{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T19:14:20Z","timestamp":1790795660237,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,13]],"date-time":"2025-05-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1747094400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,13]],"date-time":"2025-05-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1747094400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Neurol Sci"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,8]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s10072-025-08142-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,13]],"date-time":"2025-05-13T02:14:56Z","timestamp":1747102496000},"page":"3765-3773","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Predictive factors for the progression of multiple sclerosis: a meta-analysis"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"46","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-6509-0341","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yun","family":"Huang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"8142_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.26858","volume":"325","author":"MP McGinley","year":"2021","unstructured":"McGinley MP, Goldschmidt CH, Rae-Grant AD (2021) Diagnosis and treatment of multiple sclerosis: A review. JAMA 325:765\u2013779","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"8142_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jgr.2020.09.001","volume":"45","author":"MJ Lee","year":"2021","unstructured":"Lee MJ, Choi JH, Oh J et al (2021) Rg3-enriched Korean red ginseng extract inhibits blood-brain barrier disruption in an animal model of multiple sclerosis by modulating expression of NADPH oxidase 2 and 4. J Ginseng Res 45:433\u2013441","journal-title":"J Ginseng Res"},{"key":"8142_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-020-02204-z","volume":"140","author":"S Torke","year":"2020","unstructured":"Torke S, Pretzsch R, Hausler D et al (2020) Inhibition of Bruton\u2019s tyrosine kinase interferes with pathogenic B-cell development in inflammatory CNS demyelinating disease. Acta Neuropathol 140:535\u2013548","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol"},{"key":"8142_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2019.08.008","volume":"107","author":"MK Sen","year":"2019","unstructured":"Sen MK, Mahns DA, Coorssen JR, Shortland PJ (2019) Behavioural phenotypes in the Cuprizone model of central nervous system demyelination. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 107:23\u201346","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev"},{"key":"8142_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0038-1649502","volume":"38","author":"BI Yamout","year":"2018","unstructured":"Yamout BI, Alroughani R (2018) Multiple sclerosis. Semin Neurol 38:212\u2013225","journal-title":"Semin Neurol"},{"key":"8142_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kantarci OH, Zeydan B, Atkinson EJ, Conway BL, Castrillo-Viguera C, Rodriguez M (2020) Relapse recovery: the forgotten variable in multiple sclerosis clinical trials. Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm 7","DOI":"10.1212\/NXI.0000000000000653"},{"key":"8142_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Klineova S, Lublin FD (2018) Clinical course of multiple sclerosis. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 8","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a028928"},{"key":"8142_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e066335","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2022-066335","volume":"12","author":"M Li","year":"2022","unstructured":"Li M, Zhou N, Duan S, Zhong H, Jiang R, Yuan N (2022) Burden and trends of multiple sclerosis in China from 1990 to 2019: a systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study 2019. BMJ Open 12:e066335","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"8142_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1007\/s40141-022-00359-2","volume":"10","author":"HC Appleberry","year":"2022","unstructured":"Appleberry HC, Shin RK (2022) Multiple sclerosis management: current clinical approaches to Disease-Modifying therapy. Curr Phys Med Rehabilitation Rep 10:140\u2013144","journal-title":"Curr Phys Med Rehabilitation Rep"},{"key":"8142_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"924","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458519848090","volume":"26","author":"K Ahrweiller","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ahrweiller K, Rousseau C, Le Page E et al (2020) Decreasing impact of late relapses on disability worsening in secondary progressive multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler 26:924\u2013935","journal-title":"Mult Scler"},{"key":"8142_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"831","DOI":"10.3109\/00207454.2014.976641","volume":"125","author":"RA Alroughani","year":"2015","unstructured":"Alroughani RA, Akhtar S, Ahmed SF, Al-Hashel JY (2015) Clinical predictors of disease progression in multiple sclerosis patients with relapsing onset in a nation-wide cohort. Int J Neurosci 125:831\u2013837","journal-title":"Int J Neurosci"},{"key":"8142_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103115","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2021.103115","volume":"54","author":"M Barzegar","year":"2021","unstructured":"Barzegar M, Najdaghi S, Afshari-Safavi A, Nehzat N, Mirmosayyeb O, Shaygannejad V (2021) Early predictors of conversion to secondary progressive multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler Relat Disord 54:103115","journal-title":"Mult Scler Relat Disord"},{"key":"8142_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458519868990","volume":"26","author":"A Fambiatos","year":"2020","unstructured":"Fambiatos A, Jokubaitis V, Horakova D et al (2020) Risk of secondary progressive multiple sclerosis: A longitudinal study. Mult Scler 26:79\u201390","journal-title":"Mult Scler"},{"key":"8142_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1186\/s12883-023-03109-6","volume":"23","author":"HS Hosny","year":"2023","unstructured":"Hosny HS, Shehata HS, Ahmed S, Ramadan I, Abdo SS, Fouad AM (2023) Predictors of severity and outcome of multiple sclerosis relapses. BMC Neurol 23:67","journal-title":"BMC Neurol"},{"key":"8142_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3609","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awt281","volume":"136","author":"T Kalincik","year":"2013","unstructured":"Kalincik T, Vivek V, Jokubaitis V et al (2013) Sex as a determinant of relapse incidence and progressive course of multiple sclerosis. Brain 136:3609\u20133617","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"8142_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"799","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458508089361","volume":"14","author":"M Koch","year":"2008","unstructured":"Koch M, Uyttenboogaart M, van Harten A, De Keyser J (2008) Factors associated with the risk of secondary progression in multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler 14:799\u2013803","journal-title":"Mult Scler"},{"key":"8142_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2328","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-020-09850-z","volume":"267","author":"E Misicka","year":"2020","unstructured":"Misicka E, Sept C, Briggs FBS (2020) Predicting onset of secondary-progressive multiple sclerosis using genetic and non-genetic factors. J Neurol 267:2328\u20132339","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"key":"8142_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2796","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awac111","volume":"145","author":"E Portaccio","year":"2022","unstructured":"Portaccio E, Bellinvia A, Fonderico M et al (2022) Progression is independent of relapse activity in early multiple sclerosis: a real-life cohort study. Brain 145:2796\u20132805","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"8142_CR19","first-page":"205521732311670","volume":"9","author":"A Salter","year":"2023","unstructured":"Salter A, Keenan A, Le HH et al (2023) Severity and worsening of fatigue among individuals with multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler J Exp Transl Clin 9:20552173231167079","journal-title":"Mult Scler J Exp Transl Clin"},{"key":"8142_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"779","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000256732.36565.4a","volume":"68","author":"B Stankoff","year":"2007","unstructured":"Stankoff B, Mrejen S, Tourbah A et al (2007) Age at onset determines the occurrence of the progressive phase of multiple sclerosis. Neurology 68:779\u2013781","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"8142_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1306","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458518790397","volume":"25","author":"V Tomassini","year":"2019","unstructured":"Tomassini V, Fanelli F, Prosperini L, Cerqua R, Cavalla P, Pozzilli C (2019) Predicting the profile of increasing disability in multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler 25:1306\u20131315","journal-title":"Mult Scler"},{"key":"8142_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101520","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2019.101520","volume":"38","author":"A Vural","year":"2020","unstructured":"Vural A, Derle E, Sayat-Gurel G, Karabudak R, Tuncer A (2020) Predictors of progression in primary progressive multiple sclerosis in a large Turkish cohort. Mult Scler Relat Disord 38:101520","journal-title":"Mult Scler Relat Disord"},{"key":"8142_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e58","DOI":"10.1212\/CPJ.0000000000001177","volume":"12","author":"Y Zhang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zhang Y, Cofield S, Cutter G, Krieger S, Wolinsky JS, Lublin F (2022) Predictors of disease activity and worsening in Relapsing-Remitting multiple sclerosis. Neurol Clin Pract 12:e58\u2013e65","journal-title":"Neurol Clin Pract"},{"key":"8142_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1102","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458518783667","volume":"25","author":"A Manouchehrinia","year":"2019","unstructured":"Manouchehrinia A, Zhu F, Piani-Meier D et al (2019) Predicting risk of secondary progression in multiple sclerosis: A nomogram. Mult Scler 25:1102\u20131112","journal-title":"Mult Scler"},{"key":"8142_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2019.01.045","volume":"30","author":"FBS Briggs","year":"2019","unstructured":"Briggs FBS, Thompson NR, Conway DS (2019) Prognostic factors of disability in relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler Relat Disord 30:9\u201316","journal-title":"Mult Scler Relat Disord"},{"key":"8142_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"770","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awg081","volume":"126","author":"C Confavreux","year":"2003","unstructured":"Confavreux C, Vukusic S, Adeleine P (2003) Early clinical predictors and progression of irreversible disability in multiple sclerosis: an amnesic process. Brain 126:770\u2013782","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"8142_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1616","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e3181c1e44f","volume":"73","author":"H Tremlett","year":"2009","unstructured":"Tremlett H, Yousefi M, Devonshire V, Rieckmann P, Zhao Y, Neurologists UBC (2009) Impact of multiple sclerosis relapses on progression diminishes with time. Neurology 73:1616\u20131623","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"8142_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.25463","volume":"85","author":"SFMSET University of California","year":"2019","unstructured":"University of California SFMSET, Cree BAC, Hollenbach JA et al (2019) Silent progression in disease activity-free relapsing multiple sclerosis. Ann Neurol 85:653\u2013666","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"8142_CR29","first-page":"205521731666640","volume":"2","author":"AL Traboulsee","year":"2016","unstructured":"Traboulsee AL, Cornelisse feminine P, Sandberg-Wollheim M et al (2016) Prognostic factors for long-term outcomes in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler J Exp Transl Clin 2:2055217316666406","journal-title":"Mult Scler J Exp Transl Clin"}],"container-title":["Neurological Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10072-025-08142-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10072-025-08142-6\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10072-025-08142-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,6]],"date-time":"2025-09-06T14:41:04Z","timestamp":1757169664000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10072-025-08142-6"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,13]]},"references-count":29,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,8]]}},"alternative-id":["8142"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10072-025-08142-6","relation":{},"ISSN":["1590-1874","1590-3478"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1590-1874","type":"print"},{"value":"1590-3478","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,13]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2 February 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"21 March 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"13 May 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors have declared that no competing financial interests or personal relationships exists in this paper.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}]}}