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Suggested biological causes of depression and anxiety in AD include higher strychnine-sensitive glycine receptor (GlyRS) functioning and selective reduction of N-methyl-<jats:sc>d<\/jats:sc>-aspartate (NMDA) receptor NR2A density, cortical and limbic atrophy, lower resting cortical metabolism, lower CSF A\u03b242 and higher t-tau and p-tau levels, and neuritic plaques. At the same time, dysthymia arises in the early stages of AD as an emotional reaction to the progressive cognitive decline and can cause it; anxiety can appear as an initial compensating behaviour; and depression might be related to AD awareness and loss of functional abilities. Affective symptoms and the expression of the depressive symptoms tend to reduce as AD progresses.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>The neurodegeneration of areas and circuits dealing with emotions can elicit anxiety and depression in AD. In the early stages of the disease, anxiety and depression could arise as a psychological reaction to AD and due to coping difficulties. In late AD stages, the cognitive impairment reduces the emotional responses and their expression. Anxiety and depression are more intense in early-onset AD, due to the major impact of AD on the individual.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10072-022-06068-x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,23]],"date-time":"2022-04-23T21:02:31Z","timestamp":1650747751000},"page":"4107-4124","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":230,"title":["Anxiety and depression in Alzheimer\u2019s disease: a systematic review of pathogenetic mechanisms and relation to cognitive decline"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"43","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1251-6955","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rossana","family":"Botto","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicoletta","family":"Callai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aurora","family":"Cermelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lorenzo","family":"Causarano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Innocenzo","family":"Rainero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,23]]},"reference":[{"issue":"5","key":"6068_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(16)00062-4","volume":"15","author":"B Winblad","year":"2016","unstructured":"Winblad B, Amouyel P, Andrieu S, Ballard C, Brayne C, Brodaty H (2016) Defeating Alzheimer\u2019s disease and other dementias: a priority for European science and society. 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