{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,21]],"date-time":"2026-07-21T17:49:45Z","timestamp":1784656185258,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":80,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,27]],"date-time":"2023-11-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1701043200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,27]],"date-time":"2023-11-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1701043200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003196","name":"Ministero della Salute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003196","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002954","name":"Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Milano - Bicocca","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002954","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Neurol Sci"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>This study aimed at developing and standardizing the Telephone Language Screener (TLS), a novel, disease-nonspecific, telephone-based screening test for language disorders.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>The TLS was developed in strict pursuance to the current psycholinguistic standards. It comprises nine tasks assessing phonological, lexical-semantic and morpho-syntactic components, as well as an extra Backward Digit Span task. The TLS was administered to 480 healthy participants (HPs), along with the Telephone-based Semantic Verbal Fluency (t-SVF) test and a Telephone-based Composite Language Index (TBCLI), as well as to 37 cerebrovascular\/neurodegenerative patients\u2014who also underwent the language subscale of the Telephone Interview for Cognitive Status (TICS-L). An HP subsample was also administered an in-person language battery. Construct validity, factorial structure, internal consistency, test\u2013retest and inter-rater reliability were tested. Norms were derived via Equivalent Scores. The capability of the TLS to discriminate patients from HPs and to identify, among the patient cohort, those with a defective TICS-L, was also examined.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>The TLS was underpinned by a mono-component structure and converged with the t-SVF (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u2009.001), the TBCLI (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u2009.001) and the in-person language battery (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009.002). It was internally consistent (McDonald\u2019s \u03c9\u2009=\u20090.67) and reliable between raters (ICC\u2009=\u20090.99) and at retest (ICC\u2009=\u20090.83). Age and education, but not sex, were predictors of TLS scores. The TLS optimally discriminated patients from HPs (AUC\u2009=\u20090.80) and successfully identified patients with an impaired TICS-L (AUC\u2009=\u20090.92). In patients, the TLS converged with TICS-L scores (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.016).<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>The TLS is a valid, reliable, normed and clinically feasible telephone-based screener for language impairment.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10072-023-07149-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,27]],"date-time":"2023-11-27T05:02:21Z","timestamp":1701061341000},"page":"1989-2001","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["The Telephone Language Screener (TLS): standardization of a novel telephone-based screening test for language impairment"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"45","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8902-7733","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Edoardo Nicol\u00f2","family":"Aiello","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Veronica","family":"Pucci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lorenzo","family":"Diana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alessia","family":"Corvaglia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aida","family":"Niang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Silvia","family":"Mattiello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alice Naomi","family":"Preti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giorgia","family":"Durante","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adele","family":"Ravelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lucia","family":"Consonni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carolina","family":"Guerra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adriana Delli","family":"Ponti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gaia","family":"Sangalli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Teresa","family":"Difonzo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefano","family":"Scarano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Perucca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefano","family":"Zago","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ildebrando","family":"Appollonio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sara","family":"Mondini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2921-8658","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nadia","family":"Bolognini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"7149_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1177\/1357633X12474962","volume":"19","author":"M Herr","year":"2013","unstructured":"Herr M, Ankri J (2013) A critical review of the use of telephone tests to identify cognitive impairment in epidemiology and clinical research. J Telemed Telecare 19:45\u201354. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1357633X12474962","journal-title":"J Telemed Telecare"},{"key":"7149_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"482","DOI":"10.3109\/21678421.2016.1173703","volume":"17","author":"G Christodoulou","year":"2016","unstructured":"Christodoulou G, Gennings C, Hupf J, Factor-Litvak P, Murphy J, Goetz RR et al (2016) Telephone based cognitive-behavioral screening for frontotemporal changes in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Amyotroph Lateral Scler Frontotemporal Degenerat 17:482\u2013488. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3109\/21678421.2016.1173703","journal-title":"Amyotroph Lateral Scler Frontotemporal Degenerat"},{"key":"7149_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1234","DOI":"10.1093\/arclin\/acaa098","volume":"35","author":"T Caze","year":"2020","unstructured":"Caze T, Dorsman KA, Carlew AR, Diaz A, Bailey KC (2020) Can you hear me now? Telephone-based teleneuropsychology improves utilization rates in underserved populations. Arch Clin Neuropsychol 35:1234\u20131239. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/arclin\/acaa098","journal-title":"Arch Clin Neuropsychol"},{"key":"7149_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1240","DOI":"10.1093\/arclin\/acaa097","volume":"35","author":"LH Lacritz","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lacritz LH, Carlew AR, Livingstone J, Bailey KC, Parker A, Diaz A (2020) Patient satisfaction with telephone neuropsychological assessment. Arch Clin Neuropsychol 35:1240\u20131248. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/arclin\/acaa097","journal-title":"Arch Clin Neuropsychol"},{"key":"7149_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ensci.2021.100322","author":"AB Soldati","year":"2021","unstructured":"Soldati AB, Almeida C, Lima M, Araujo A, Araujo-Leite MA, Silva MTT (2021) Telephone screening of cognitive status (TICS) in severe COVID-19 patients: Utility in the era of social isolation. Eneurologicalsci. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ensci.2021.100322","journal-title":"Eneurologicalsci"},{"key":"7149_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"862","DOI":"10.1186\/s13063-022-06805-9","volume":"23","author":"C Brundle","year":"2022","unstructured":"Brundle C, Heaven A, Clegg A (2022) Eligibility screening older research participants using remote cognitive assessment\u2014experiences and reflections from a primary care randomised controlled trial. Trials 23:862. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13063-022-06805-9","journal-title":"Trials"},{"key":"7149_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2014.00016","volume":"6","author":"TC Castanho","year":"2014","unstructured":"Castanho TC, Amorim L, Zihl J, Palha JA, Sousa N, Santos NC (2014) Telephone-based screening tools for mild cognitive impairment and dementia in aging studies: a review of validated instruments. Front Aging Neurosci 6:16. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnagi.2014.00016","journal-title":"Front Aging Neurosci"},{"key":"7149_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"460","DOI":"10.2174\/1567205017999200626201121","volume":"17","author":"E Elliott","year":"2020","unstructured":"Elliott E, Green C, Llewellyn DJ, Quinn TJ (2020) Accuracy of telephone-based cognitive screening tests: systematic review and meta-analysis. Curr Alzheimer Res 17:460\u2013471. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2174\/1567205017999200626201121","journal-title":"Curr Alzheimer Res"},{"key":"7149_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1007\/s10072-021-05719-9","volume":"43","author":"E Zanin","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zanin E, Aiello EN, Diana L, Fusi G, Bonato M, Niang A et al (2022) Tele-neuropsychological assessment tools in Italy: a systematic review on psychometric properties and usability. Neurol Sci 43:125\u2013138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10072-021-05719-9","journal-title":"Neurol Sci"},{"key":"7149_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1002\/1099-1166(200102)16:2<166::AID-GPS290>3.0.CO;2-M","volume":"16","author":"T Metitieri","year":"2001","unstructured":"Metitieri T, Geroldi C, Pezzini A, Frisoni GB, Bianchetti A, Trabucchi M (2001) The Itel-MMSE: An Italian telephone version of the mini-mental state examination. Int J Geariatr Psychiatry 16:166\u2013167. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/1099-1166(200102)16:2%3c166::AID-GPS290%3e3.0.CO;2-M","journal-title":"Int J Geariatr Psychiatry"},{"key":"7149_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aiello EN, Diana L, Bolognini N, Appollonio I, Ferrucci L (2022a) Telephone Interview For Cognitive Status\u2122: Manuale di somministrazione e scoring. Giunti Psychometrics","DOI":"10.1037\/t85206-000"},{"key":"7149_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3071","DOI":"10.1007\/s10072-021-05729-7","volume":"43","author":"EN Aiello","year":"2022","unstructured":"Aiello EN, Esposito A, Giannone I, Diana L, Appollonio IM, Bolognini N (2022) Telephone Interview for Cognitive Status (TICS): Italian adaptation, psychometrics and diagnostics. Neurol Sci 43:3071\u20133077. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10072-021-05729-7","journal-title":"Neurol Sci"},{"key":"7149_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Montemurro S, Mondini S, Pucci V, Durante G, Riccardi A, Maffezzini S et al (2023) Tele-Global Examination of Mental State (Tele-GEMS): an open tool for the remote neuropsychological screening. Neurol Sci 1\u201310.https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10072-023-06862-1","DOI":"10.1007\/s10072-023-06862-1"},{"key":"7149_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2571","DOI":"10.1007\/s10072-021-05636-x","volume":"43","author":"EN Aiello","year":"2022","unstructured":"Aiello EN, Esposito A, Giannone I, Diana L, Woolley S, Murphy J et al (2022) ALS Cognitive Behavioral Screen-Phone Version (ALS-CBS\u2122-PhV): norms, psychometrics and diagnostics in an Italian population sample. Neurol Sci 43:2571\u20132578. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10072-021-05636-x","journal-title":"Neurol Sci"},{"key":"7149_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1635","DOI":"10.1007\/s40520-022-02155-3","volume":"34","author":"EN Aiello","year":"2022","unstructured":"Aiello EN, Pucci V, Diana L, Niang A, Preti AN, Delli Ponti A et al (2022) Telephone-based Frontal Assessment Battery (t-FAB): standardization for the Italian population and clinical usability in neurological diseases. Aging Clin Exp Res 34:1635\u20131644. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40520-022-02155-3","journal-title":"Aging Clin Exp Res"},{"key":"7149_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abutalebi J, Cappa SF (2008) Language disorders. In S. F. Cappa, J. Abutalebi, J.-F. Demonet, P. Fletcher and P. Garrard. (Eds.),\u00a0Cognitive neurology: A clinical textbook (pp. 43\u201366). Oxford University Press.","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780198569275.003.0005"},{"key":"7149_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1006","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e31821103e6","volume":"76","author":"ML Gorno-Tempini","year":"2011","unstructured":"Gorno-Tempini ML, Hillis AE, Weintraub S, Kertesz A, Mendez M, Cappa SF et al (2011) Classification of primary progressive aphasia and its variants. Neurology 76:1006\u20131014. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1212\/WNL.0b013e31821103e6","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"7149_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e12205","DOI":"10.1002\/trc2.12205","volume":"7","author":"A Su\u00e1rez-Gonz\u00e1lez","year":"2021","unstructured":"Su\u00e1rez-Gonz\u00e1lez A, Cassani A, Gopalan R, Stott J, Savage S (2021) When it is not primary progressive aphasia: a scoping review of spoken language impairment in other neurodegenerative dementias. Alzheimer\u2019s Dement Transl Res Clin Interv 7:e12205. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/trc2.12205","journal-title":"Alzheimer's Dement Transl Res Clin Interv"},{"key":"7149_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2188","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2016.03.006","volume":"97","author":"HL Flowers","year":"2016","unstructured":"Flowers HL, Skoretz SA, Silver FL, Rochon E, Fang J, Flamand-Roze C et al (2016) Poststroke aphasia frequency, recovery, and outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 97:2188\u20132201. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.apmr.2016.03.006","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"7149_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.3233\/NRE-141053","volume":"34","author":"E Finch","year":"2014","unstructured":"Finch E, Copland DA (2014) Language outcomes following neurosurgery for brain tumours: a systematic review. NeuroRehabilitation 34:499\u2013514. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3233\/NRE-141053","journal-title":"NeuroRehabilitation"},{"key":"7149_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-444-63521-1.00031-5","volume":"128","author":"AK Vas","year":"2015","unstructured":"Vas AK, Chapman SB, Cook LG (2015) Language impairments in traumatic brain injury: a window into complex cognitive performance. Handb Clin Neurol 128:497\u2013510. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/B978-0-444-63521-1.00031-5","journal-title":"Handb Clin Neurol"},{"key":"7149_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1206","DOI":"10.1080\/02687038.2021.1937922","volume":"10","author":"A Rofes","year":"2022","unstructured":"Rofes A, van de Beek D, Miceli G (2022) Language impairments and CNS infections: a review. Aphasiology 10:1206\u20131248. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/02687038.2021.1937922","journal-title":"Aphasiology"},{"key":"7149_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2016.09.005","volume":"10","author":"S Renauld","year":"2016","unstructured":"Renauld S, Mohamed-Sa\u00efd L, Macoir J (2016) Language disorders in multiple sclerosis: a systematic review. Mult Scler Relat Disord 10:103\u2013111. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.msard.2016.09.005","journal-title":"Mult Scler Relat Disord"},{"key":"7149_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.1136\/practneurol-2018-001961","volume":"19","author":"M O'Sullivan","year":"2019","unstructured":"O\u2019Sullivan M, Brownsett S, Copland D (2019) Language and language disorders: neuroscience to clinical practice. Pract Neurol 19:380\u2013388. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/practneurol-2018-001961","journal-title":"Pract Neurol"},{"key":"7149_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.5195\/ijt.2013.6119","volume":"5","author":"N Hall","year":"2013","unstructured":"Hall N, Boisvert M, Steele R (2013) Telepractice in the assessment and treatment of individuals with aphasia: a systematic review. Int J Telerehabilitation 5:27\u201338. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5195\/ijt.2013.6119","journal-title":"Int J Telerehabilitation"},{"key":"7149_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1093\/nop\/npy020","volume":"6","author":"E De Witte","year":"2019","unstructured":"De Witte E, Piai V, Kurteff G, Cai R, Mari\u00ebn P, Dronkers N et al (2019) A valid alternative for in-person language assessments in brain tumor patients: feasibility and validity measures of the new TeleLanguage test. Neuro-Oncol Pract 6:93\u2013102. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/nop\/npy020","journal-title":"Neuro-Oncol Pract"},{"key":"7149_CR27","unstructured":"Aiello EN (2023) Cognitive screening in Italy: study framework and recent advances. [Doctoral thesis, University of Milano-Bicocca] https:\/\/hdl.handle.net\/10281\/403048"},{"key":"7149_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1136\/svn-2016-000035","volume":"1","author":"Y Shi","year":"2016","unstructured":"Shi Y, Wardlaw JM (2016) Update on cerebral small vessel disease: a dynamic whole-brain disease. Stroke Vasc Neurol 1:1\u201310. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/svn-2016-000035","journal-title":"Stroke Vasc Neurol"},{"key":"7149_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1591","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.26424","volume":"30","author":"RB Postuma","year":"2015","unstructured":"Postuma RB, Berg D, Stern M, Poewe W, Olanow CW, Oertel W et al (2015) MDS clinical diagnostic criteria for Parkinson\u2019s disease. Mov Disord 30:1591\u20131601. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mds.26424","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"7149_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.3238\/arztebl.2016.0061","volume":"113","author":"J Levin","year":"2016","unstructured":"Levin J, Kurz A, Arzberger T, Giese A, H\u00f6glinger GU (2016) The differential diagnosis and treatment of atypical parkinsonism. Dtsch Arztebl Int 113:61. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3238\/arztebl.2016.0061","journal-title":"Dtsch Arztebl Int"},{"key":"7149_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2011.03.005","volume":"7","author":"GM McKhann","year":"2011","unstructured":"McKhann GM, Knopman DS, Chertkow H, Hyman BT, Jack CR Jr, Kawas CH et al (2011) The diagnosis of dementia due to Alzheimer\u2019s disease: Recommendations from the National Institute on Aging-Alzheimer\u2019s Association workgroups on diagnostic guidelines for Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Alzheimer\u2019s Dement 7:263\u2013269. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jalz.2011.03.005","journal-title":"Alzheimer's Dement"},{"key":"7149_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1863","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000187889.17253.b1","volume":"65","author":"IG McKeith","year":"2005","unstructured":"McKeith IG, Dickson DW, Lowe J, Emre M, O\u2019brien JT, Feldman H et al (2005) Diagnosis and management of dementia with Lewy bodies: third report of the DLB Consortium. Neurology 65:1863\u20131872. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1212\/01.wnl.0000187889.17253.b1","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"7149_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1469","DOI":"10.1007\/s10072-017-3001-y","volume":"38","author":"E Catrical\u00e0","year":"2017","unstructured":"Catrical\u00e0 E, Gobbi E, Battista P, Miozzo A, Polito C, Boschi V et al (2017) SAND: a Screening for Aphasia in NeuroDegeneration. Development and normative data. Neurol Sci 38:1469\u20131483. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10072-017-3001-y","journal-title":"Neurol Sci"},{"key":"7149_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2069","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awq129","volume":"133","author":"SM Wilson","year":"2010","unstructured":"Wilson SM, Henry ML, Besbris M, Ogar JM, Dronkers NF, Jarrold W et al (2010) Connected speech production in three variants of primary progressive aphasia. Brain 133:2069\u20132088. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/brain\/awq129","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"7149_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2016.00070","volume":"7","author":"G Arcara","year":"2016","unstructured":"Arcara G, Bambini V (2016) A test for the assessment of pragmatic abilities and cognitive substrates (APACS): Normative data and psychometric properties. Front Psychol 7:70. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2016.00070","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"key":"7149_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2017.00269","volume":"8","author":"V Boschi","year":"2017","unstructured":"Boschi V, Catricala E, Consonni M, Chesi C, Moro A, Cappa SF (2017) Connected speech in neurodegenerative language disorders: a review. Front Psychol 8:269. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2017.00269","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"key":"7149_CR37","unstructured":"Gilardone M, Monti A (2019) Afasiologia: Clinica, valutazione, trattamento. FrancoAngeli."},{"key":"7149_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcomdis.2014.06.008","volume":"51","author":"EA Strand","year":"2014","unstructured":"Strand EA, Duffy JR, Clark HM, Josephs K (2014) The Apraxia of Speech Rating Scale: a tool for diagnosis and description of apraxia of speech. J Commun Disord 51:43\u201350. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jcomdis.2014.06.008","journal-title":"J Commun Disord"},{"key":"7149_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/S0010-9452(08)70437-4","volume":"18","author":"C Luzzatti","year":"1994","unstructured":"Luzzatti C, Laiacona M, Allamano N, De Tanti A, Inzaghi MG, Lorenzi L (1994) An Italian test for the diagnosis of acquired writing disorders: construction principles and normative data. Ricerche di Psicologia 18:137\u2013160. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0010-9452(08)70437-4","journal-title":"Ricerche di Psicologia"},{"key":"7149_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"804","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2008.10.011","volume":"45","author":"M Laiacona","year":"2009","unstructured":"Laiacona M, Capitani E, Zonca G, Scola I, Saletta P, Luzzatti C (2009) Integration of lexical and sublexical processing in the spelling of regular words: a multiple single\u2013case study in Italian dysgraphic patients. Cortex 45:804\u2013815. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cortex.2008.10.011","journal-title":"Cortex"},{"key":"7149_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153331752091729","DOI":"10.1177\/1533317520917294","volume":"35","author":"C Luzzatti","year":"2020","unstructured":"Luzzatti C, Mauri I, Castiglioni S, Zuffi M, Spart\u00e0 C, Somalvico F et al (2020) Evaluating semantic knowledge through a semantic association task in individuals with dementia. Am J Alzheimer\u2019s Dis Other Dement 35:1533317520917294. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1533317520917294","journal-title":"Am J Alzheimer\u2019s Dis Other Dement"},{"key":"7149_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1080\/02643290244000266","volume":"20","author":"E Capitani","year":"2003","unstructured":"Capitani E, Laiacona M, Mahon B, Caramazza A (2003) What are the facts of semantic category-specific deficits? A critical review of the clinical evidence. Cogn Neuropsychol 20:213\u2013261. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/02643290244000266","journal-title":"Cogn Neuropsychol"},{"key":"7149_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2005.04.006","volume":"44","author":"D Crepaldi","year":"2006","unstructured":"Crepaldi D, Aggujaro S, Arduino LS, Zonca G, Ghirardi G, Inzaghi MG et al (2006) Noun\u2013verb dissociation in aphasia: the role of imageability and functional locus of the lesion. Neuropsychologia 44:73\u201389. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2005.04.006","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"7149_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101040","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroling.2021.101040","volume":"61","author":"EN Aiello","year":"2022","unstructured":"Aiello EN, Grosso M, Di Liberto A, Andriulo A, Buscone S, Caracciolo C et al (2022) Disembodying language: actionality does not account for verb processing deficits in Parkinson\u2019s disease. J Neurolinguistics 61:101040. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jneuroling.2021.101040","journal-title":"J Neurolinguistics"},{"key":"7149_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1080\/02687039808249453","volume":"12","author":"R Jonkers","year":"1998","unstructured":"Jonkers R, Bastiaanse R (1998) How selective are selective word class deficits? Two case studies of action and object naming. Aphasiology 12:245\u2013256. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/02687039808249453","journal-title":"Aphasiology"},{"key":"7149_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1016\/s1364-6613(03)00159-1","volume":"7","author":"A Caramazza","year":"2003","unstructured":"Caramazza A, Mahon BZ (2003) The organization of conceptual knowledge: the evidence from category-specific semantic deficits. Trends Cogn Sci 7:354\u2013361. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s1364-6613(03)00159-1","journal-title":"Trends Cogn Sci"},{"key":"7149_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/S0010-9452(78)80006-9","volume":"14","author":"E De Renzi","year":"1978","unstructured":"De Renzi E, Faglioni P (1978) Normative data and screening power of a shortened version of the Token Test. Cortex 14:41\u201349. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0010-9452(78)80006-9","journal-title":"Cortex"},{"key":"7149_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Rapcsak SZ, Beeson PM (2015) Neuroanatomical correlates of spelling and writing. In A. E. Hillis (Ed.),\u00a0The handbook of adult language disorders\u00a0(pp. 103\u2013132). Psychology Press. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4324\/9781315713557","DOI":"10.4324\/9781315713557"},{"key":"7149_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1097\/00011363-199611000-00003","volume":"17","author":"N Cowan","year":"1996","unstructured":"Cowan N (1996) Short-term memory, working memory, and their importance in language processing. Top Lang Disord 17:1\u201318","journal-title":"Top Lang Disord"},{"key":"7149_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"985","DOI":"10.1007\/s10072-021-05416-7","volume":"43","author":"F Pasotti","year":"2022","unstructured":"Pasotti F, De Luca G, Aiello EN, Gramegna C, Di Gangi M, Foderaro G et al (2022) A multi-component, adaptive Working Memory Assessment battery (WoMAB): validation and norms in an Italian population sample. Neurol Sci 43:985\u2013992. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10072-021-05416-7","journal-title":"Neurol Sci"},{"key":"7149_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"963164","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2022.963164","volume":"13","author":"EN Aiello","year":"2022","unstructured":"Aiello EN, Preti AN, Pucci V, Diana L, di San B, Pietro C, Difonzo T et al (2022) The Italian telephone-based Verbal Fluency Battery (t-VFB): standardization and preliminary evidence of clinical usability. Front Psycho 13:963164. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2022.963164","journal-title":"Front Psycho"},{"key":"7149_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.12197","volume":"17","author":"T Booth","year":"2021","unstructured":"Booth T, Murray A, Muniz-Terrera G (2021) Are we measuring the same thing? Psychometric and research considerations when adopting new testing modes in the time of COVID-19. Alzheimers Dement 17:251\u2013254. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/alz.12197","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement"},{"key":"7149_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1625","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-210088","volume":"81","author":"MB Hunter","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hunter MB, Jenkins N, Dolan C, Pullen H, Ritchie C, Muniz-Terrera G (2021) Reliability of telephone and videoconference methods of cognitive assessment in older adults with and without dementia. J Alzheimers Dis 81:1625\u20131647. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3233\/JAD-210088","journal-title":"J Alzheimers Dis"},{"key":"7149_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1059","DOI":"10.1007\/s10072-017-2919-4","volume":"38","author":"M Siciliano","year":"2017","unstructured":"Siciliano M, Trojano L, Trojsi F, Greco R, Santoro M, Basile G et al (2017) Edinburgh Cognitive and Behavioural ALS Screen (ECAS)-Italian version: regression based norms and equivalent scores. Neurol Sci 38:1059\u20131068. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10072-017-2919-4","journal-title":"Neurol Sci"},{"key":"7149_CR55","unstructured":"Capasso R, Miceli G (2001) Esame Neuropsicologico per l'Afasia: ENPA. Springer Science & Business Media."},{"key":"7149_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"699","DOI":"10.1007\/s40520-019-01250-2","volume":"32","author":"M Carpinelli Mazzi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Carpinelli Mazzi M, Iavarone A, Russo G, Musella C, Milan G, D\u2019Anna F et al (2020) Mini-Mental State Examination: new normative values on subjects in Southern Italy. Aging Clin Exp Res 32:699\u2013702. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40520-019-01250-2","journal-title":"Aging Clin Exp Res"},{"key":"7149_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.5395\/rde.2013.38.1.52","volume":"38","author":"HY Kim","year":"2013","unstructured":"Kim HY (2013) Statistical notes for clinical researchers: assessing normal distribution (2) using skewness and kurtosis. Restorat Dentistry Endodont 38:52\u201354. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5395\/rde.2013.38.1.52","journal-title":"Restorat Dentistry Endodont"},{"key":"7149_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1219","DOI":"10.1007\/s10072-021-05374-0","volume":"31","author":"E Capitani","year":"2017","unstructured":"Capitani E, Laiacona M (2017) Outer and inner tolerance limits: their usefulness for the construction of norms and the standardization of neuropsychological tests. Clin Neuropsychol 31:1219\u20131230. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10072-021-05374-0","journal-title":"Clin Neuropsychol"},{"key":"7149_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"961","DOI":"10.1007\/s10072-021-05374-0","volume":"43","author":"EN Aiello","year":"2022","unstructured":"Aiello EN, Depaoli EG (2022) Norms and standardizations in neuropsychology via Equivalent Scores: software solutions and practical guides. Neurol Sci 43:961\u2013966. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10072-021-05374-0","journal-title":"Neurol Sci"},{"key":"7149_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1044\/1058-0360(2011\/10-0079)","volume":"20","author":"C Baylor","year":"2011","unstructured":"Baylor C, Hula W, Donovan NJ, Doyle PJ, Kendall D, Yorkston K (2011) An introduction to item response theory and Rasch models for speech-language pathologists. Am J Speech Lang Pathol 20:243\u2013259. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1044\/1058-0360(2011\/10-0079)","journal-title":"Am J Speech Lang Pathol"},{"key":"7149_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.21315\/eimj2017.9.3.8","volume":"9","author":"WN Arifin","year":"2017","unstructured":"Arifin WN, Yusoff MSB (2017) Item Response Theory for Medical Educationists. Educ Med J 9:69\u201381. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.21315\/eimj2017.9.3.8","journal-title":"Educ Med J"},{"key":"7149_CR62","first-page":"1","volume":"486","author":"RP Chalmers","year":"2012","unstructured":"Chalmers RP (2012) mirt: A multidimensional item response theory package for the R Environment. J Stat Soft 486:1\u201329","journal-title":"J Stat Soft"},{"key":"7149_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2681","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-012-6570-y","volume":"259","author":"JC Hobart","year":"2012","unstructured":"Hobart JC, Cano SJ, Warner TT, Thompson AJ (2012) What sample sizes for reliability and validity studies in neurology? J Neurol 259:2681\u20132694. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00415-012-6570-y","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"key":"7149_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2207","DOI":"10.4236\/psych.2018.98126","volume":"9","author":"TA Kyriazos","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kyriazos TA (2018) Applied psychometrics: sample size and sample power considerations in factor analysis (EFA, CFA) and SEM in general. Psychology 9:2207. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4236\/psych.2018.98126","journal-title":"Psychology"},{"key":"7149_CR65","unstructured":"Champely S, Ekstrom C, Dalgaard P, Gill J, Weibelzahl S, Anandkumar A et al (2022) Package \u2018pwr\u2019. Retrieved October 17, 2022 from https:\/\/cran.r-project.org\/web\/packages\/pwr\/pwr.pdf"},{"key":"7149_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.2214\/ajr.184.2.01840364","volume":"184","author":"NA Obuchowski","year":"2005","unstructured":"Obuchowski NA (2005) ROC analysis. Am J Roentgenol 184:364\u2013372. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2214\/ajr.184.2.01840364","journal-title":"Am J Roentgenol"},{"key":"7149_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.32614\/RJ-2016-042","volume":"8","author":"D Goksuluk","year":"2016","unstructured":"Goksuluk D, Korkmaz S, Zararsiz G, Karaagaoglu AE (2016) easyROC: an interactive web-tool for ROC curve analysis using R language environment. R J 8:213","journal-title":"R J"},{"key":"7149_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"821","DOI":"10.1007\/s10072-021-05683-4","volume":"43","author":"EN Aiello","year":"2022","unstructured":"Aiello EN, Rimoldi S, Bolognini N, Appollonio IM, Arcara G (2022) Psychometrics and diagnostics of Italian cognitive screening test: a systematic review. Neurol Sci 43:821\u2013845. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10072-021-05683-4","journal-title":"Neurol Sci"},{"key":"7149_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0223621","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0223621","volume":"14","author":"M Picillo","year":"2019","unstructured":"Picillo M, Cuoco S, Carotenuto I, Abate F, Erro R, Volpe G et al (2019) Clinical use of SAND battery to evaluate language in patients with progressive supranuclear palsy. PLoS One 14:e0223621. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0223621","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"7149_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1195","DOI":"10.1007\/s00702-021-02372-6","volume":"128","author":"S Cuoco","year":"2021","unstructured":"Cuoco S, Picillo M, Carotenuto I, Erro R, Catrical\u00e0 E, Cappa S et al (2021) The language profile in multiple system atrophy: an exploratory study. J Neural Transm 128:1195\u20131203. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00702-021-02372-6","journal-title":"J Neural Transm"},{"key":"7149_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2022.05.002","volume":"117","author":"S Mazzeo","year":"2022","unstructured":"Mazzeo S, Polito C, Lassi M, Bagnoli S, Mattei M, Padiglioni S et al (2022) Loss of speech and functional impairment in Alzheimer\u2019s disease-related primary progressive aphasia: predictive factors of decline. Neurobiol Aging 117:59\u201370. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2022.05.002","journal-title":"Neurobiol Aging"},{"key":"7149_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1080\/23279095.2015.1004574","volume":"23","author":"DM Whiteside","year":"2016","unstructured":"Whiteside DM, Kealey T, Semla M, Luu H, Rice L et al (2016) Verbal fluency: language or executive function measure? Appl Neuropsychol Adult 23:29\u201334. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/23279095.2015.1004574","journal-title":"Appl Neuropsychol Adult"},{"key":"7149_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1080\/23279095.2018.1439830","volume":"26","author":"SL Aita","year":"2018","unstructured":"Aita SL, Beach JD, Taylor SE, Borgogna NC, Harrell MN, Hill BD (2018) Executive, language, or both? An examination of the construct validity of verbal fluency measures. Appl Neuropsychol Adult 26:441\u2013451. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/23279095.2018.1439830","journal-title":"Appl Neuropsychol Adult"},{"key":"7149_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1259","DOI":"10.1007\/s40520-021-02041-4","volume":"34","author":"EN Aiello","year":"2022","unstructured":"Aiello EN, Esposito A, Pucci V, Mondini S, Bolognini N, Appollonio I (2022) Italian telephone-based Mini-Mental State Examination (Itel-MMSE): item-level psychometric properties. Aging Clin Exp Res 34:1259\u20131265. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40520-021-02041-4","journal-title":"Aging Clin Exp Res"},{"key":"7149_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-0277(87)90014-X","volume":"26","author":"A Caramazza","year":"1987","unstructured":"Caramazza A, Miceli G, Villa G, Romani C (1987) The role of the graphemic buffer in spelling: evidence from a case of acquired dysgraphia. Cognition 26:59\u201385. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0010-0277(87)90014-X","journal-title":"Cognition"},{"key":"7149_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1006\/brln.2001.2598","volume":"80","author":"M Miozzo","year":"2002","unstructured":"Miozzo M, De Bastiani P (2002) The organization of letter-form representations in written spelling: evidence from acquired dysgraphia. Brain Lang 80:366\u2013392. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1006\/brln.2001.2598","journal-title":"Brain Lang"},{"key":"7149_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1006\/brln.1996.0081","volume":"54","author":"B Croisile","year":"1996","unstructured":"Croisile B, Brabant MJ, Carmoi T, Lepage Y, Aimard G, Trillet M (1996) Comparison between oral and written spelling in Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Brain Lang 54:361\u2013387. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1006\/brln.1996.0081","journal-title":"Brain Lang"},{"key":"7149_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/0028-3932(76)90009-9","volume":"14","author":"R Lesser","year":"1976","unstructured":"Lesser R (1976) Verbal and non-verbal memory components in the Token Test. Neuropsychologia 14:79\u201385. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0028-3932(76)90009-9","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"7149_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"494","DOI":"10.3390\/bs12120494","volume":"12","author":"B Basagni","year":"2022","unstructured":"Basagni B, Pancani S, Pellicciari L, Gemignani P, Salvadori E, Marignani S et al (2022) Extra-linguistic cognitive functions involved in the token test: results from a cohort of non-aphasic stroke patients with right hemisphere lesion. Behav Sci 12:494. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/bs12120494","journal-title":"Behav Sci"},{"key":"7149_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"658","DOI":"10.1080\/02687038.2022.2037501","volume":"37","author":"C Luzzatti","year":"2023","unstructured":"Luzzatti C, De Bleser R, Scola I, Frustaci M, Willmes K (2023) Update on the psychometric properties for the Italian version of the Aachen Aphasia Test (IT-AAT). Aphasiology 37:658\u2013695. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/02687038.2022.2037501","journal-title":"Aphasiology"}],"container-title":["Neurological Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10072-023-07149-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10072-023-07149-1\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10072-023-07149-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,16]],"date-time":"2024-04-16T04:36:31Z","timestamp":1713242191000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10072-023-07149-1"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,27]]},"references-count":80,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,5]]}},"alternative-id":["7149"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10072-023-07149-1","relation":{},"ISSN":["1590-1874","1590-3478"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1590-1874","type":"print"},{"value":"1590-3478","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,27]]},"assertion":[{"value":"27 March 2023","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"19 October 2023","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"27 November 2023","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"This study received approval by the Ethical Committees of the University of Milano-Bicocca, Milano (ID: RM-2021\u2013382, 19\/02\/2021), the University of Padova, Padova (ID: 4107, 19\/02\/2021) and IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milano (ID: 25C122, 18\/05\/2021). Participants provided their informed consent.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"E.N.A., L.D., N.B., and I.A. have edited the official manual of the Italian version of the Telephone Interview for Cognitive Status (TICS) on behalf of Giunti Psychometrics and perceive royalties from Giunti Psychometrics when such a manual is purchased. Giunti Psychometrics holds the copyright of the Italian TICS. Remaining authors have nothing to declare.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}]}}