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We obtained headache and acute medication frequency, pain intensity, the Migraine Disability Assessment Scale (MIDAS), and the Pain Disability Index (PDI) as headache-related outcomes as well as scores of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), the Pain Catastrophizing Scale (PCS), Pain-Related Control Scale (PRCS), and Avoidance Endurance Questionnaire (AEQ) as psychological factors.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Linear regression models revealed the highest associations of the psychological factors with the PDI (adjusted\n                      <jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.296,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001, independent predictors: PCS, AEQ social avoidance, depression) followed by the MIDAS (adjusted\n                      <jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.137,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001, predictors: depression, AEQ social avoidance) and headache frequency (adjusted\n                      <jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.083,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001, predictors: depression, AEQ humor\/distraction). Principal component analysis corroborated that psychological factors were preferentially associated with the PDI, while the MIDAS loaded together with headache frequency.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our results suggest that psychological factors are more strongly associated with the subjective degree of headache-related disability measured by the PDI than with the days with disability (MIDAS) or the more objective parameter of headache frequency. This once again highlights the need for comprehensive assessment of migraine patients with different headache parameters and the need for considering psychological treatment, especially in patients with high disability.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10072-021-05453-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,25]],"date-time":"2021-07-25T00:02:31Z","timestamp":1627171351000},"page":"1255-1266","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":32,"title":["Psychological factors associated with headache frequency, intensity, and headache-related disability in migraine patients"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"43","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7101-8679","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Theresa","family":"Klonowski","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Kropp","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andreas","family":"Straube","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruth","family":"Ruscheweyh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,25]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"5453_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1526-4610.2008.01263.x","volume":"49","author":"A Radtke","year":"2009","unstructured":"Radtke A, Neuhauser H (2009) Prevalence and burden of headache and migraine in Germany. 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Behav Res Ther 61:1\u201311. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.brat.2014.07.002","journal-title":"Behav Res Ther"}],"container-title":["Neurological Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10072-021-05453-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10072-021-05453-2\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10072-021-05453-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,25]],"date-time":"2022-01-25T17:04:57Z","timestamp":1643130297000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10072-021-05453-2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,25]]},"references-count":42,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,2]]}},"alternative-id":["5453"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10072-021-05453-2","relation":{},"ISSN":["1590-1874","1590-3478"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1590-1874","type":"print"},{"value":"1590-3478","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,25]]},"assertion":[{"value":"1 March 2021","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"29 June 2021","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"25 July 2021","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The present data were obtained as part of the obligatory quality control of the interdisciplinary outpatient treatment program as described in the \u201cMethods\u201d section. Within this program, patients provide written informed consent to use their data for quality control and for publication in anonymized form. Ethics approval is not necessary for this type of study in Germany. Consent from the local data protection commissioner has been obtained.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"- Psychological factors are more strongly associated with headache-related disability than with headache frequency.- Within headache-related disability, PDI and MIDAS reflect two different dimensions (degree of disability vs. days with disability).- Pain catastrophizing, depression, and social avoidance are the psychological factors most strongly associated with headache.- Especially in patients with high headache-related disability, psychological treatment should be considered.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Clinical implications"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}]}}