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This study aims to assess the effectiveness of rTMS for HSP through a systematic review and meta-analysis.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Four databases were searched with the keywords \u201crTMS\u201d and \u201cHSP\u201d. Adults aged 18 years and older with post-stroke HSP were included. The primary outcomes were pain scores and upper limb function scores, and the secondary outcomewas the incidence of adverse events. The risk of bias was assessed through the ROB tool in Review Manager 5.4.1, and statistical analysis was primarily conducted through this software.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>A total of 52 articles were identified from PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, and CNKI. Following literature screening, 11 studies were included in the analysis. The quality of the included studies was moderate.The studies encompassed 584 patients with post-stroke HSP and their average age was 62. The analysis revealed that rTMSwas significantly more effective in relieving pain compared to the control group (SMD = -1.14, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.01), and low-frequency rTMSwas superior to high-frequency rTMS. In terms of improving upper limb function, rTMSwas also significantly more efficacious compared to the control group (SMD\u2009=\u20092.20, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.01), and low-frequency and high-intensity rTMSwere more beneficial.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>This study highlights the potential efficacy of rTMS. However, the heterogeneity among included studies, limited sample sizes, and lack of long-term follow-up data restrict the generalizability of the results.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10072-024-07961-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,2]],"date-time":"2025-01-02T05:57:03Z","timestamp":1735797423000},"page":"2007-2017","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Systematic review of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation for post-stroke hemiplegic shoulder pain"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"46","author":[{"given":"Zhenchao","family":"Ma","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huijuan","family":"Pan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ranran","family":"Bi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhenhua","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Weichen","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-8588-3723","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ping","family":"Wan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,2]]},"reference":[{"issue":"10100","key":"7961_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1260","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140-6736(17)32130-x","volume":"390","author":"GDH Collaborators","year":"2017","unstructured":"Collaborators GDH (2017) Global, regional, and national disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) for 333 diseases and injuries and healthy life expectancy (HALE) for 195 countries and territories, 1990\u20132016: a systematic analysis for the global burden of Disease Study 2016. 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