Successful treatment of refractory generalized myasthenia gravis with rituximab. Eur J Neurol 16(2):246\u2013250","journal-title":"Eur J Neurol"},{"issue":"10","key":"5077_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1069","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000004341","volume":"89","author":"MK Hehir","year":"2017","unstructured":"Hehir MK, Hobson-Webb LD, Benatar M, Barnett C, Silvestri NJ, Howard JF Jr, Howard D, Visser A, Crum BA, Nowak R, Beekman R, Kumar A, Ruzhansky K, Chen IA, Pulley MT, LaBoy SM, Fellman MA, Greene SM, Pasnoor M, Burns TM (2017) Rituximab as treatment for anti-MuSK myasthenia gravis: multicenter blinded prospective review. Neurology. 89(10):1069\u20131077. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1212\/WNL.0000000000004341","journal-title":"Neurology."},{"issue":"2","key":"5077_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.25597","volume":"56","author":"R Tandan","year":"2017","unstructured":"Tandan R, Hehir MK 2nd, Waheed W, Howard DB (2017) Rituximab treatment of myasthenia gravis: a systematic review. Muscle Nerve 56(2):185\u2013196. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mus.25597","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve"},{"issue":"4","key":"5077_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2019-322606.","volume":"91","author":"V Di Stefano","year":"2020","unstructured":"Di Stefano V, Lupica A, Rispoli MG, Di Muzio A, Brighina F, Rodolico C (2020) Rituximab in AChR subtype of myasthenia gravis: systematic review. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 91(4):392\u2013395. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/jnnp-2019-322606.","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"issue":"8","key":"5077_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"974","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2020.0851","volume":"77","author":"S Brauner","year":"2020","unstructured":"Brauner S, Eriksson-Dufva A, Hietala MA, Frisell T, Press R, Piehl F (2020) Comparison between rituximab treatment for new-onset generalized myasthenia gravis and refractory generalized myasthenia gravis. JAMA Neurol 77(8):974\u2013981. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamaneurol.2020.0851","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol"},{"key":"5077_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175628641987118","DOI":"10.1177\/1756286419871187","volume":"12","author":"K Choi","year":"2019","unstructured":"Choi K, Hong YH, Ahn SH, Baek SH, Kim JS, Shin JY, Sung JJ (2019) Repeated low-dose rituximab treatment based on the assessment of circulating B cells in patients with refractory myasthenia gravis. Ther Adv Neurol Disord 12:1756286419871187. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1756286419871187","journal-title":"Ther Adv Neurol Disord"},{"key":"5077_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2182","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.90.15_supplement.P2.182","volume":"90","author":"RJ Nowak","year":"2018","unstructured":"Nowak RJ et al (2018) B cell targeted treatment in myasthenia gravis (BeatMG): a phase 2 trial of rituximab in myasthenia gravis. Neurology 90:e2182\u2013e2194","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"5077_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"660","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2020.00660.","volume":"11","author":"C Rodolico","year":"2020","unstructured":"Rodolico C, Bonanno C, Toscano A, Vita G (2020) MuSK-associated myasthenia gravis: clinical features and management. Front Neurol 11:660. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fneur.2020.00660.","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"key":"5077_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e17","DOI":"10.1212\/CPJ.0000000000000202","volume":"6","author":"KM Kanth","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kanth KM, Solorzano GE, Goldman MD (2016) PML in a patient with myasthenia gravis treated with multiple immunosuppressing agents. Neurol Clin Pract 6:e17\u2013e19","journal-title":"Neurol Clin Pract"},{"issue":"6","key":"5077_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E45","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.26707","volume":"60","author":"MJ Waters","year":"2019","unstructured":"Waters MJ, Field D, Ravindran J (2019) Refractory myasthenia gravis successfully treated with ofatumumab. Muscle Nerve 60(6):E45\u2013E47. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mus.26707","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve"},{"issue":"3","key":"5077_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.3233\/JND-170211.","volume":"4","author":"A Russell","year":"2017","unstructured":"Russell A, Yaraskavitch M, Fok D, Chhibber S, Street L, Korngut L (2017) Obinutuzumab plus chlorambucil in a patient with severe myasthenia gravis and chronic lymphocytic leukemia. J Neuromuscul Dis 4(3):251\u2013257. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3233\/JND-170211.","journal-title":"J Neuromuscul Dis"},{"key":"5077_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000000125","volume":"82","author":"PS Sorensen","year":"2014","unstructured":"Sorensen PS, Lisby S, Grove R et al (2014) Safety and efficacy of ofatumumab in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis: a phase 2 study. Neurology 82:573\u2013581","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"16","key":"5077_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1528","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMct1207259","volume":"368","author":"BH Hahn","year":"2013","unstructured":"Hahn BH (2013) Belimumab for systemic lupus erythematosus. N Engl J Med 368(16):1528\u20131535","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"5077_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1030","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.25162","volume":"54","author":"SY Kang","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kang SY, Kang CH, Lee KH (2016) B-cell-activating factor is elevated in serum of patients with myasthenia gravis. Muscle Nerve 54(6):1030\u20131033. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mus.25162","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve"},{"issue":"16","key":"5077_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1425","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000005323.","volume":"90","author":"K Hewett","year":"2018","unstructured":"Hewett K, Sanders DB, Grove RA, Broderick CL, Rudo TJ, Bassiri A, Zvartau-Hind M, Bril V (2018) BEL115123 Study Group. Randomized study of adjunctive belimumab in participants with generalized myasthenia gravis. Neurology. 90(16):e1425\u2013e1434. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1212\/WNL.0000000000005323.","journal-title":"Neurology."},{"key":"5077_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1124\/pr.117.015370","volume":"71","author":"TA Thibaudeau","year":"2019","unstructured":"Thibaudeau TA, Smith DM (2019) A practical review of proteasome pharmacology. Pharmacol Rev 71:170\u2013197. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1124\/pr.117.015370","journal-title":"Pharmacol Rev"},{"issue":"10","key":"5077_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1177\/1756285617721093","volume":"10","author":"C Schneider-Gold","year":"2017","unstructured":"Schneider-Gold C, Reinacher-Schick A, Ellrichmann G, Gold R (2017) Bortezomib in severe MuSK-antibody positive myasthenia gravis: first clinical experience. Ther Adv Neurol Disord 10(10):339\u2013341","journal-title":"Ther Adv Neurol Disord"},{"issue":"1","key":"5077_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e024523","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2018-024523.","volume":"9","author":"S Kohler","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kohler S, M\u00e4rschenz S, Grittner U, Alexander T, Hiepe F, Meisel A (2019) Bortezomib in antibody-mediated autoimmune diseases (TAVAB): study protocol for a unicentric, non-randomised, non-placebo controlled trial. BMJ Open 9(1):e024523. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2018-024523.","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"5077_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2014.02.001","volume":"43","author":"A Ale","year":"2014","unstructured":"Ale A, Bruna J, Navarro X, Udina E (2014) Neurotoxicity induced by antineoplastic proteasome inhibitors. Neurotoxicology. 43:28\u201335","journal-title":"Neurotoxicology."},{"issue":"2","key":"5077_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2011.05.006","volume":"37","author":"E T\u00fcz\u00fcn","year":"2011","unstructured":"T\u00fcz\u00fcn E, Huda R, Christadoss P (2011) Complement and cytokine based therapeutic strategies in myasthenia gravis. J Autoimmun 37(2):136\u2013143. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jaut.2011.05.006","journal-title":"J Autoimmun"},{"issue":"2","key":"5077_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2010.12.001","volume":"36","author":"R Aricha","year":"2011","unstructured":"Aricha R, Mizrachi K, Fuchs S, Souroujon MC (2011) Blocking of IL-6 suppresses experimental autoimmune myasthenia gravis. J Autoimmun 36(2):135\u2013141. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jaut.2010.12.001","journal-title":"J Autoimmun"},{"issue":"6","key":"5077_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nmd.2017.03.007.","volume":"27","author":"DI Jonsson","year":"2017","unstructured":"Jonsson DI, Pirskanen R, Piehl F (2017) Beneficial effect of tocilizumab in myasthenia gravis refractory to rituximab. Neuromuscul Disord 27(6):565\u2013568. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.nmd.2017.03.007.","journal-title":"Neuromuscul Disord"},{"key":"5077_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"624","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/kev372","volume":"55","author":"C Iking-Konert","year":"2016","unstructured":"Iking-Konert C, Von Hinuber U, Richter C et al (2016) ROUTINE-a prospective, multicentre, non-interventional, observational study to evaluate the safety and effectiveness of intravenous tocilizumab for the treatment of active rheumatoid arthritis in daily practice in Germany. Rheumatology (Oxford) 55:624\u2013635","journal-title":"Rheumatology (Oxford)"},{"issue":"2","key":"5077_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.26918.","volume":"62","author":"P Anand","year":"2020","unstructured":"Anand P, Slama MCC, Kaku M, Ong C, Cervantes-Arslanian AM, Zhou L, David WS, Guidon AC (2020) COVID-19 in patients with myasthenia gravis. Muscle Nerve 62(2):254\u2013258. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mus.26918.","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve"},{"key":"5077_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"935","DOI":"10.1212\/01.WNL.0000137021.90567.37","volume":"63","author":"RN Komal Kumar","year":"2004","unstructured":"Komal Kumar RN, Patil SA, Taly AB, Nirmala M, Sinha S, Arunodaya GR (2004) Effect of D-penicillamine on neuromuscular junction in patients with Wilson disease. Neurology 63:935\u2013936","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"5077_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.3389\/fnmol.2020.00156","volume":"13","author":"M Krenn","year":"2020","unstructured":"Krenn M, Grisold A, Wohlfarth P, Rath J, Cetin H, Koneczny I, Zimprich F (2020) Neuromuscular disorders induced by medical treatments. Front Mol Neurosci 13:156","journal-title":"Front Mol Neurosci"},{"key":"5077_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2015.10.023","volume":"137","author":"M Her","year":"2016","unstructured":"Her M, Kavanaugh A (2016) Alterations in immune function with biologic therapies for autoimmune disease. J Allergy Clin Immunol 137:19\u201327","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"5077_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"866","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.21280","volume":"39","author":"DB Fee","year":"2009","unstructured":"Fee DB, Kasarskis EJ (2009) Myasthenia gravis associated with etanercept therapy. Muscle Nerve 39:866\u2013870","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve"},{"key":"5077_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2056","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2018-316948","volume":"67","author":"E Soularue","year":"2018","unstructured":"Soularue E, Lepage P, Colombel JF et al (2018) Enterocolitis due to immune checkpoint inhibitors: a systematic review. Gut 67:2056\u20132067","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"5077_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2017.03.012","volume":"120","author":"RF Sweis","year":"2017","unstructured":"Sweis RF, Luke JJ (2017) Mechanistic and pharmacologic insights on immune checkpoint inhibitors. Pharmacol Res 120:1\u20139","journal-title":"Pharmacol Res"},{"key":"5077_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-065X.2010.00923.x","volume":"236","author":"LM Francisco","year":"2010","unstructured":"Francisco LM, Sage PT, Sharpe AH (2010) The PD-1 pathway in tolerance and autoimmunity. Immunol Rev 236:219\u2013242","journal-title":"Immunol Rev"},{"issue":"11","key":"5077_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1777","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm8111777.","volume":"8","author":"N M\u00f6hn","year":"2019","unstructured":"M\u00f6hn N, Beutel G, Gutzmer R, Ivanyi P, Satzger I, Skripuletz T (2019) Neurological immune related adverse events associated with nivolumab, ipilimumab, and pembrolizumab therapy-review of the literature and future outlook. J Clin Med 8(11):1777. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm8111777.","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"5077_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1007\/s12094-019-02273-x","volume":"22","author":"M Majem","year":"2020","unstructured":"Majem M, Mart\u00ednez GE, Martinez M et al (2020) SEOM clinical guideline for the management of immune related adverse events in patients treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors. Clin Transl Oncol 22:213\u2013222","journal-title":"Clin Transl Oncol"},{"key":"5077_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejca.2016.12.001","volume":"73","author":"S Cuzzubbo","year":"2017","unstructured":"Cuzzubbo S, Javeri F, Tissier M et al (2017) Neurological adverse events associated with immune checkpoint inhibitors: review of the literature. Eur J Cancer 73:1\u20138","journal-title":"Eur J Cancer"},{"key":"5077_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e122","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2013.51.1683","volume":"33","author":"DB Johnson","year":"2015","unstructured":"Johnson DB, Saranga-Perry V, Lavin PJM et al (2015) Myasthenia gravis induced by ipilimumab in patients with metastatic melanoma. J Clin Oncol 33:e122\u2013e124","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"key":"5077_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1127","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000004359","volume":"89","author":"S Suzuki","year":"2017","unstructured":"Suzuki S, Ishikawa N, Konoeda F et al (2017) Nivolumab-related myasthenia gravis with myositis and myocarditis in Japan. Neurology 89:1127\u20131134","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"5077_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1007\/s11910-018-0878-7","volume":"18","author":"JC Kao","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kao JC, Brickshawana A, Liewluck T (2018) Neuromuscular complications of programmed cell death-1 (PD-1) inhibitors. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep 18:63","journal-title":"Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep"},{"key":"5077_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1789.2012.01345.x","volume":"33","author":"T Kon","year":"2013","unstructured":"Kon T, Mori F, Tanji K, Miki Y, Kimura T, Wakabayashi K (2013) Giant cell polymyositis and myocarditis associated with myasthenia gravis and thymoma. Neuropathology 33:281\u2013287","journal-title":"Neuropathology"},{"key":"5077_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102498","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2020.102498","volume":"19","author":"M Garibaldi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Garibaldi M, Fionda L, Vanoli F et al (2020) Muscle involvement in myasthenia gravis: expanding the clinical spectrum of myasthenia-myositis association from a large cohort of patients. Autoimmun Rev 19:102498","journal-title":"Autoimmun Rev"},{"key":"5077_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lungcan.2019.06.015","volume":"135","author":"T Konstantina","year":"2019","unstructured":"Konstantina T, Konstantinos R, Anastasios K et al (2019) Fatal adverse events in two thymoma patients treated with anti-PD-1 immune check point inhibitor and literature review. Lung Cancer 135:29\u201332","journal-title":"Lung Cancer"},{"key":"5077_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2019.02.023","volume":"399","author":"H So","year":"2019","unstructured":"So H, Ikeguchi R, Kobayashi M, Suzuki M, Shimizu Y, Kitagawa K (2019) PD-1 inhibitor-associated severe myasthenia gravis with necrotizing myopathy and myocarditis. J Neurol Sci 399:97\u2013100","journal-title":"J Neurol Sci"},{"key":"5077_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nmd.2018.11.012","volume":"29","author":"A Puwanant","year":"2019","unstructured":"Puwanant A, Isfort M, Lacomis D, \u017divkovi\u0107 SA (2019) Clinical spectrum of neuromuscular complications after immune checkpoint inhibition. Neuromuscul Disord 29:127\u2013133","journal-title":"Neuromuscul Disord"},{"key":"5077_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2746","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.18.02141","volume":"37","author":"GS Phillips","year":"2019","unstructured":"Phillips GS, Wu J, Hellmann MD et al (2019) Treatment outcomes of immune-related cutaneous adverse events. J Clin Oncol 37:2746\u20132758","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"}],"container-title":["Neurological Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10072-021-05077-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10072-021-05077-6\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10072-021-05077-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,9]],"date-time":"2025-04-09T06:46:32Z","timestamp":1744181192000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10072-021-05077-6"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,5]]},"references-count":73,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,4]]}},"alternative-id":["5077"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10072-021-05077-6","relation":{},"ISSN":["1590-1874","1590-3478"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1590-1874","type":"print"},{"value":"1590-3478","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,5]]},"assertion":[{"value":"19 November 2020","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"18 January 2021","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"5 February 2021","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors have no relevant financial or non-financial interests to disclose.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}},{"value":"None.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval"}},{"value":"None.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Informed consent"}}]}}