{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,19]],"date-time":"2026-09-19T07:17:20Z","timestamp":1789802240492,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,19]],"date-time":"2025-09-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1758240000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,19]],"date-time":"2025-09-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1758240000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Neurol Sci"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s10072-025-08502-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,19]],"date-time":"2025-09-19T01:32:14Z","timestamp":1758245534000},"page":"5943-5953","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Stroke risk in cancer survivors: A meta-analysis and meta regression"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"46","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0623-8135","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francisco Cezar Aquino","family":"de Moraes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-8707-4823","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gustavo Tadeu Freitas Uch\u00f4a","family":"Matheus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7244-6461","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Eduarda Cavalcanti","family":"Souza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-3869-7373","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Artur Menegaz","family":"de Almeida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-6103-8420","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Oc\u00edlio de Deus da Rocha Ribeiro","family":"Gon\u00e7alves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-6756-3567","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna Lydia Machado","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-5608-5061","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lucas Bresciani","family":"Padilha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8117-2784","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francinny Alves","family":"Kelly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4872-234X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rommel Mario Rodr\u00edguez","family":"Burbano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"8502_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.4103\/0019-509X.200658","volume":"53","author":"PS Roy","year":"2016","unstructured":"Roy PS, Saikia BJ (2016) Cancer and cure: a critical analysis. Indian J Cancer 53:441\u2013442","journal-title":"Indian J Cancer"},{"key":"8502_CR2","first-page":"209","volume":"71","author":"H Sung","year":"2021","unstructured":"Sung H, Ferlay J, Siegel RL, Laversanne M, Soerjomataram I, Jemal A et al (2021) Global cancer statistics 2020: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries. CA Cancer J Clin 71:209\u2013249","journal-title":"CA Cancer J Clin"},{"key":"8502_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/j.soncn.2021.151176","volume":"37","author":"E Pituskin","year":"2021","unstructured":"Pituskin E, Joy AA, Fairchild A (2021) Advanced cancer as a chronic disease: introduction. Semin Oncol Nurs 37:151\u2013176","journal-title":"Semin Oncol Nurs"},{"key":"8502_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0241354","volume":"15","author":"M Schlueter","year":"2020","unstructured":"Schlueter M, Chan K, Lasry R, Price M (2020) The cost of cancer - a comparative analysis of the direct medical costs of cancer and other major chronic diseases in Europe. PLoS ONE 15:e0241354","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"8502_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1007\/s11912-019-0796-0","volume":"21","author":"L Vincent","year":"2019","unstructured":"Vincent L, Leedy D, Masri SC, Cheng RK (2019) Cardiovascular disease and cancer: is there increasing overlap? Curr Oncol Rep 21:47","journal-title":"Curr Oncol Rep"},{"key":"8502_CR6","first-page":"900","volume":"32","author":"CB Johnson","year":"2016","unstructured":"Johnson CB, Davis MK, Law A, Sulpher J (2016) Shared risk factors for cardiovascular disease and cancer: implications for preventive health and clinical care in oncology patients. Can J Cardiol 32:900\u2013907","journal-title":"Can J Cardiol"},{"key":"8502_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.thromres.2017.05.006","volume":"155","author":"T Fitzpatrick","year":"2017","unstructured":"Fitzpatrick T, Carrier M, Le Gal G (2017) Cancer, atrial fibrillation, and stroke. Thromb Res 155:101\u2013105","journal-title":"Thromb Res"},{"key":"8502_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0043-1771270","volume":"50","author":"G Costamagna","year":"2024","unstructured":"Costamagna G, Navi BB, Beyeler M, Hottinger AF, Alberio L, Michel P (2024) Ischemic stroke in cancer: mechanisms, biomarkers, and implications for treatment. Semin Thromb Hemost 50:342\u2013359","journal-title":"Semin Thromb Hemost"},{"key":"8502_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.26129","volume":"90","author":"BB Navi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Navi BB, Sherman CP, Genova R, Mathias R, Lansdale KN, LeMoss NM et al (2021) Mechanisms of ischemic stroke in patients with cancer: a prospective study. Ann Neurol 90:159\u2013169","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"8502_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6833","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000206727","volume":"102","author":"MGHSJ Leite","year":"2024","unstructured":"Leite MGHSJ, Lopes LM, Pasqualotto E, Souza MEC, Sudo RYU, De Moraes FCA et al (2024) Intravenous thrombolysis versus antiplatelet therapy for patients with minor acute ischemic stroke: A systematic review and Meta-analysis (P2-5.013). Neurology 102:6833","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"8502_CR11","first-page":"95","volume":"20","author":"E W\u0142odarczyk","year":"2024","unstructured":"W\u0142odarczyk E, Wrona P, Homa T, Sobolewska M, Wr\u00f3bel D, Rolkiewicz D et al (2024) Long-term outcomes of mechanical thrombectomy in acute ischaemic stroke patients with concomitant malignancy. Adv Interv Cardiol 20:95\u2013102","journal-title":"Adv Interv Cardiol"},{"key":"8502_CR12","first-page":"779","volume":"54","author":"E Dardiotis","year":"2019","unstructured":"Dardiotis E, Aloizou A-M, Markoula S, Siokas V, Tsarouhas K, Tzanakakis G et al (2019) Cancer-associated stroke: pathophysiology, detection and management (Review). Int J Oncol 54:779\u2013796","journal-title":"Int J Oncol"},{"key":"8502_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000011263","volume":"96","author":"R Hurford","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hurford R, Strowd RE (2021) Cancer and stroke: a relationship thicker than blood. Neurology 96:143\u2013144","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"8502_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"n71","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n71","volume":"372","author":"MJ Page","year":"2021","unstructured":"Page MJ, McKenzie JE, Bossuyt PM, Boutron I, Hoffmann TC, Mulrow CD et al (2021) The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews. BMJ 372:n71","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"8502_CR15","unstructured":"ICD-9-CM Diagnosis and Procedure Codes Abbreviated and Full Code Titles | CMS [Internet]. [cited 2025 Jul 27]. Available from: https:\/\/www.cms.gov\/medicare\/coding-billing\/icd-10-codes\/icd-9-cm-diagnosis-procedure-codes-abbreviated-and-full-code-titles"},{"key":"8502_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2288-14-45","volume":"14","author":"CK-L Lo","year":"2014","unstructured":"Lo CK-L, Mertz D, Loeb M (2014) Newcastle-Ottawa scale: comparing reviewers\u2019 to authors\u2019 assessments. BMC Med Res Methodol 14:45","journal-title":"BMC Med Res Methodol"},{"key":"8502_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.327.7414.557","volume":"327","author":"JPT Higgins","year":"2003","unstructured":"Higgins JPT, Thompson SG, Deeks JJ, Altman DG (2003) Measuring inconsistency in meta-analyses. BMJ 327:557\u2013560","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"8502_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1016\/0197-2456(86)90046-2","volume":"7","author":"R DerSimonian","year":"1986","unstructured":"DerSimonian R, Laird N (1986) Meta-analysis in clinical trials. Control Clin Trials 7:177\u2013188","journal-title":"Control Clin Trials"},{"key":"8502_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.315.7109.629","volume":"315","author":"M Egger","year":"1997","unstructured":"Egger M, Davey Smith G, Schneider M, Minder C (1997) Bias in meta-analysis detected by a simple, graphical test. BMJ 315:629\u2013634","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"8502_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0006-341X.2000.00455.x","volume":"56","author":"S Duval","year":"2000","unstructured":"Duval S, Tweedie R (2000) Trim and fill: a simple funnel-plot-based method of testing and adjusting for publication bias in meta-analysis. Biometrics 56:455\u2013463","journal-title":"Biometrics"},{"key":"8502_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1585","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.118.021373","volume":"49","author":"KK Andersen","year":"2018","unstructured":"Andersen KK, Olsen TS (2018) Risk of ischemic and hemorrhagic strokes in occult and manifest cancers. Stroke 49:1585\u20131592","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"8502_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000010133","volume":"97","author":"P-C Chan","year":"2018","unstructured":"Chan P-C, Chang W-L, Hsu M-H, Yeh C-H, Muo C-H, Chang K-S et al (2018) Higher stroke incidence in the patients with pancreatic cancer: a nation-based cohort study in Taiwan. Medicine (Baltimore) 97:e0133","journal-title":"Medicine (Baltimore)"},{"key":"8502_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3034","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.111.615534","volume":"42","author":"P-C Chen","year":"2011","unstructured":"Chen P-C, Muo C-H, Lee Y-T, Yu Y-H, Sung F-C (2011) Lung cancer and incidence of stroke: a population-based cohort study. Stroke 42:3034\u20133039","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"8502_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1419","DOI":"10.1038\/bjc.2011.361","volume":"105","author":"C-N Chu","year":"2011","unstructured":"Chu C-N, Chen S-W, Bai L-Y, Mou C-H, Hsu CY, Sung F-C (2011) Increase in stroke risk in patients with head and neck cancer: a retrospective cohort study. Br J Cancer 105:1419\u20131423","journal-title":"Br J Cancer"},{"key":"8502_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1111\/coa.12064","volume":"38","author":"C-N Chu","year":"2013","unstructured":"Chu C-N, Chen P-C, Bai L-Y, Muo C-H, Sung F-C, Chen S-W (2013) Young nasopharyngeal cancer patients with radiotherapy and chemotherapy are most prone to ischaemic risk of stroke: a national database, controlled cohort study. Clin Otolaryngol 38:39\u201347","journal-title":"Clin Otolaryngol"},{"key":"8502_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1186\/1741-7015-12-53","volume":"12","author":"A-S Kuan","year":"2014","unstructured":"Kuan A-S, Teng C-J, Wu H-H, Su VY-F, Chen Y-T, Chien S-H et al (2014) Risk of ischemic stroke in patients with ovarian cancer: a nationwide population-based study. BMC Med 12:53","journal-title":"BMC Med"},{"key":"8502_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000001336","volume":"94","author":"A-S Kuan","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kuan A-S, Chen S-C, Yeh C-M, Hung M-H, Hung Y-P, Chen T-J et al (2015) Risk of ischemic stroke in patients with gastric cancer: a nationwide population-based cohort study. Medicine 94:e1336","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"8502_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e833","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2010.11.036","volume":"81","author":"C-C Lee","year":"2011","unstructured":"Lee C-C, Su Y-C, Ho H-C, Hung S-K, Lee M-S, Chiou W-Y et al (2011) Increased risk of ischemic stroke in young nasopharyngeal carcinoma patients. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 81:e833\u2013838","journal-title":"Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys"},{"key":"8502_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3248","DOI":"10.1245\/s10434-018-6635-y","volume":"25","author":"DW Shin","year":"2018","unstructured":"Shin DW, Suh B, Park Y, Lim H, Suh Y-S, Yun JM et al (2018) Risk of coronary heart disease and ischemic stroke incidence in gastric cancer survivors: a nationwide study in Korea. Ann Surg Oncol 25:3248\u20133256","journal-title":"Ann Surg Oncol"},{"issue":"1","key":"8502_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-67029-y","volume":"10","author":"DW Shin","year":"2020","unstructured":"Shin DW, Han K, Park HS, Lee S-P, Park SH, Park J (2020) Risk of ischemic heart disease and stroke in prostate cancer survivors: a nationwide study in South Korea. Sci Rep 10(1):10313","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"8502_CR31","first-page":"1342","volume":"110","author":"S Soisson","year":"2018","unstructured":"Soisson S, Ganz PA, Gaffney D, Rowe K, Snyder J, Wan Y et al (2018) Long-term cardiovascular outcomes among endometrial cancer survivors in a large, Population-Based cohort study. J Natl Cancer Inst 110:1342\u20131351","journal-title":"J Natl Cancer Inst"},{"key":"8502_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1041","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(19)31674-5","volume":"394","author":"H Strongman","year":"2019","unstructured":"Strongman H, Gadd S, Matthews A, Mansfield KE, Stanway S, Lyon AR et al (2019) Medium and long-term risks of specific cardiovascular diseases in survivors of 20 adult cancers: a population-based cohort study using multiple linked UK electronic health records databases. Lancet 394:1041\u20131054","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"8502_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1748-717X-8-41","volume":"8","author":"S-J Tsai","year":"2013","unstructured":"Tsai S-J, Huang Y-S, Tung C-H, Lee C-C, Lee M-S, Chiou W-Y et al (2013) Increased risk of ischemic stroke in cervical cancer patients: a nationwide population-based study. Radiat Oncol 8:41","journal-title":"Radiat Oncol"},{"key":"8502_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1160\/TH10-12-0778","volume":"106","author":"MPP van Herk-Sukel","year":"2011","unstructured":"van Herk-Sukel MPP, Shantakumar S, Kamphuisen PW, Penning-van Beest FJA, Herings RMC (2011) Myocardial infarction, ischaemic stroke and pulmonary embolism before and after breast cancer hospitalisation. A population-based study. Thromb Haemost 106:149\u2013155","journal-title":"Thromb Haemost"},{"key":"8502_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1007\/s00408-013-9485-1","volume":"191","author":"MPP van Herk-Sukel","year":"2013","unstructured":"van Herk-Sukel MPP, Shantakumar S, Penning-van Beest FJA, Kamphuisen PW, Majoor CJ, Overbeek LIH et al (2013) Pulmonary embolism, myocardial infarction, and ischemic stroke in lung cancer patients: results from a longitudinal study. Lung 191:501\u2013509","journal-title":"Lung"},{"key":"8502_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2019.00579","volume":"10","author":"Y-C Wei","year":"2019","unstructured":"Wei Y-C, Chen K-F, Wu C-L, Lee T-W, Liu C-H, Shyu Y-C et al (2019) Stroke rate increases around the time of cancer diagnosis. Front Neurol 10:579","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"key":"8502_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e891","DOI":"10.1634\/theoncologist.2018-0747","volume":"24","author":"M-C Chen","year":"2019","unstructured":"Chen M-C, Kuan F-C, Huang S-F, Lu C-H, Chen P-T, Huang C-E et al (2019) Accelerated risk of premature ischemic stroke in 5-year survivors of nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Oncologist 24:e891\u2013e897","journal-title":"Oncologist"},{"key":"8502_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim C, Yu H, Kim D-K The Risk of Ischemic and Hemorrhagic Stroke in Head and Neck Cancer: A Longitudinal Cohort Study. Cancers (Basel) [Internet]. 2023 [cited 2025 Apr 12];15:3503. Available from: https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC10340180\/","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers15133503"},{"key":"8502_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1414","DOI":"10.1007\/s11764-021-01122-7","volume":"16","author":"M Turner","year":"2022","unstructured":"Turner M, Murchie P, Derby S, Ong AY, Walji L, McLernon D et al (2022) Is stroke incidence increased in survivors of adult cancers? A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Cancer Surviv 16:1414\u20131448","journal-title":"J Cancer Surviv"},{"key":"8502_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1038\/s41416-019-0510-x","volume":"121","author":"E Campello","year":"2019","unstructured":"Campello E, Ilich A, Simioni P, Key NS (2019) The relationship between pancreatic cancer and hypercoagulability: a comprehensive review on epidemiological and biological issues. Br J Cancer 121:359\u2013371","journal-title":"Br J Cancer"},{"key":"8502_CR41","first-page":"135","volume":"14","author":"M Habib","year":"2013","unstructured":"Habib M, Saif MW (2013) Thromboembolism and anticoagulation in pancreatic cancer. JOP 14:135\u2013137","journal-title":"JOP"},{"key":"8502_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1001275","volume":"9","author":"F Horsted","year":"2012","unstructured":"Horsted F, West J, Grainge MJ (2012) Risk of venous thromboembolism in patients with cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS Med 9:e1001275","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"key":"8502_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2410","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.111.615203","volume":"42","author":"C Plummer","year":"2011","unstructured":"Plummer C, Henderson RD, O\u2019Sullivan JD, Read SJ (2011) Ischemic stroke and transient ischemic attack after head and neck radiotherapy: a review. Stroke 42:2410\u20132418","journal-title":"Stroke"}],"container-title":["Neurological Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10072-025-08502-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10072-025-08502-2\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10072-025-08502-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,20]],"date-time":"2025-10-20T18:02:16Z","timestamp":1760983336000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10072-025-08502-2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,19]]},"references-count":43,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]}},"alternative-id":["8502"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10072-025-08502-2","relation":{},"ISSN":["1590-1874","1590-3478"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1590-1874","type":"print"},{"value":"1590-3478","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,19]]},"assertion":[{"value":"5 May 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"1 September 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"19 September 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"No ethical approval was required for this systematic review with meta-analysis, as all data were already published in peer-reviewed journals. Furthermore, no patients or animals were involved in the design, conduct, or interpretation of our study.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval"}},{"value":"Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Informed consent"}}]}}