{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,18]],"date-time":"2026-06-18T18:35:47Z","timestamp":1781807747221,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,7]],"date-time":"2022-01-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1641513600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,7]],"date-time":"2022-01-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1641513600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Neurol Sci"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,2]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s10072-022-05867-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,7]],"date-time":"2022-01-07T09:02:44Z","timestamp":1641546164000},"page":"889-897","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Perampanel for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: A systematic review and meta-analysis"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"43","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7237-3728","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christian Wilson R.","family":"Turalde","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kevin Michael C.","family":"Moalong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adrian I.","family":"Espiritu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"suffix":"Jr.","given":"Mario B.","family":"Prado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"5867_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17071","DOI":"10.1038\/nrdp.2017.71","volume":"3","author":"O Hardiman","year":"2017","unstructured":"Hardiman O, Al-Chalabi A, Chio A et al (2017) Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Nat Rev Dis Prim 3:17071. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nrdp.2017.71","journal-title":"Nat Rev Dis Prim"},{"key":"5867_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2084","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)31287-4","volume":"390","author":"MA van Es","year":"2017","unstructured":"van Es MA, Hardiman O, Chio A et al (2017) Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Lancet 390:2084\u20132098. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)31287-4","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"5867_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1159\/000351153","volume":"41","author":"A Chi\u00f2","year":"2013","unstructured":"Chi\u00f2 A, Logroscino G, Traynor BJ et al (2013) Global epidemiology of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: a systematic review of the published literature. Neuroepidemiology 41:118\u2013130. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000351153","journal-title":"Neuroepidemiology"},{"key":"5867_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2018.07.012","volume":"132","author":"LA Foster","year":"2019","unstructured":"Foster LA, Salajegheh MK (2019) Motor neuron disease: pathophysiology, diagnosis, and management. Am J Med 132:32\u201337. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.amjmed.2018.07.012","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"key":"5867_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"777","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-013-1125-6","volume":"125","author":"AM Blokhuis","year":"2013","unstructured":"Blokhuis AM, Groen EJN, Koppers M et al (2013) Protein aggregation in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Acta Neuropathol 125:777\u2013794. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00401-013-1125-6","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol"},{"key":"5867_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.14336\/AD.2013.0400295","volume":"04","author":"P Gordon","year":"2013","unstructured":"Gordon P (2013) Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: an update for 2013 clinical features, pathophysiology, management and therapeutic trials. Aging Dis 04:295\u2013310. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.14336\/AD.2013.0400295","journal-title":"Aging Dis"},{"key":"5867_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1038\/nri3705","volume":"14","author":"MT Heneka","year":"2014","unstructured":"Heneka MT, Kummer MP, Latz E (2014) Innate immune activation in neurodegenerative disease. Nat Rev Immunol 14:463\u2013477. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nri3705","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"5867_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1038\/s41582-020-00434-z","volume":"17","author":"MC Kiernan","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kiernan MC, Vucic S, Talbot K et al (2021) Improving clinical trial outcomes in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Nat Rev Neurol 17:104\u2013118. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41582-020-00434-z","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurol"},{"key":"5867_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD001447.pub3","author":"RG Miller","year":"2012","unstructured":"Miller RG, Mitchell JD, Moore DH (2012) Riluzole for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)\/motor neuron disease (MND). Cochrane Database Syst Rev. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/14651858.CD001447.pub3","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"5867_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(17)30115-1","volume":"16","author":"K Abe","year":"2017","unstructured":"Abe K, Aoki M, Tsuji S et al (2017) Safety and efficacy of edaravone in well defined patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet Neurol 16:505\u2013512. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S1474-4422(17)30115-1","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"5867_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"919","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1916945","volume":"383","author":"S Paganoni","year":"2020","unstructured":"Paganoni S, Macklin EA, Hendrix S et al (2020) Trial of sodium Phenylbutyrate-Taurursodiol for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. N Engl J Med 383:919\u2013930. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMoa1916945","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"5867_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.27091","volume":"63","author":"S Paganoni","year":"2021","unstructured":"Paganoni S, Hendrix S, Dickson SP et al (2021) Long-term survival of participants in the <scp>CENTAUR<\/scp> trial of sodium phenylbutyrate-taurursodiol in <scp>amyotrophic lateral sclerosis<\/scp>. Muscle Nerve 63:31\u201339. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mus.27091","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve"},{"key":"5867_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-510X(01)00618-9","volume":"191","author":"M Tavakoli","year":"2001","unstructured":"Tavakoli M, Malek M (2001) The cost utility analysis of riluzole for the treatment of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis in the UK. J Neurol Sci 191:95\u2013102. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0022-510X(01)00618-9","journal-title":"J Neurol Sci"},{"key":"5867_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.2165\/00019053-199916020-00004","volume":"16","author":"A Messori","year":"1999","unstructured":"Messori A, Trippoli S, Becagli P, Zaccara G (1999) Cost effectiveness of Riluzole in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Pharmacoeconomics 16:153\u2013163. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2165\/00019053-199916020-00004","journal-title":"Pharmacoeconomics"},{"key":"5867_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1080\/21678421.2018.1425455","volume":"19","author":"CJJ Yeo","year":"2018","unstructured":"Yeo CJJ, Simmons Z (2018) Discussing edaravone with the ALS patient: an ethical framework from a U.S. perspective. Amyotroph Lateral Scler Front Degener 19:167\u2013172. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/21678421.2018.1425455","journal-title":"Amyotroph Lateral Scler Front Degener"},{"key":"5867_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107966","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2020.107966","volume":"168","author":"GJ Sills","year":"2020","unstructured":"Sills GJ, Rogawski MA (2020) Mechanisms of action of currently used antiseizure drugs. Neuropharmacology 168:107966. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2020.107966","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"5867_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28649","DOI":"10.1038\/srep28649","volume":"6","author":"M Akamatsu","year":"2016","unstructured":"Akamatsu M, Yamashita T, Hirose N et al (2016) The AMPA receptor antagonist perampanel robustly rescues amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) pathology in sporadic ALS model mice. Sci Rep 6:28649. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/srep28649","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"5867_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.27328","volume":"64","author":"B Oskarsson","year":"2021","unstructured":"Oskarsson B, Mauricio EA, Shah JS et al (2021) Cortical excitability threshold can be increased by the AMPA blocker Perampanel in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Muscle Nerve 64:215\u2013219. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mus.27328","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve"},{"key":"5867_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Hotait M, Ismail HH, Saab GE, Salameh JS (2021) An open label pilot study of the safety and tolerability of Perampanel in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Muscle Nerve 64(4):504\u2013508. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mus.27385","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.27385"},{"key":"5867_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-021-10670-y","author":"H Aizawa","year":"2021","unstructured":"Aizawa H, Kato H, Oba K et al (2021) Randomized phase 2 study of perampanel for sporadic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. J Neurol. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00415-021-10670-y","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"key":"5867_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1000097","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1000097","volume":"6","author":"D Moher","year":"2009","unstructured":"Moher D, Liberati A, Tetzlaff J, Altman DG (2009) Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA statement. PLoS Med 6:e1000097. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pmed.1000097","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"key":"5867_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.3109\/21678421.2015.1049183","volume":"16","author":"A Ludolph","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ludolph A, Drory V, Hardiman O et al (2015) A revision of the El Escorial criteria - 2015. Amyotroph Lateral Scler Front Degener 16:291\u2013292. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3109\/21678421.2015.1049183","journal-title":"Amyotroph Lateral Scler Front Degener"},{"key":"5867_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1023","DOI":"10.11477\/mf.1416100142","volume":"59","author":"H Nodera","year":"2007","unstructured":"Nodera H, Izumi Y, Kaji R (2007) New diagnostic criteria of ALS (Awaji criteria). Brain Nerve 59:1023\u20131029. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.11477\/mf.1416100142","journal-title":"Brain Nerve"},{"key":"5867_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-510X(99)00210-5","volume":"169","author":"JM Cedarbaum","year":"1999","unstructured":"Cedarbaum JM, Stambler N, Malta E et al (1999) The ALSFRS-R: a revised ALS functional rating scale that incorporates assessments of respiratory function. J Neurol Sci 169:13\u201321. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0022-510X(99)00210-5","journal-title":"J Neurol Sci"},{"key":"5867_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.21147","volume":"61","author":"IRA Mackenzie","year":"2007","unstructured":"Mackenzie IRA, Bigio EH, Ince PG et al (2007) Pathological TDP-43 distinguishes sporadic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis from amyotrophic lateral sclerosis with SOD1 mutations. Ann Neurol 61:427\u2013434. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ana.21147","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"5867_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Guo C, Ma Y-Y (2021) Calcium Permeable-AMPA receptors and excitotoxicity in neurological disorders. Front Neural Circuits 15:711564. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fncir.2021.711564","DOI":"10.3389\/fncir.2021.711564"},{"key":"5867_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Barmada SJ, Skibinski G, Korb E et al (2010) Cytoplasmic mislocalization of TDP-43 is toxic to neurons and enhanced by a mutation associated with familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. J Neurosci 30:639\u2013649. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.4988-09.2010","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.4988-09.2010"},{"key":"5867_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R46","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/ddq137","volume":"19","author":"C Lagier-Tourenne","year":"2010","unstructured":"Lagier-Tourenne C, Polymenidou M, Cleveland DW (2010) TDP-43 and FUS\/TLS: emerging roles in RNA processing and neurodegeneration. Hum Mol Genet 19:R46\u2013R64. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/hmg\/ddq137","journal-title":"Hum Mol Genet"},{"key":"5867_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1789.2011.01199.x","volume":"31","author":"T Osawa","year":"2011","unstructured":"Osawa T, Mizuno Y, Fujita Y et al (2011) Optineurin in neurodegenerative diseases. Neuropathology 31:569\u2013574. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1440-1789.2011.01199.x","journal-title":"Neuropathology"},{"key":"5867_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2011.09.010","volume":"72","author":"AE Renton","year":"2011","unstructured":"Renton AE, Majounie E, Waite A et al (2011) A hexanucleotide repeat expansion in C9ORF72 is the cause of chromosome 9p21-linked ALS-FTD. Neuron 72:257\u2013268. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neuron.2011.09.010","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"5867_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1038\/nature10353","volume":"477","author":"H-X Deng","year":"2011","unstructured":"Deng H-X, Chen W, Hong S-T et al (2011) Mutations in UBQLN2 cause dominant X-linked juvenile and adult-onset ALS and ALS\/dementia. Nature 477:211\u2013215. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nature10353","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"5867_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1069","DOI":"10.1038\/nature09320","volume":"466","author":"AC Elden","year":"2010","unstructured":"Elden AC, Kim H-J, Hart MP et al (2010) Ataxin-2 intermediate-length polyglutamine expansions are associated with increased risk for ALS. Nature 466:1069\u20131075. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nature09320","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"5867_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Jaiswal MK (2017) Riluzole but not melatonin ameliorates acute motor neuron degeneration and moderately inhibits SOD1-mediated excitotoxicity induced disrupted mitochondrial Ca2+ signaling in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Front Cell Neurosci 10:295. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fncel.2016.00295","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2016.00295"},{"key":"5867_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Keon M, Musrie B, Dinger M et al (2021) Destination amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Front Neurol 12:596006. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fneur.2021.596006","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2021.596006"},{"key":"5867_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.3988\/jcn.2018.14.3.296","volume":"14","author":"SE Youn","year":"2018","unstructured":"Youn SE, Kim SH, Ko A et al (2018) Adverse events during perampanel adjunctive therapy in intractable epilepsy. J Clin Neurol 14:296. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3988\/jcn.2018.14.3.296","journal-title":"J Clin Neurol"},{"key":"5867_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.12504","volume":"55","author":"F Rugg-Gunn","year":"2014","unstructured":"Rugg-Gunn F (2014) Adverse effects and safety profile of perampanel: a review of pooled data. Epilepsia 55:13\u201315. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/epi.12504","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"5867_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Abramzon YA, Fratta P, Traynor BJ, Chia R (2020) The overlapping genetics of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and frontotemporal dementia. Front Neurosci 14:42. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnins.2020.00042","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2020.00042"},{"key":"5867_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2013.07.033","volume":"79","author":"S-C Ling","year":"2013","unstructured":"Ling S-C, Polymenidou M, Cleveland DW (2013) Converging mechanisms in ALS and FTD: disrupted RNA and protein homeostasis. Neuron 79:416\u2013438. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neuron.2013.07.033","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"5867_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2013-307223","volume":"86","author":"A Montuschi","year":"2015","unstructured":"Montuschi A, Iazzolino B, Calvo A et al (2015) Cognitive correlates in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: a population-based study in Italy. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 86:168\u2013173. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/jnnp-2013-307223","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"5867_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2016.03.002","volume":"69","author":"K Gotovac","year":"2016","unstructured":"Gotovac K, NikolacPerkovi\u0107 M, Pivac N, Borove\u010dki F (2016) Biomarkers of aggression in dementia. Prog Neuro-Psychopharmacology Biol Psychiatry 69:125\u2013130. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2016.03.002","journal-title":"Prog Neuro-Psychopharmacology Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"5867_CR41","first-page":"CR248","volume":"15","author":"B Grochmal-Bach","year":"2009","unstructured":"Grochmal-Bach B, Bidzan L, Pachalska M et al (2009) Aggressive and impulsive behaviors in Frontotemporal dementia and Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Med Sci Monit 15:CR248-54","journal-title":"Med Sci Monit"},{"key":"5867_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(12)70014-5","volume":"11","author":"S Byrne","year":"2012","unstructured":"Byrne S, Elamin M, Bede P et al (2012) Cognitive and clinical characteristics of patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis carrying a C9orf72 repeat expansion: a population-based cohort study. Lancet Neurol 11:232\u2013240. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S1474-4422(12)70014-5","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"5867_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1080\/21678421.2020.1771732","volume":"21","author":"E Bersano","year":"2020","unstructured":"Bersano E, Sarnelli MF, Solara V et al (2020) Decline of cognitive and behavioral functions in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: a longitudinal study. Amyotroph Lateral Scler Front Degener 21:373\u2013379. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/21678421.2020.1771732","journal-title":"Amyotroph Lateral Scler Front Degener"}],"container-title":["Neurological Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10072-022-05867-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10072-022-05867-6\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10072-022-05867-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,25]],"date-time":"2022-01-25T11:20:11Z","timestamp":1643109611000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10072-022-05867-6"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,7]]},"references-count":43,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,2]]}},"alternative-id":["5867"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10072-022-05867-6","relation":{},"ISSN":["1590-1874","1590-3478"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1590-1874","type":"print"},{"value":"1590-3478","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"10 November 2021","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"31 December 2021","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"7 January 2022","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"None. There are no conflicts of interest to declare in this research.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}},{"value":"No ethical approval is needed because data from published studies in which informed consent was obtained by\u00a0investigators were retrieved and analysed.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval and informed consent"}}]}}