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A randomized control trial was adopted in people with episodic migraine without aura. Some neurophysiological and clinical outcomes were collected (t0): resting motor threshold (rMT), short intracortical inhibition (SICI) and facilitation (ICF), pressure pain threshold (PPT), trail making test (TMT), frontal assessment battery (FAB), headache-related disability (MIDAS) and headache parameters. Then, participants were randomized into three groups: active exercise only (n\u2009=\u200910), cognitive task only (n\u2009=\u200910) and dual task protocol (n\u2009=\u200910). After 3\u00a0months of each treatment and after 1-month follow-up the same neurophysiological and clinical outcomes were revaluated. A significant time x group effect was only found for the trapezius muscle (p\u2009=\u20090.012, p\u03b72\u2009=\u20090.210), suggesting that PPT increased significantly only in active exercise and dual task protocol groups. A significant time effect was found for rMT (p\u2009&lt;\u20090.001, p\u03b72\u2009=\u20090.473), MIDAS (p\u2009&lt;\u20090.001, p\u03b72\u2009=\u20090.426), TMT (p\u2009&lt;\u20090.001, p\u03b72\u2009=\u20090.338) and FAB (p\u2009&lt;\u20090.001, p\u03b72\u2009=\u20090.462). A repeated measures ANOVA for SICI at 3\u00a0ms highlighted a statistically significant time effect for the dual task group (p\u2009&lt;\u20090.001, p\u03b72\u2009=\u20090.629), but not for the active exercises group (p\u2009=\u20090.565, p\u03b72\u2009=\u20090.061), and for the cognitive training (p\u2009=\u20090.357, p\u03b72\u2009=\u20090.108). The dual task protocol seems to have a more evident effect on both habituation and sensitization outcomes than the two monotherapies taken alone in people with migraine.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10072-024-07611-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,29]],"date-time":"2024-05-29T03:47:34Z","timestamp":1716954454000},"page":"4015-4026","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Efficacy of a dual task protocol on neurophysiological and clinical outcomes in migraine: a randomized control trial"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"45","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6150-6887","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Manuela","family":"Deodato","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antonio","family":"Granato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alex","family":"Buoite Stella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Miriam","family":"Martini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Enrico","family":"Marchetti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ilaria","family":"Lise","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alessandra","family":"Galmonte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luigi","family":"Murena","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paolo","family":"Manganotti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"7611_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Agosti R (2018) Migraine Burden of Disease: From the Patient\u2019s Experience to a Socio-Economic View. 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