{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]],"date-time":"2026-06-04T12:35:18Z","timestamp":1780576518722,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,13]],"date-time":"2025-03-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1741824000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,13]],"date-time":"2025-03-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1741824000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005758","name":"Universit\u00e0 Politecnica delle Marche","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005758","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Neurol Sci"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>The effectiveness of deep brain stimulation (DBS) for Parkinson\u2019s disease (PD) depends on implantation accuracy. DBS initially employed a stereotactic frame (frame-based, FB), but technological advancements led to the development of less invasive methods based on fiducial markers (F\u2009+\u2009F) or intraoperative imaging (F-F). This study compares the accuracy and efficacy of three DBS-STN implantation techniques.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>This retrospective study involved 18 patients with PD who underwent bilateral STN DBS between 2018 and 2023. Patients were divided into three groups: FB (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20096), F\u2009+\u2009F (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20097), and F-F (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20095). Postoperative CT and preoperative MRI fusion were used to evaluate electrode accuracy via deviations from planned targets in x, y, z axes, and calculate the radial error (RE) and vector error (VE). We analyzed Unified Parkinson\u2019s Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS) III scores in four \u201con\/off medication-stimulation\u201d combinations, LEDD, and disease stage before DBS, and 3 and 12 months post-DBS.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>No statistically significant differences were observed between the three methods in|\u0394x| (FB\u2009=\u20091.30\u2009\u00b1\u20090.91; F\u2009+\u2009F\u2009=\u20091.05\u2009\u00b1\u20090.93; F-F\u2009=\u20091.33\u2009\u00b1\u20091.09\u00a0mm),|\u0394y| (FB\u2009=\u20090.95\u2009\u00b1\u20090.98; F\u2009+\u2009F\u2009=\u20091.11\u2009\u00b1\u20091.17; F-F\u2009=\u20091.28\u2009\u00b1\u20091.14\u00a0mm), RE (FB\u2009=\u20091.82\u2009\u00b1\u20090.29; F\u2009+\u2009F\u2009=\u20091,71\u2009\u00b1\u20090,36; F-F\u2009=\u20091,91\u2009\u00b1\u20091,49\u00a0mm) and VE (FB\u2009=\u20093,14\u2009\u00b1\u20090,35\u00a0mm; F\u2009+\u2009F\u2009=\u20094,92\u2009\u00b1\u20090,54\u00a0mm; F-F\u2009=\u20094,42\u2009\u00b1\u20091,22\u00a0mm). All groups demonstrated significant UPDRS III (&gt;\u200950%) and LEDD reduction (&gt;\u200940%) at 12 months, with no intergroup differences.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>The study concludes that all three techniques provide equivalent accuracy and clinical efficacy. Centers should select DBS-STN methods based on available resources and expertise.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10072-025-08102-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,13]],"date-time":"2025-03-13T06:30:25Z","timestamp":1741847425000},"page":"2675-2685","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Deep brain stimulation in Parkinson\u2019s disease: a comparison of accuracy and clinical outcomes of frame-based, frameless and frameless fiducial-less techniques"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"46","author":[{"given":"Riccardo Antonio","family":"Ricciuti","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6354-3278","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matteo Maria","family":"Ottaviani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fabrizio","family":"Mancini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Massimo","family":"Marano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniele","family":"Marruzzo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francesca","family":"Barbieri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Riccardo","family":"Paracino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pierfrancesco","family":"De Domenico","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Serena","family":"Pagano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vincenzo","family":"Di Lazzaro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mauro","family":"Dobran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"8102_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cger.2019.08.002","volume":"36","author":"DK Simon","year":"2020","unstructured":"Simon DK, Tanner CM, Brundin P (2020) Parkinson disease epidemiology, pathology, genetics, and pathophysiology. 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