{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,21]],"date-time":"2025-05-21T17:09:24Z","timestamp":1747847364757,"version":"3.37.3"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,23]],"date-time":"2022-05-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1653264000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,23]],"date-time":"2022-05-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1653264000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Neurol Sci"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>SARS-CoV-2 infection entails neuroinvasive, neuroinflammatory, and treatment-related features accounting for cognitive deficits in COVID-19-recovered patients. Although screening for such dysfunctions in this population is considered clinically relevant, contributions to cognitive phenotyping including premorbid and disease-related confounders are scarcely represented. This study thus aimed at describing the cognitive outcome at the function-\/domain-level of post-infectious SARS-CoV-2 patients being already at risk (RCD\u2009+) or not (RCD\u2009\u2212) for cognitive decline.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Fifty-four COVID-19-recovered individuals were classified as either RCD\u2009+\u2009or RCD\u2009\u2212\u2009according to medical records. The Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), Addebrooke Cognitive Examination-Revised (ACE-R), Frontal Assessment Battery (FAB), and Attentive Matrices (AM) were administered (<jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200954, 34, 28, and 28 patients, respectively).<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Prevalence of defective (cutoff\u2009=\u200924.89) MMSE scores was 24.3% in RCD\u2009+\u2009patients and 5.9% in the RCD\u2009\u2212\u2009group. ACE-R-total below cutoff scores were less frequent (RCD\u2009+\u2009: 5.4%; RCD\u2009\u2212\u2009: 5.9%). Abnormal performances at the FAB an AM were respectively detected in 18.9% and 8.1% of RCD\u2009+\u2009patients and 0% and 11.8% of the RCD\u2009\u2212\u2009group. Within the ACE-R subtests, those assessing orientation, attention, and fluency were the most frequently impaired in both groups. Disease-related variables were mostly unassociated with cognitive measures.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Both RCD\u2009+\u2009and RCD\u2009\u2212\u2009COVID-19-recovered individuals might show cognitive deficits within the dysexecutive-inattentive and amnesic spectrum. Non-instrumental, executive\/attentive dysfunctions are predominant in this population and can be detected by both screening and domain-specific psychometric tests\u2014although the latter might be more sensitive in RCD\u2009\u2212\u2009patients.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10072-022-06130-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,23]],"date-time":"2022-05-23T09:04:58Z","timestamp":1653296698000},"page":"4599-4604","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Cognitive phenotyping of post-infectious SARS-CoV-2 patients"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"43","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8902-7733","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Edoardo Nicol\u00f2","family":"Aiello","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alice","family":"Radici","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gabriele","family":"Mora","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Debora","family":"Pain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"6130_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0246590","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0246590","volume":"16","author":"F Alemanno","year":"2021","unstructured":"Alemanno F, Houdayer E, Parma A, Spina A, Del Forno A, Scatolini A, Angelone S, Brugliera L, Tettamanti A, Beretta L, Iannaccone S (2021) COVID-19 cognitive deficits after respiratory assistance in the subacute phase: a COVID-rehabilitation unit experience. PLoS One 16:e0246590","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"6130_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100163","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2020.100163","volume":"9","author":"M Almeria","year":"2020","unstructured":"Almeria M, Cejudo JC, Sotoca J, Deus J, Krupinski J (2020) Cognitive profile following COVID-19 infection: clinical predictors leading to neuropsychological impairment. Brain Behav Immun Health 9:100163","journal-title":"Brain Behav Immun Health"},{"key":"6130_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen F, Hao L, Zhu S, Yang X, Shi W, Zheng K, Wang T, Chen H (2021) Potential adverse effects of dexamethasone therapy on COVID-19 patients: review and recommendations. Infect Dis Ther 1\u201325","DOI":"10.1007\/s40121-021-00500-z"},{"key":"6130_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1238","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2021.699582","volume":"12","author":"R Daroische","year":"2021","unstructured":"Daroische R, Hemminghyth MS, Eilertsen TH, Breitve MH, Chwiszczuk LJ (2021) Cognitive impairment after COVID-19 \u2013 a review on objective test data. Front Neurol 12:1238","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"key":"6130_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"767","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(20)30221-0","volume":"19","author":"MA Ellul","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ellul MA, Benjamin L, Singh B, Lant S, Michael BD, Easton A, Kneen R, Defres S, Sejvar J, Solomon T (2020) Neurological associations of COVID-19. Lancet Neurol 19:767\u2013783","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"6130_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2020.06.001","volume":"67","author":"CC Garc\u00eda","year":"2020","unstructured":"Garc\u00eda CC, S\u00e1nchez EA, Huerta DH, G\u00f3mez-Arnau J (2020) Covid-19 treatment-induced neuropsychiatric adverse effects. Gen Hosp Psychiatry 67:163","journal-title":"Gen Hosp Psychiatry"},{"key":"6130_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euroneuro.2021.03.019","volume":"46","author":"KW Miskowiak","year":"2021","unstructured":"Miskowiak KW, Johnsen S, Sattler SM, Nielsen S, Kunalan K, Rungby J, Lapperre T, Porsberg CM (2021) Cognitive impairments four months after COVID-19 hospital discharge: pattern, severity and association with illness variables. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 46:39\u201348","journal-title":"Eur Neuropsychopharmacol"},{"key":"6130_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1625","DOI":"10.1080\/09602011.2020.1808483","volume":"30","author":"BA Wilson","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wilson BA, Betteridge S, Fish J (2020) Neuropsychological consequences of COVID-19. Neuropsychol Rehabil 30:1625\u20131628","journal-title":"Neuropsychol Rehabil"},{"key":"6130_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Blazhenets G, Schr\u00f6ter N, Bormann T, Thurow J, Wagner D, Frings L, Weiller C, Meyer PT, Dressing A, Hosp JA (2021) Slow but evident recovery from neocortical dysfunction and cognitive impairment in a series of chronic COVID-19 patients. J Nucl Med","DOI":"10.2967\/jnumed.121.262128"},{"key":"6130_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1093\/braincomms\/fcaa205","volume":"2","author":"MS Woo","year":"2020","unstructured":"Woo MS, Malsy J, P\u00f6ttgen J, SeddiqZai S, Ufer F, Hadjilaou A, Schmiedel S, Addo MM, Gerloff C, Heesen C, Schulze ZurWiesch J (2020) Frequent neurocognitive deficits after recovery from mild COVID-19. Brain Commun 2:205","journal-title":"Brain Commun"},{"key":"6130_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2020-325173","volume":"92","author":"V Beaud","year":"2021","unstructured":"Beaud V, Crottaz-Herbette S, Dunet V, Vaucher J, Bernard-Valnet R, Du Pasquier R, Bart PA, Clarke S (2021) Pattern of cognitive deficits in severe COVID-19. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 92:567\u2013568","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"6130_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci11020235","volume":"11","author":"R Ferrucci","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ferrucci R, Dini M, Groppo E, Rosci C, Reitano MR, Bai F, Poletti B, Brugnera A, Silani V, D\u2019Arminio Monforte A, Priori A (2021) Long-lasting cognitive abnormalities after COVID-19. Brain Sci 11:235","journal-title":"Brain Sci"},{"key":"6130_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2020.06.022","volume":"129","author":"H Zhou","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zhou H, Lu S, Chen J, Wei N, Wang D, Lyu H, Shi C, Hu S (2020) The landscape of cognitive function in recovered COVID-19 patients. J Psychiatr Res 129:98\u2013102","journal-title":"J Psychiatr Res"},{"key":"6130_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1007\/s10072-021-05630-3","volume":"43","author":"EN Aiello","year":"2021","unstructured":"Aiello EN, Fiabane E, Manera MR, Radici A, Grossi F, Ottonello M, Pain D, Pistarini C (2021b) Screening for cognitive sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection: a comparison between the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) and the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA). Neurol Sci 43:81\u201384","journal-title":"Neurol Sci"},{"key":"6130_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"785","DOI":"10.1007\/s10072-021-05752-8","volume":"43","author":"EN Aiello","year":"2021","unstructured":"Aiello EN, Fiabane E, Manera MR, Radici A, Grossi F, Ottonello M, Vassallo C, Pain D, Pistarini C (2021c) Episodic long-term memory in post-infectious SARS-CoV-2 patients. Neurol Sci 43:785\u2013788","journal-title":"Neurol Sci"},{"key":"6130_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1007\/s10072-021-05744-8","volume":"43","author":"MR Manera","year":"2021","unstructured":"Manera MR, Fiabane E, Pain D, Aiello EN, Radici A, Ottonello M, Padovani M, Wilson BA, Fish J, Pistarini C (2021) Clinical features and cognitive sequelae in COVID-19: a retrospective study on N=152 patients. Neurol Sci 43:45\u201350","journal-title":"Neurol Sci"},{"key":"6130_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2273","DOI":"10.1007\/s10072-021-05231-0","volume":"42","author":"A Stracciari","year":"2021","unstructured":"Stracciari A, Bottini G, Guarino M, Magni E, Pantoni L (2021) Cognitive and behavioral manifestations in SARS-CoV-2 infection: not specific or distinctive features? Neurol Sci 42:2273\u20132281","journal-title":"Neurol Sci"},{"key":"6130_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"979","DOI":"10.1007\/s10072-021-05392-y","volume":"43","author":"EN Aiello","year":"2021","unstructured":"Aiello EN, Esposito A, Gramegna C, Gazzaniga V, Zago S, Difonzo T, Appollonio I, Bolognini N (2021) The Frontal Assessment Battery (FAB) and its sub-scales: validation and updated normative data in an Italian population sample. Neurol Sci 43:979\u2013984","journal-title":"Neurol Sci"},{"key":"6130_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2020) Clinical management of COVID-19: interim guidance, 27 May 2020 (No. WHO\/2019-nCoV\/clinical\/2020.5). World Health Organization","DOI":"10.15557\/PiMR.2020.0004"},{"key":"6130_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-3956(75)90026-6","volume":"12","author":"MF Folstein","year":"1975","unstructured":"Folstein MF, Folstein SE, McHugh PR (1975) \u201cMini-mental state\u201d: a practical method for grading the cognitive state of patients for the clinician. J Psychiatr Res 12:189\u2013198","journal-title":"J Psychiatr Res"},{"key":"6130_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Carpinelli Mazzi M, Iavarone A, Russo G, Musella C, Milan G, D\u2019Anna F, Garofalo E, Chieffi S, Sannino M, Illario M, De Luca V (2020) Mini-Mental State Examination: new normative values on subjects in Southern Italy. Aging Clin Exp Res 32:699\u2013702","DOI":"10.1007\/s40520-019-01250-2"},{"key":"6130_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1078","DOI":"10.1002\/gps.1610","volume":"21","author":"E Mioshi","year":"2006","unstructured":"Mioshi E, Dawson K, Mitchell J, Arnold R, Hodges JR (2006) The Addenbrooke\u2019s Cognitive Examination Revised (ACE-R): a brief cognitive test battery for dementia screening. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 21:1078\u20131085","journal-title":"Int J Geriatr Psychiatry"},{"key":"6130_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1007\/s10072-015-2410-z","volume":"37","author":"M Siciliano","year":"2016","unstructured":"Siciliano M, Raimo S, Tufano D, Basile G, Grossi D, Santangelo F, Trojano L, Santangelo G (2016) The Addenbrooke\u2019s Cognitive Examination Revised (ACE-R) and its sub-scores: normative values in an Italian population sample. Neurol Sci 37:385\u2013392","journal-title":"Neurol Sci"},{"key":"6130_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1621","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.55.11.1621","volume":"55","author":"B Dubois","year":"2000","unstructured":"Dubois B, Slachevsky A, Litvan I, Pillon B (2000) The FAB: a frontal assessment battery at bedside. Neurology 55:1621\u20131626","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"6130_CR25","first-page":"1","volume":"6","author":"H Spinnler","year":"1987","unstructured":"Spinnler H, Tognoni G (1987) Standardizzazione e taratura italiana di test neuropsicologici. Neurol Sci 6:1\u2013120","journal-title":"Neurol Sci"},{"key":"6130_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1219","DOI":"10.1080\/13854046.2017.1334830","volume":"31","author":"E Capitani","year":"2017","unstructured":"Capitani E, Laiacona M (2017) Outer and inner tolerance limits: their usefulness for the construction of norms and the standardization of neuropsychological tests. Clin Neuropsychol 31:1219\u20131230","journal-title":"Clin Neuropsychol"},{"key":"6130_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"592","DOI":"10.1007\/s00259-020-04973-x","volume":"48","author":"E Guedj","year":"2021","unstructured":"Guedj E, Million M, Dudouet P, Tissot-Dupont H, Bregeon F, Cammilleri S, Raoult D (2021) 18 F-FDG brain PET hypometabolism in post-SARS-CoV-2 infection: substrate for persistent\/delayed disorders? Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 48:592\u2013595","journal-title":"Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging"},{"key":"6130_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Toniolo S, Di Lorenzo F, Scarioni M, Frederiksen KS, Nobili F (2021) Is the frontal lobe the primary target of SARS-CoV-2? J Alzheimers Dis 1\u20137","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-210008"},{"key":"6130_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2118717","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2021.18717","volume":"4","author":"A S\u00f8raas","year":"2021","unstructured":"S\u00f8raas A, B\u00f8 R, Kalleberg KT, St\u00f8er NC, Ellingjord-Dale M, Landr\u00f8 NI (2021) Self-reported memory problems 8 months after COVID-19 infection. JAMA Netw Open 4:e2118717\u2013e2118717","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"key":"6130_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mattioli F, Piva S, Stampatori C, Righetti F, Mega I, Peli E, Sala E, Tomasi C, Indelicato AM, Latronico N, De Palma G (2021) Neurologic and cognitive sequelae after SARS-CoV2 infection: different impairment for ICU patients. J Neurol Sci 120061","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2021.120061"}],"container-title":["Neurological Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10072-022-06130-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10072-022-06130-8\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10072-022-06130-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,22]],"date-time":"2022-08-22T03:30:02Z","timestamp":1661139002000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10072-022-06130-8"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,23]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,8]]}},"alternative-id":["6130"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10072-022-06130-8","relation":{},"ISSN":["1590-1874","1590-3478"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"1590-1874"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1590-3478"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,23]]},"assertion":[{"value":"28 January 2022","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"10 May 2022","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"23 May 2022","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"22 August 2022","order":4,"name":"change_date","label":"Change Date","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"Update","order":5,"name":"change_type","label":"Change Type","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"Missing Open Access funding information has been added in the Funding Note.","order":6,"name":"change_details","label":"Change Details","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"This study received approval from the local Ethics Committee (I.D.: 2494, 12 January 2021).","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval"}},{"value":"Participants provided their consent.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Informed consent"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}]}}