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Unfortunately, cancer immunotherapy can also trigger life-threatening autoimmune neurological complications named \u201cneurological adverse effects\u201d (<jats:italic>NAEs<\/jats:italic>). <jats:italic>NAEs<\/jats:italic> can affect both the central nervous system (CNS), as in ipilimumab-related aseptic meningitis, and the peripheral nervous system (PNS), as in nivolumab-induced myasthenia gravis.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Current evidence<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>The incidence of <jats:italic>NAEs<\/jats:italic> is highly variable, ranging from 2 to 4% using checkpoint inhibitors to 50% using blinatumomab. Looking at these numbers, it appears clear that neurologists will soon be called more and more frequently to decide upon the best therapeutic strategy for a patient receiving immunotherapy and experiencing a <jats:italic>NAE.<\/jats:italic> Most of them can be treated or reverted withholding the offending drug and adding IVIg, plasmapheresis, or steroids to the therapy. Sometimes, however, for oncological reasons, immunotherapy cannot be stopped so the neurologist needs to know what countermeasures have proven most\u00a0effective. Moreover, patients with a pre-existing autoimmune neurological disease (<jats:italic>AID<\/jats:italic>), such as myasthenia gravis or multiple sclerosis, might need immunotherapy during their life, risking a severe worsening of their symptoms. In that setting, the neurologist needs to properly counsel patients about the risk of\u00a0a therapy-related relapse.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>In this article, we describe the most frequently reported <jats:italic>NAEs<\/jats:italic> and aim to give neurologists a practical overview on how to deal with them.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10072-022-06297-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,16]],"date-time":"2022-09-16T05:03:31Z","timestamp":1663304611000},"page":"137-148","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Neurology of cancer immunotherapy"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"44","author":[{"given":"Amedeo","family":"De Grado","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Federica","family":"Cencini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1549-3851","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alberto","family":"Priori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"6297_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1056\/nejmoa1504627","volume":"373","author":"J Brahmer","year":"2015","unstructured":"Brahmer J, Reckamp KL, Baas P et al (2015) Nivolumab versus docetaxel in advanced squamous-cell non\u2013small-cell lung cancer. 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