{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T07:35:32Z","timestamp":1791876932839,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,16]],"date-time":"2025-04-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1744761600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,16]],"date-time":"2025-04-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1744761600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008252","name":"Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Udine","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008252","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Neurol Sci"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Parkinson\u2019s disease is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder that causes significant motor function limitations, substantially impacting the quality of life of affected individuals and their caregivers. While the currently available pharmacological therapy with levodopa can alleviate symptoms, identifying a treatment that achieves similar results with fewer adverse effects would be highly beneficial. Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation is a non-invasive stimulation of brain tissue that generates a magnetic field to modulate cortical excitability. To date, it has primarily been validated for the treatment of psychiatric conditions, but it is increasingly being used in the management of movement disorders.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Although several systematic reviews with meta-analysis have been conducted on this topic, discrepancies remain in their findings. To address these inconsistencies, we conducted this overview of systematic reviews with meta-analyses to synthesise the available evidence and provide a comprehensive summary that can guide clinicians in their practice.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Evidence from 21 systematic reviews with meta-analyses, including 107 unique primary studies, suggests, with low to moderate certainty, that high-frequency stimulation of the primary and supplementary motor cortex significantly improves general motor impairment, gait, functional mobility, and balance in patients with Parkinson\u2019s disease, with minimal side effects. Other stimulation parameters, such as a higher number of sessions, a greater number of pulses per session, and the use of the F8 coil type, appear to enhance these effects. However, further research is needed to strengthen these findings. Currently, definitive conclusions cannot be drawn regarding the influence of patient characteristics on treatment outcomes.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10072-025-08189-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,16]],"date-time":"2025-04-16T00:25:31Z","timestamp":1744763131000},"page":"3405-3418","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["The effects of transcranial magnetic stimulation in motor symptoms of Parkinson\u2019s disease: an overview of systematic reviews with meta-analysis"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"46","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-0526-742X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniele","family":"Conte","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-0128-8130","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna","family":"Roman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yvonne","family":"Beorchia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-0657-1650","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chiara","family":"Pinzini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8775-2640","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luigi","family":"Castriotta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6077-1315","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mariarosaria","family":"Valente","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"8189_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/1720621","volume":"2016","author":"L Xu","year":"2016","unstructured":"Xu L, Pu J (2016) Alpha-synuclein in Parkinson\u2019s disease: from pathogenetic dysfunction to potential clinical application. Parkinson\u2019s Disease 2016:1\u201310. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2016\/1720621","journal-title":"Parkinson\u2019s Disease"},{"key":"8189_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.14108","volume":"27","author":"R Balestrino","year":"2020","unstructured":"Balestrino R, Schapira AHV (2020) Parkinson disease. Euro J Neurol 27:27\u201342. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/ene.14108","journal-title":"Euro J Neurol"},{"key":"8189_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.2007.131045","volume":"79","author":"J Jankovic","year":"2008","unstructured":"Jankovic J (2008) Parkinson\u2019s disease: clinical features and diagnosis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 79:368\u2013376. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/jnnp.2007.131045","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"8189_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"955","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2016.06.012","volume":"34","author":"A Lee","year":"2016","unstructured":"Lee A, Gilbert RM (2016) Epidemiology of Parkinson disease. Neurol Clin 34:955\u2013965. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ncl.2016.06.012","journal-title":"Neurol Clin"},{"key":"8189_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"939","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(18)30295-3","volume":"17","author":"ER Dorsey","year":"2018","unstructured":"Dorsey ER, Elbaz A, Nichols E, Abbasi N, Abd-Allah F, Abdelalim A et al (2018) Global, regional, and national burden of Parkinson\u2019s disease, 1990\u20132016: a systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study 2016. Lancet Neurol 17:939\u2013953. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S1474-4422(18)30295-3","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"8189_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"930","DOI":"10.1089\/jpm.2016.0325","volume":"20","author":"I Boersma","year":"2017","unstructured":"Boersma I, Jones J, Coughlan C, Carter J, Bekelman D, Miyasaki J et al (2017) Palliative care and Parkinson\u2019s disease: caregiver perspectives. J Palliat Med 20:930\u2013938. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/jpm.2016.0325","journal-title":"J Palliat Med"},{"key":"8189_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.2169\/internalmedicine.8940-21","volume":"62","author":"H Murakami","year":"2023","unstructured":"Murakami H, Shiraishi T, Umehara T, Omoto S, Iguchi Y (2023) Recent advances in drug therapy for Parkinson\u2019s disease. Intern Med 62:33\u201342. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2169\/internalmedicine.8940-21","journal-title":"Intern Med"},{"key":"8189_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"942","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000012868","volume":"97","author":"T Pringsheim","year":"2021","unstructured":"Pringsheim T, Day GS, Smith DB, Rae-Grant A, Licking N, Armstrong MJ et al (2021) Dopaminergic therapy for motor symptoms in early Parkinson disease practice guideline summary: a report of the AAN guideline subcommittee. Neurology 97:942\u2013957. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1212\/WNL.0000000000012868","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"8189_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1017\/cjn.2021.158","volume":"49","author":"A Bhattacharya","year":"2022","unstructured":"Bhattacharya A, Mrudula K, Sreepada SS, Sathyaprabha TN, Pal PK, Chen R et al (2022) An overview of noninvasive brain stimulation: basic principles and clinical applications. Can J Neurol Sci 49:479\u2013492. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/cjn.2021.158","journal-title":"Can J Neurol Sci"},{"key":"8189_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rehab.2015.05.005","volume":"58","author":"W Klomjai","year":"2015","unstructured":"Klomjai W, Katz R, Lackmy-Vall\u00e9e A (2015) Basic principles of transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) and repetitive TMS (rTMS). Annals Phys Rehabilitation Med 58:208\u2013213. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.rehab.2015.05.005","journal-title":"Annals Phys Rehabilitation Med"},{"key":"8189_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.20230879","volume":"181","author":"WM McDonald","year":"2024","unstructured":"McDonald WM, Theta Burst TMS, Technology (2024) Great promise and a lot to learn. AJP 181:14\u201315. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1176\/appi.ajp.20230879","journal-title":"AJP"},{"key":"8189_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2004.12.033","volume":"45","author":"Y-Z Huang","year":"2005","unstructured":"Huang Y-Z, Edwards MJ, Rounis E, Bhatia KP, Rothwell JC (2005) Theta burst stimulation of the human motor cortex. Neuron 45:201\u2013206. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neuron.2004.12.033","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"8189_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"474","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2019.11.002","volume":"131","author":"J-P Lefaucheur","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lefaucheur J-P, Aleman A, Baeken C, Benninger DH, Brunelin J, Di Lazzaro V et al (2020) Evidence-based guidelines on the therapeutic use of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS): an update (2014\u20132018). Clin Neurophysiol 131:474\u2013528. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.clinph.2019.11.002","journal-title":"Clin Neurophysiol"},{"key":"8189_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102220","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2023.102220","volume":"64","author":"S Bargeri","year":"2023","unstructured":"Bargeri S, Scalea S, Agosta F, Banfi G, Corbetta D, Filippi M et al (2023) Effectiveness and safety of virtual reality rehabilitation after stroke: an overview of systematic reviews. eClinicalMedicine 64:102220. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.eclinm.2023.102220","journal-title":"eClinicalMedicine"},{"key":"8189_CR15","unstructured":"Chapter V (2025) accessed January 14,: Overviews of Reviews n.d. https:\/\/training.cochrane.org\/handbook\/current\/chapter-v"},{"key":"8189_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1186\/s13643-019-1252-9","volume":"8","author":"M Pollock","year":"2019","unstructured":"Pollock M, Fernandes RM, Pieper D, Tricco AC, Gates M, Gates A et al (2019) Preferred reporting items for overviews of reviews (PRIOR): a protocol for development of a reporting guideline for overviews of reviews of healthcare interventions. Syst Rev 8:335. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13643-019-1252-9","journal-title":"Syst Rev"},{"key":"8189_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Gates M, Gates A, Pieper D, Fernandes RM, Tricco AC, Moher D et al (2022) Reporting guideline for overviews of reviews of healthcare interventions: development of the PRIOR statement. BMJ e070849. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmj-2022-070849","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj-2022-070849"},{"key":"8189_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1186\/s13643-024-02619-9","volume":"13","author":"C Forbes","year":"2024","unstructured":"Forbes C, Greenwood H, Carter M, Clark J (2024) Automation of duplicate record detection for systematic reviews: deduplicator. Syst Rev 13:206. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13643-024-02619-9","journal-title":"Syst Rev"},{"key":"8189_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2020.01.008","volume":"121","author":"J Clark","year":"2020","unstructured":"Clark J, Glasziou P, Del Mar C, Bannach-Brown A, Stehlik P, Scott AM (2020) A full systematic review was completed in 2 weeks using automation tools: a case study. J Clin Epidemiol 121:81\u201390. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2020.01.008","journal-title":"J Clin Epidemiol"},{"key":"8189_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1186\/s13643-016-0384-4","volume":"5","author":"M Ouzzani","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ouzzani M, Hammady H, Fedorowicz Z, Elmagarmid A (2016) Rayyan\u2014a web and mobile app for systematic reviews. Syst Rev 5:210. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13643-016-0384-4","journal-title":"Syst Rev"},{"key":"8189_CR21","unstructured":"Shea BJ, Reeves BC, Wells G, Thuku M, Hamel C, Moran J et al (2020) AMSTAR 2: Strumento per La valutazione critica Di revisioni Sistematiche Di trial randomizzati E\/o Di studi Non randomizzati sull\u2019efficacia Degli interventi sanitari. OPEN ACCESS 12"},{"key":"8189_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1002\/jrsm.1610","volume":"14","author":"KI Bougioukas","year":"2023","unstructured":"Bougioukas KI, Diakonidis T, Mavromanoli AC, Haidich A-B, ccaR (2023) A package for assessing primary study overlap across systematic reviews in overviews. Res Synth Methods 14:443\u2013454. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jrsm.1610","journal-title":"Res Synth Methods"},{"key":"8189_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2013.11.007","volume":"67","author":"D Pieper","year":"2014","unstructured":"Pieper D, Antoine S-L, Mathes T, Neugebauer EAM, Eikermann M (2014) Systematic review finds overlapping reviews were not mentioned in every other overview. J Clin Epidemiol 67:368\u2013375. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2013.11.007","journal-title":"J Clin Epidemiol"},{"key":"8189_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1007\/s11739-012-0846-1","volume":"7","author":"L Moja","year":"2012","unstructured":"Moja L, Fernandez Del Rio MP, Banzi R, Cusi C, D\u2019Amico R, Liberati A et al (2012) Multiple systematic reviews: methods for assessing discordances of results. Intern Emerg Med 7:563\u2013568. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11739-012-0846-1","journal-title":"Intern Emerg Med"},{"key":"8189_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2015.08.013","volume":"70","author":"A Pollock","year":"2016","unstructured":"Pollock A, Farmer SE, Brady MC, Langhorne P, Mead GE, Mehrholz J et al (2016) An algorithm was developed to assign GRADE levels of evidence to comparisons within systematic reviews. J Clin Epidemiol 70:106\u2013110. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2015.08.013","journal-title":"J Clin Epidemiol"},{"key":"8189_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2014.4380","volume":"72","author":"Y Chou","year":"2015","unstructured":"Chou Y, Hickey PT, Sundman M, Song AW, Chen N (2015) Effects of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation on motor symptoms in Parkinson disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Neurol 72:432. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamaneurol.2014.4380","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol"},{"key":"8189_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1751","DOI":"10.1007\/s10072-015-2345-4","volume":"36","author":"C-L Xie","year":"2015","unstructured":"Xie C-L, Chen J, Wang X-D, Pan J-L, Zhou Y, Lin S-Y et al (2015) Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) for the treatment of depression in Parkinson disease: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled clinical trials. Neurol Sci 36:1751\u20131761. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10072-015-2345-4","journal-title":"Neurol Sci"},{"key":"8189_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmrj.2015.08.009","volume":"8","author":"A Wagle Shukla","year":"2016","unstructured":"Wagle Shukla A, Shuster JJ, Chung JW, Vaillancourt DE, Patten C, Ostrem J et al (2016) Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) therapy in Parkinson disease: a Meta-Analysis. PM&R 8:356\u2013366. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pmrj.2015.08.009","journal-title":"PM&R"},{"key":"8189_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14840","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-13260-z","volume":"7","author":"AM Goodwill","year":"2017","unstructured":"Goodwill AM, Lum JAG, Hendy AM, Muthalib M, Johnson L, Albein-Urios N et al (2017) Using non-invasive transcranial stimulation to improve motor and cognitive function in Parkinson\u2019s disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sci Rep 7:14840. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-017-13260-z","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"8189_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1080\/00207454.2018.1495632","volume":"130","author":"W Hai-jiao","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hai-jiao W, Ge T, Li-na Z, Deng C, Da X, Shan-Shan C et al (2020) The efficacy of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation for Parkinson disease patients with depression. Int J Neurosci 130:19\u201327. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/00207454.2018.1495632","journal-title":"Int J Neurosci"},{"key":"8189_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1073310","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2022.1073310","volume":"14","author":"K Dong","year":"2023","unstructured":"Dong K, Zhu X, Xiao W, Gan C, Luo Y, Jiang M et al (2023) Comparative efficacy of transcranial magnetic stimulation on different targets in Parkinson\u2019s disease: a Bayesian network meta-analysis. Front Aging Neurosci 14:1073310. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnagi.2022.1073310","journal-title":"Front Aging Neurosci"},{"key":"8189_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1177\/15459683221095034","volume":"36","author":"R Li","year":"2022","unstructured":"Li R, He Y, Qin W, Zhang Z, Su J, Guan Q et al (2022) Effects of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation on motor symptoms in Parkinson\u2019s disease: a meta-analysis. Neurorehabil Neural Repair 36:395\u2013404. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/15459683221095034","journal-title":"Neurorehabil Neural Repair"},{"key":"8189_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101589","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2022.101589","volume":"52","author":"W Zhang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zhang W, Deng B, Xie F, Zhou H, Guo J-F, Jiang H et al (2022) Efficacy of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in Parkinson\u2019s disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. eClinicalMedicine 52:101589. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.eclinm.2022.101589","journal-title":"eClinicalMedicine"},{"key":"8189_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1065126","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2022.1065126","volume":"14","author":"X Zhang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zhang X, Jing F, Liu Y, Tang J, Hua X, Zhu J et al (2023) Effects of non-invasive brain stimulation on walking and balance ability in Parkinson\u2019s patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Aging Neurosci 14:1065126. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnagi.2022.1065126","journal-title":"Front Aging Neurosci"},{"key":"8189_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2016.03.017","volume":"9","author":"CL Chung","year":"2016","unstructured":"Chung CL, Mak MKY (2016) Effect of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation on physical function and motor signs in Parkinson\u2019s disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Brain Stimul 9:475\u2013487. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.brs.2016.03.017","journal-title":"Brain Stimul"},{"key":"8189_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e01132","DOI":"10.1002\/brb3.1132","volume":"8","author":"C Yang","year":"2018","unstructured":"Yang C, Guo Z, Peng H, Xing G, Chen H, McClure MA et al (2018) Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation therapy for motor recovery in Parkinson\u2019s disease: a meta-analysis. Brain Behav 8:e01132. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/brb3.1132","journal-title":"Brain Behav"},{"key":"8189_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1080\/00207454.2020.1744591","volume":"131","author":"J Chen","year":"2021","unstructured":"Chen J, He P, Zhang Y, Gao Y, Qiu Y, Li Y et al (2021) Non-pharmacological treatment for Parkinson disease patients with depression: a meta-analysis of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation and cognitive-behavioral treatment. Int J Neurosci 131:411\u2013424. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/00207454.2020.1744591","journal-title":"Int J Neurosci"},{"key":"8189_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1017\/neu.2014.43","volume":"27","author":"H Zhu","year":"2015","unstructured":"Zhu H, Lu Z, Jin Y, Duan X, Teng J, Duan D (2015) Low-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation on Parkinson motor function: a meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. Acta Neuropsychiatr 27:82\u201389. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/neu.2014.43","journal-title":"Acta Neuropsychiatr"},{"key":"8189_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1212640","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2023.1212640","volume":"17","author":"Y Qiu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Qiu Y, Yin Z, Wang M, Duan A, Xie M, Wu J et al (2023) Motor function improvement and acceptability of non-invasive brain stimulation in patients with Parkinson\u2019s disease: a Bayesian network analysis. Front Neurosci 17:1212640. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnins.2023.1212640","journal-title":"Front Neurosci"},{"key":"8189_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Qin B, Chen H, Gao W, Zhao L-B, Zhao M-J, Qin H-X, et al. (2018) Effectiveness of high-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in patients with depression and Parkinson\u2019s disease: a meta-analysis of randomized, controlled clinical trials. NDT 14:273\u201384. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2147\/NDT.S156695","DOI":"10.2147\/NDT.S156695"},{"key":"8189_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e34960","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000034960","volume":"102","author":"X Liu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Liu X, Li L, Liu Y (2023) Comparative motor effectiveness of non-invasive brain stimulation techniques in patients with Parkinson\u2019s disease: a network meta-analysis. Medicine 102:e34960. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/MD.0000000000034960","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"8189_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"762100","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2021.762100","volume":"12","author":"B Cheng","year":"2022","unstructured":"Cheng B, Zhu T, Zhao W, Sun L, Shen Y, Xiao W et al (2022) Effect of theta burst stimulation-patterned rTMS on motor and nonmotor dysfunction of Parkinson\u2019s disease: a systematic review and metaanalysis. Front Neurol 12:762100. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fneur.2021.762100","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"key":"8189_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2697","DOI":"10.1002\/brb3.2697","volume":"12","author":"S Deng","year":"2022","unstructured":"Deng S, Dong Z, Pan L, Liu Y, Ye Z, Qin L et al (2022) Effects of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation on gait disorders and cognitive dysfunction in Parkinson\u2019s disease: a systematic review with meta-analysis. Brain Behav 12:e2697. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/brb3.2697","journal-title":"Brain Behav"},{"key":"8189_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"jrm00256","DOI":"10.2340\/jrm.v53.1097","volume":"54","author":"S Krogh","year":"2022","unstructured":"Krogh S, J\u00f8nsson AB, Aagaard P, Kasch H (2022) Efficacy of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation for improving lower limb function in individuals with neurological disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized sham-controlled trials. JRM 54:jrm00256. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2340\/jrm.v53.1097","journal-title":"JRM"},{"key":"8189_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1304852","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2024.1304852","volume":"16","author":"Z Liu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Liu Z, Wen X, Xie X, Liu Y, Tan C, Kuang S et al (2024) The effects of transcranial magnetic stimulation for freezing of gait in Parkinson\u2019s disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Front Aging Neurosci 16:1304852. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnagi.2024.1304852","journal-title":"Front Aging Neurosci"},{"key":"8189_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2019.07.013","volume":"101","author":"Y-J Xie","year":"2020","unstructured":"Xie Y-J, Gao Q, He C-Q, Bian R (2020) Effect of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation on gait and freezing of gait in Parkinson disease: a systematic review and Meta-analysis. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 101:130\u2013140. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.apmr.2019.07.013","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"8189_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.1002\/mdc3.12632","volume":"5","author":"\u00c1 S\u00e1nchez-Ferro","year":"2018","unstructured":"S\u00e1nchez-Ferro \u00c1, Matarazzo M, Mart\u00ednez\u2010Mart\u00edn P, Mart\u00ednez\u2010\u00c1vila JC, De La G\u00f3mez A, Giancardo L et al (2018) Minimal clinically important difference for UPDRS\u2010III in daily practice. Mov Disord Clin Pract 5:448\u2013450. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mdc3.12632","journal-title":"Mov Disord Clin Pract"},{"key":"8189_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1525-1497.2002.11111.x","volume":"17","author":"M Man-Son-Hing","year":"2002","unstructured":"Man-Son-Hing M, Laupacis A, O\u2019Rourke K, Molnar FJ, Mahon J, Chan KBY et al (2002) Determination of the clinical importance of study results: a review. J Gen Intern Med 17:469\u2013476. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1046\/j.1525-1497.2002.11111.x","journal-title":"J Gen Intern Med"},{"key":"8189_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2023.07.012","volume":"95","author":"LM Oberman","year":"2024","unstructured":"Oberman LM, Benussi A (2024) Transcranial magnetic stimulation across the lifespan: impact of developmental and degenerative processes. Biol Psychiatry 95:581\u2013591. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.biopsych.2023.07.012","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"8189_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1038\/35018000","volume":"406","author":"M Hallett","year":"2000","unstructured":"Hallett M (2000) Transcranial magnetic stimulation and the human brain. Nature 406:147\u2013150. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/35018000","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"8189_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2012.02.005","volume":"6","author":"Z-D Deng","year":"2013","unstructured":"Deng Z-D, Lisanby SH, Peterchev AV (2013) Electric field depth\u2013focality tradeoff in transcranial magnetic stimulation: simulation comparison of 50 coil designs. Brain Stimul 6:1\u201313. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.brs.2012.02.005","journal-title":"Brain Stimul"},{"key":"8189_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.3233\/RNN-2010-0570","volume":"28","author":"T Platz","year":"2010","unstructured":"Platz T, Rothwell JC (2010) Brain stimulation and brain repair\u2013 rTMS: from animal experiment to clinical trials\u2013 what do we know? Restor Neurol Neurosci 28:387\u2013398. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3233\/RNN-2010-0570","journal-title":"Restor Neurol Neurosci"}],"container-title":["Neurological Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10072-025-08189-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10072-025-08189-5\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10072-025-08189-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,16]],"date-time":"2025-07-16T05:28:00Z","timestamp":1752643680000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10072-025-08189-5"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,16]]},"references-count":52,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,8]]}},"alternative-id":["8189"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10072-025-08189-5","relation":{},"ISSN":["1590-1874","1590-3478"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1590-1874","type":"print"},{"value":"1590-3478","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,16]]},"assertion":[{"value":"24 January 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"11 April 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"16 April 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"As this was a systematic review, ethical approval was not necessary.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval"}},{"value":"The authors have no conflict of interest to declare.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}]}}