{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T22:36:44Z","timestamp":1788907004764,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,9]],"date-time":"2023-09-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1694217600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,9]],"date-time":"2023-09-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1694217600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Neurol Sci"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,1]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s10072-023-07053-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,9]],"date-time":"2023-09-09T06:01:45Z","timestamp":1694239305000},"page":"93-99","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Back to the future: encephalitis lethargica as an autoimmune disorder?"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"45","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0928-1577","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesco","family":"Brigo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alberto","family":"Vogrig","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"7053_CR1","first-page":"581","volume":"30","author":"C von Economo","year":"1917","unstructured":"von Economo C (1917) Encephalitis lethargica. Wien Klin Wochenschr 30:581\u2013585","journal-title":"Wien Klin Wochenschr"},{"key":"7053_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"486","DOI":"10.1159\/000517325","volume":"84","author":"F Brigo","year":"2021","unstructured":"Brigo F, Martini M, Lorusso L, Study Group on the History of Neurology of the Italian Neurological Society (2021) \u201cYou are older, although you do not know that\u201d: time, consciousness, and memory in \u201cA kind of Alaska\u201d by Harold Pinter (1930-2008). Eur Neurol 84:486\u2013489","journal-title":"Eur Neurol"},{"issue":"1","key":"7053_CR3","first-page":"e2022004","volume":"32","author":"F Brigo","year":"2022","unstructured":"Brigo F, Lorusso L, Martini M (2022) L\u2019eredit\u00e0 socio-culturale dell\u2019encefalite letargica e la sua rappresentazione nella cultura popolare e di massa. Conf Cephalal et Neurol 32(1):e2022004","journal-title":"Conf Cephalal et Neurol"},{"key":"7053_CR4","first-page":"614","volume":"41","author":"R Cruchet","year":"1917","unstructured":"Cruchet R, Moutier F, Calmette A (1917) Quarante cas d\u2019enc\u00e9phalo-my\u00e9lite subaigu\u00eb. Bulletins et M\u00e9moires de la Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 m\u00e9dicale des H\u00f4pitaux s\u00e9rie 41:614\u2013616","journal-title":"Bulletins et M\u00e9moires de la Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 m\u00e9dicale des H\u00f4pitaux s\u00e9rie"},{"key":"7053_CR5","volume-title":"Encephalitis lethargica during and after the epidemic","author":"JA Vilensky","year":"2011","unstructured":"Vilensky JA (2011) Encephalitis lethargica during and after the epidemic. Oxford University Press"},{"key":"7053_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4939-0384-9","volume-title":"Encephalitis lethargica - the mind and brain virus","author":"P Foley","year":"2018","unstructured":"Foley P (2018) Encephalitis lethargica - the mind and brain virus. Springer Nature"},{"key":"7053_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-90811-8","volume-title":"Die epidemische Encephalitis","author":"F Stern","year":"1928","unstructured":"Stern F (1928) Die epidemische Encephalitis. Julius Springer, Berlin"},{"key":"7053_CR8","volume-title":"Die encephalitis lethargica, ihre Nachkrankheiten und ihre Bechandlung","author":"C von Economo","year":"1929","unstructured":"von Economo C (1929) Die encephalitis lethargica, ihre Nachkrankheiten und ihre Bechandlung. Urban and Swarzenberg, Vienna"},{"key":"7053_CR9","volume-title":"Epidemic encephalitis (encephalitis lethargica)","author":"F Tilney","year":"1920","unstructured":"Tilney F, Howe HS (1920) Epidemic encephalitis (encephalitis lethargica). Paul B. Hoeber, New York"},{"key":"7053_CR10","first-page":"669","volume-title":"Kurzes Handbuch der Ophthalmologie. Sechster Band: Auge und Nervensystem","author":"W Kyrieleis","year":"1931","unstructured":"Kyrieleis W (1931) Die Augenver\u00e4nderungen bei den entz\u00fcndlichen Erkrankungen des Zentralnervensystems. In: Schieck F, Bruckner A (eds) Kurzes Handbuch der Ophthalmologie. Sechster Band: Auge und Nervensystem. Julius Springer, Berlin, pp 669\u2013799"},{"issue":"2","key":"7053_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pediatrneurol.2007.04.012","volume":"37","author":"JA Vilensky","year":"2007","unstructured":"Vilensky JA, Foley P, Gilman S (2007) Children and encephalitis lethargica: a historical review. Pediatr Neurol 37(2):79\u201384","journal-title":"Pediatr Neurol"},{"key":"7053_CR12","first-page":"435","volume":"56","author":"H Spatz","year":"1930","unstructured":"Spatz H (1930) Ergebnis der anatomischen Untersuchung von 70 F\u00e4llen von Encephalitis epidemica. Zentralblatt f\u00fcr die gesamte Neurologie und Psychiatrie 56:435\u2013437","journal-title":"Zentralblatt f\u00fcr die gesamte Neurologie und Psychiatrie"},{"key":"7053_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-94735-3_7","volume-title":"Nervensystem. Zweiter Teil: Erkrankungen des zentralen Nervensystems II; Bandteil A (Handbuch der speziellen pathologischen Anatomie und Histologie), Band 13","author":"L van Bogaert","year":"1958","unstructured":"van Bogaert L (1958) Enc\u00e9phalite l\u00e9thargique type A (Maladie d\u2019Economo). In: Scholz W, Lubarsch O, Henke F, R\u00f6ssIe R (eds) Nervensystem. Zweiter Teil: Erkrankungen des zentralen Nervensystems II; Bandteil A (Handbuch der speziellen pathologischen Anatomie und Histologie), Band 13. Springer, Berlin, G\u00f6ttingen, Heidelberg, pp 313\u2013361"},{"key":"7053_CR14","first-page":"812","volume":"76","author":"Klarfeld","year":"1920","unstructured":"Klarfeld (1920) Histopathologie der Encephalitis choreatica. Allgemeine Zeitschrift f\u00fcr Psychiatrie und psychisch-gerichtliche Medizin 76:812\u2013816","journal-title":"Allgemeine Zeitschrift f\u00fcr Psychiatrie und psychisch-gerichtliche Medizin"},{"key":"7053_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02878449","volume":"79","author":"W Scholz","year":"1922","unstructured":"Scholz W (1922) \u00dcber herdf\u00f6rmige, protoplasmatische Gliawucherung von syncytialem Charakter. Mit einem Ausblick auf ihre Bedeutung f\u00fcr den Verlauf des pathologisch-anatomischen Prozesses bei der Encephalitis epidemica. Zeitschrift f\u00fcr die gesamte Neurologie und Psychiatrie 79:114\u2013179","journal-title":"Zeitschrift f\u00fcr die gesamte Neurologie und Psychiatrie"},{"issue":"12","key":"7053_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000005176","volume":"90","author":"B Lutters","year":"2018","unstructured":"Lutters B, Foley P, Koehler PJ (2018) The centennial lesson of encephalitis lethargica. Neurology 90(12):563\u2013567","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"7053_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175628642095290","DOI":"10.1177\/1756286420952901","volume":"13","author":"KM Blackburn","year":"2020","unstructured":"Blackburn KM, Wang C (2020) Post-infectious neurological disorders. Ther Adv Neurol Disord 13:1756286420952901","journal-title":"Ther Adv Neurol Disord"},{"issue":"1","key":"7053_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.3892\/etm.2020.9526","volume":"21","author":"D Dop","year":"2021","unstructured":"Dop D, Marcu IR, Padureanu R, Niculescu CE, Padureanu V (2021) Pediatric autoimmune neuropsychiatric disorders associated with streptococcal infections (Review). Exp Ther Med 21(1):94","journal-title":"Exp Ther Med"},{"issue":"Pt 1","key":"7053_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awh008","volume":"127","author":"RC Dale","year":"2004","unstructured":"Dale RC, Church AJ, Surtees RA, Lees AJ, Adcock JE, Harding B, Neville BG, Giovannoni G (2004) Encephalitis lethargica syndrome: 20 new cases and evidence of basal ganglia autoimmunity. Brain 127(Pt 1):21\u201333","journal-title":"Brain"},{"issue":"2","key":"7053_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.59.2.227","volume":"59","author":"AJ Church","year":"2002","unstructured":"Church AJ, Cardoso F, Dale RC, Lees AJ, Thompson EJ, Giovannoni G (2002) Anti-basal ganglia antibodies in acute and persistent Sydenham\u2019s chorea. Neurology 59(2):227\u2013231","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"Pt 1","key":"7053_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awh063","volume":"127","author":"A Vincent","year":"2004","unstructured":"Vincent A (2004) Encephalitis lethargica: part of a spectrum of post-streptococcal autoimmune diseases? Brain 127(Pt 1):2\u20133","journal-title":"Brain"},{"issue":"11","key":"7053_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1701","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000183223.69946.f1","volume":"65","author":"HS Singer","year":"2005","unstructured":"Singer HS, Hong JJ, Yoon DY, Williams PN (2005) Serum autoantibodies do not differentiate PANDAS and Tourette syndrome from controls. Neurology 65(11):1701\u20131707","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"7053_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1922.02640060025008","volume":"79","author":"EC Rosenow","year":"1922","unstructured":"Rosenow EC (1922) Experimental studies on the etiology of encephalitis. JAMA 79:443\u2013448","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"7053_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/34.4.329","volume":"34","author":"EC Rosenow","year":"1924","unstructured":"Rosenow EC (1924) Streptococci in relation to etiology of epidemic encephalitis. Experimental results in eighty-one cases. J Infect Dis 34:329\u2013389","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"15","key":"7053_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1240","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e3181bc01bc","volume":"73","author":"DO Claassen","year":"2009","unstructured":"Claassen DO, Boes CJ (2009) Rosenow\u2019s rabbits and postencephalitic parkinsonism. Neurology 73(15):1240\u20131241","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"Pt 11","key":"7053_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3453","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/aws256","volume":"135","author":"RC Dale","year":"2012","unstructured":"Dale RC, Merheb V, Pillai S, Wang D, Cantrill L, Murphy TK, Ben-Pazi H, Varadkar S, Aumann TD, Horne MK, Church AJ, Fath T, Brilot F (2012) Antibodies to surface dopamine-2 receptor in autoimmune movement and psychiatric disorders. Brain 135(Pt 11):3453\u20133468","journal-title":"Brain"},{"issue":"5","key":"7053_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"704","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.21807","volume":"66","author":"RC Dale","year":"2009","unstructured":"Dale RC, Irani SR, Brilot F, Pillai S, Webster R, Gill D, Lang B, Vincent A (2009) N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antibodies in pediatric dyskinetic encephalitis lethargica. Ann Neurol 66(5):704\u2013709","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"7053_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Armangue T, Oliv\u00e9-Cirera G, Mart\u00ednez-Hernandez E, Rodes M, Peris-Sempere V, Guasp M, Ruiz R, Palou E, Gonz\u00e1lez A, Marcos M\u00c1, Erro ME (2023) Neurologic complications in herpes simplex encephalitis: clinical, immunological and genetic studies. Brain:awad238. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/brain\/awad238","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awad238"},{"key":"7053_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175628642093279","DOI":"10.1177\/1756286420932797","volume":"13","author":"A Vogrig","year":"2020","unstructured":"Vogrig A, Mu\u00f1iz-Castrillo S, Desestret V, Joubert B, Honnorat J (2020) Pathophysiology of paraneoplastic and autoimmune encephalitis: genes, infections, and checkpoint inhibitors. Ther Adv Neurol Disord 13:1756286420932797","journal-title":"Ther Adv Neurol Disord"},{"issue":"Pt 1","key":"7053_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/110.1.19","volume":"110","author":"RS Howard","year":"1987","unstructured":"Howard RS, Lees AJ (1987) Encephalitis lethargica. A report of four recent cases. Brain 110(Pt 1):19\u201333","journal-title":"Brain"},{"issue":"9","key":"7053_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1376","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.27446","volume":"33","author":"V Damato","year":"2018","unstructured":"Damato V, Balint B, Kienzler AK, Irani SR (2018) The clinical features, underlying immunology, and treatment of autoantibody-mediated movement disorders. Mov Disord 33(9):1376\u20131389","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"issue":"12","key":"7053_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1010","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(20)30341-0","volume":"19","author":"A Mu\u00f1oz-Lopetegi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Mu\u00f1oz-Lopetegi A, Graus F, Dalmau J, Santamaria J (2020) Sleep disorders in autoimmune encephalitis. Lancet Neurol 19(12):1010\u20131022","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"issue":"4","key":"7053_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(15)00401-9","volume":"15","author":"F Graus","year":"2016","unstructured":"Graus F, Titulaer MJ, Balu R, Benseler S, Bien CG, Cellucci T, Cortese I, Dale RC, Gelfand JM, Geschwind M, Glaser CA (2016) A clinical approach to diagnosis of autoimmune encephalitis. Lancet Neurol 15(4):391\u2013404","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"7053_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"394632023115499","DOI":"10.1177\/03946320231154997","volume":"37","author":"A Di Vito","year":"2023","unstructured":"Di Vito A, Donato A, Bria J, Donato F, Donato G (2023) Encephalitis lethargica. What is still wrong? Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol 37:3946320231154997","journal-title":"Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol"}],"container-title":["Neurological Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10072-023-07053-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10072-023-07053-8\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10072-023-07053-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,2]],"date-time":"2024-01-02T06:23:36Z","timestamp":1704176616000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10072-023-07053-8"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,9]]},"references-count":34,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,1]]}},"alternative-id":["7053"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10072-023-07053-8","relation":{},"ISSN":["1590-1874","1590-3478"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1590-1874","type":"print"},{"value":"1590-3478","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"29 July 2023","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"30 August 2023","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"9 September 2023","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not required.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}]}}