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Included studies were assessed using the NOS checklist.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Eligibility criteria for selecting studies<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>All epidemiological studies reporting data on the possible association between a clinical diagnosis of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)\/motor neuron disease (MND), dementia or mild cognitive impairment (MCI), Parkinson\u2019s disease (PD), chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE) at any stage and with any clinical pattern and the former participation in any types of sport at a varsity and professional level were included.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Data from the 17 included studies showed a higher frequency of NDs and NCDs in former soccer and American football players. Updating the previous SR confirmed a higher frequency of ALS\/MND in former soccer players. Data reported a significantly higher risk of dementia\/AD in former soccer players, and of MCI in former American football players. Results also showed a significantly higher risk of PD in former soccer and American football players, and a significantly higher risk of CTE in former boxers and American football players.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Summary\/conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>This SR confirmed a higher risk of NDs and NCDs in former professional\/varsity athletes. 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