{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,24]],"date-time":"2026-10-24T23:40:21Z","timestamp":1792885221702,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,6]],"date-time":"2025-10-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759708800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,6]],"date-time":"2025-10-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759708800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003399","name":"Science and Technology Commission of Shanghai Municipality","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2017SHZDZX01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017SHZDZX01"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003399","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007928","name":"Ningbo Municipal Bureau of Science and Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2023Z178"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023Z178"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007928","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Neurol Sci"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s10072-025-08503-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,6]],"date-time":"2025-10-06T04:16:41Z","timestamp":1759724201000},"page":"6549-6561","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Machine learning-based non-invasive Parkinson\u2019s disease diagnostic model using clinical blood biomarkers"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"46","author":[{"given":"Jiaqi","family":"Han","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mengge","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ji","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-3315-0272","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yu","family":"An","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"8503_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2284","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)00218-X","volume":"397","author":"BR Bloem","year":"2021","unstructured":"Bloem BR, Okun MS, Klein C (2021) Parkinson\u2019s disease. Lancet 397:2284\u20132303. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)00218-X","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"4","key":"8503_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(24)00038-3","volume":"23","author":"JD Steinmetz","year":"2024","unstructured":"Steinmetz JD, Seeher KM, Schiess N et al (2024) Global, regional, and national burden of disorders affecting the nervous system, 1990\u20132021: a systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study 2021. Lancet Neurol 23(4):344\u2013381. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S1474-4422(24)00038-3","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"8503_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(21)00030-2","volume":"20","author":"E Tolosa","year":"2021","unstructured":"Tolosa E, Garrido A, Scholz SW, Poewe W (2021) Challenges in the diagnosis of Parkinson\u2019s disease. Lancet Neurol 20:385\u2013397. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S1474-4422(21)00030-2","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"8503_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms241310932","volume":"24","author":"C Cocco","year":"2023","unstructured":"Cocco C, Manai AL, Manca E, Noli B (2023) Brain-biomarker changes in body fluids of patients with parkinson\u2019s disease. Int J Mol Sci 24:10932. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms241310932","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"8503_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.88.16_supplement.P1.005","volume":"88","author":"O Kofman","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kofman O, Wolk D, McMillan C (2017) Baseline cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers associated with longitudinal cognitive and functional decline in early Parkinson\u2019s disease (p1.005). Neurology 88:P1.005. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1212\/WNL.88.16_supplement.P1.005","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"8503_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1479","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000007179","volume":"92","author":"TM Marques","year":"2019","unstructured":"Marques TM, Van Rumund A, Oeckl P et al (2019) Serum NFL discriminates Parkinson disease from atypical parkinsonisms. Neurology 92:e1479\u2013e1486. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1212\/WNL.0000000000007179","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"8503_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"930","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000003680","volume":"88","author":"O Hansson","year":"2017","unstructured":"Hansson O, Janelidze S, Hall S et al (2017) Blood-based nfl: a biomarker for differential diagnosis of parkinsonian disorder. Neurology 88:930\u2013937. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1212\/WNL.0000000000003680","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"8503_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1104","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000008088","volume":"93","author":"C-H Lin","year":"2019","unstructured":"Lin C-H, Li C-H, Yang K-C et al (2019) Blood nfl: a biomarker for disease severity and progression in Parkinson disease. Neurology 93:e1104\u2013e1111. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1212\/WNL.0000000000008088","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"8503_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.27897","volume":"35","author":"LP Oosterveld","year":"2020","unstructured":"Oosterveld LP, Verberk IMW, Majbour NK et al (2020) CSF or serum neurofilament light added to \u03b1-Synuclein panel discriminates parkinson\u2019s from controls. Mov Disord 35:288\u2013295. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mds.27897","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"8503_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(19)30024-9","volume":"18","author":"L Parnetti","year":"2019","unstructured":"Parnetti L, Gaetani L, Eusebi P et al (2019) CSF and blood biomarkers for Parkinson\u2019s disease. Lancet Neurol 18:573\u2013586. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S1474-4422(19)30024-9","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"8503_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneurol.2013.10","volume":"9","author":"L Parnetti","year":"2013","unstructured":"Parnetti L, Castrioto A, Chiasserini D et al (2013) Cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers in Parkinson disease. Nat Rev Neurol 9:131\u2013140. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nrneurol.2013.10","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurol"},{"key":"8503_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15252\/emmm.202013257","author":"S Virreira Winter","year":"2021","unstructured":"Virreira Winter S, Karayel O, Strauss MT et al (2021) Urinary proteome profiling for stratifying patients with familial parkinson\u2019s disease. EMBO Mol Med. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15252\/emmm.202013257","journal-title":"EMBO Mol Med"},{"key":"8503_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(16)00070-3","volume":"15","author":"B Olsson","year":"2016","unstructured":"Olsson B, Lautner R, Andreasson U et al (2016) CSF and blood biomarkers for the diagnosis of Alzheimer\u2019s disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Neurol 15:673\u2013684. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S1474-4422(16)00070-3","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"8503_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1586\/14737175.2016.1135056","volume":"16","author":"MA Algarni","year":"2016","unstructured":"Algarni MA, Stoessl AJ (2016) The role of biomarkers and imaging in Parkinson\u2019s disease. Expert Rev Neurother 16:187\u2013203. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1586\/14737175.2016.1135056","journal-title":"Expert Rev Neurother"},{"key":"8503_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arr.2023.102013","volume":"90","author":"R Gupta","year":"2023","unstructured":"Gupta R, Kumari S, Senapati A et al (2023) New era of artificial intelligence and machine learning-based detection, diagnosis, and therapeutics in Parkinson\u2019s disease. Ageing Res Rev 90:102013. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.arr.2023.102013","journal-title":"Ageing Res Rev"},{"key":"8503_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1201","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra2302038","volume":"388","author":"CJ Haug","year":"2023","unstructured":"Haug CJ, Drazen JM (2023) Artificial intelligence and machine learning in clinical medicine, 2023. N Engl J Med 388:1201\u20131208. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMra2302038","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"8503_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6548","DOI":"10.2174\/0929867328999210111211420","volume":"28","author":"A Landolfi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Landolfi A, Ricciardi C, Donisi L et al (2021) Machine learning approaches in Parkinson\u2019s disease. Curr Med Chem 28:6548\u20136568. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2174\/0929867328999210111211420","journal-title":"Curr Med Chem"},{"key":"8503_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1937","DOI":"10.3233\/JPD-213135","volume":"12","author":"X Deng","year":"2022","unstructured":"Deng X, Saffari SE, Ng SYE et al (2022) Blood lipid biomarkers in early Parkinson\u2019s disease and Parkinson\u2019s disease with mild cognitive impairment. J Parkinsons Dis 12:1937\u20131943. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3233\/JPD-213135","journal-title":"J Parkinsons Dis"},{"key":"8503_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2020.00053","volume":"12","author":"W Yang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Yang W, Chang Z, Que R et al (2020) Contra-directional expression of plasma superoxide dismutase with lipoprotein cholesterol and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein as important markers of parkinson\u2019s disease severity. Front Aging Neurosci 12:53. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnagi.2020.00053","journal-title":"Front Aging Neurosci"},{"key":"8503_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2023.03.011","volume":"105","author":"C Zhou","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zhou C, Gu M, Yin L et al (2023) Low serum uric acid levels may be a potential biomarker of poor sleep quality in patients with parkinson\u2019s disease. Sleep Med 105:9\u201313. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.sleep.2023.03.011","journal-title":"Sleep Med"},{"key":"8503_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2426","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.28685","volume":"36","author":"L Mu\u00f1oz\u2010Delgado","year":"2021","unstructured":"Mu\u00f1oz\u2010Delgado L, Mac\u00edas\u2010Garc\u00eda D, Jes\u00fas S et al (2021) Peripheral immune profile and neutrophil\u2010to\u2010lymphocyte ratio in parkinson\u2019s disease. Mov Disord 36:2426\u20132430. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mds.28685","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"issue":"2","key":"8503_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.26410","volume":"92","author":"J Shen","year":"2022","unstructured":"Shen J, Amari N, Zack R et al (2022) Plasma MIA, CRP, and albumin predict cognitive decline in parkinson\u2019s disease. Ann Neurol 92(2):255\u2013269. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ana.26410","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"8503_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"811","DOI":"10.3233\/JPD-230007","volume":"13","author":"C Koros","year":"2023","unstructured":"Koros C, Simitsi A-M, Papagiannakis N et al (2023) Serum uric acid as a putative biomarker in prodromal Parkinson\u2019s disease: longitudinal data from the PPMI study. J Parkinsons Dis 13:811\u2013818. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3233\/JPD-230007","journal-title":"J Parkinsons Dis"},{"key":"8503_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1591","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.26424","volume":"30","author":"RB Postuma","year":"2015","unstructured":"Postuma RB, Berg D, Stern M et al (2015) MDS clinical diagnostic criteria for Parkinson\u2019s disease: MDS-PD clinical diagnostic criteria. Mov Disord 30:1591\u20131601. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mds.26424","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"8503_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arr.2022.101840","volume":"85","author":"MH Ahmad","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ahmad MH, Rizvi MA, Ali M, Mondal AC (2023) Neurobiology of depression in Parkinson\u2019s disease: insights into epidemiology, molecular mechanisms and treatment strategies. Ageing Res Rev 85:101840. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.arr.2022.101840","journal-title":"Ageing Res Rev"},{"key":"8503_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-013-8483-x","volume":"49","author":"R Niranjan","year":"2014","unstructured":"Niranjan R (2014) The role of inflammatory and oxidative stress mechanisms in the pathogenesis of Parkinson\u2019s disease: focus on astrocytes. Mol Neurobiol 49:28\u201338. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12035-013-8483-x","journal-title":"Mol Neurobiol"},{"key":"8503_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.14108","volume":"27","author":"R Balestrino","year":"2020","unstructured":"Balestrino R, Schapira AHV (2020) Parkinson disease. Eur J Neurol 27:27\u201342. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/ene.14108","journal-title":"Eur J Neurol"},{"issue":"7","key":"8503_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox9070597","volume":"9","author":"K-H Chang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Chang K-H, Chen C-M (2020) The role of oxidative stress in parkinson\u2019s disease. Antioxidants 9(7):597. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/antiox9070597","journal-title":"Antioxidants"},{"key":"8503_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Blesa J, Trigo-Damas I, Quiroga-Varela A, Jackson-Lewis VR (2015) Oxidative stress and parkinson\u2019s disease. Front Neuroanat 9","DOI":"10.3389\/fnana.2015.00091"},{"key":"8503_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.3233\/JPD-130230","volume":"3","author":"V Dias","year":"2013","unstructured":"Dias V, Junn E, Mouradian MM (2013) The role of oxidative stress in Parkinson\u2019s disease. J Park Dis 3:461\u2013491. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3233\/JPD-130230","journal-title":"J Park Dis"},{"key":"8503_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1186\/2110-5820-3-4","volume":"3","author":"M Taverna","year":"2013","unstructured":"Taverna M, Marie A-L, Mira J-P, Guidet B (2013) Specific antioxidant properties of human serum albumin. Ann Intensive Care 3:4. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/2110-5820-3-4","journal-title":"Ann Intensive Care"},{"key":"8503_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"973","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.113.003835","volume":"45","author":"W-H Xu","year":"2014","unstructured":"Xu W-H, Dong C, Rundek T et al (2014) Serum albumin levels are associated with cardioembolic and cryptogenic ischemic strokes: Northern Manhattan study. Stroke 45:973\u2013978. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/STROKEAHA.113.003835","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"8503_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1007\/s10072-016-2738-z","volume":"38","author":"L Wang","year":"2017","unstructured":"Wang L, Hu W, Wang J et al (2017) Impact of serum uric acid, albumin and their interaction on Parkinson\u2019s disease. Neurol Sci 38:331\u2013336. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10072-016-2738-z","journal-title":"Neurol Sci"},{"key":"8503_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2012.02.077","volume":"514","author":"H Zhang","year":"2012","unstructured":"Zhang H, Guo J, He D et al (2012) Lower serum UA levels in Parkinson\u2019s disease patients in the Chinese population. Neurosci Lett 514:152\u2013155. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neulet.2012.02.077","journal-title":"Neurosci Lett"},{"key":"8503_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1133","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.21502","volume":"22","author":"T Annanmaki","year":"2007","unstructured":"Annanmaki T, Muuronen A, Murros K (2007) Low plasma uric acid level in Parkinson\u2019s disease. Mov Disord 22:1133\u20131137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mds.21502","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"8503_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2021.625690","volume":"13","author":"Z Zhou","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zhou Z, Zhong S, Liang Y et al (2021) Serum uric acid and the risk of dementia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Aging Neurosci 13:625690. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnagi.2021.625690","journal-title":"Front Aging Neurosci"},{"key":"8503_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"626","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0042-1758780","volume":"42","author":"S Rajan","year":"2022","unstructured":"Rajan S, Kaas B (2022) Parkinson\u2019s disease: risk factor modification and prevention. Semin Neurol 42:626\u2013638. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1055\/s-0042-1758780","journal-title":"Semin Neurol"},{"key":"8503_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0173731","volume":"12","author":"M Wen","year":"2017","unstructured":"Wen M, Zhou B, Chen Y-H et al (2017) Serum uric acid levels in patients with Parkinson\u2019s disease: a meta-analysis. PLoS ONE 12:e0173731. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0173731","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"8503_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.3390\/cells8010027","volume":"8","author":"H Xicoy","year":"2019","unstructured":"Xicoy H, Wieringa B, Martens GJM (2019) The role of lipids in Parkinson\u2019s disease. Cells 8:27. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/cells8010027","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"8503_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1753-4887.2012.00476.x","volume":"70","author":"B Halliwell","year":"2012","unstructured":"Halliwell B (2012) Free radicals and antioxidants: updating a personal view. Nutr Rev 70:257\u2013265. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1753-4887.2012.00476.x","journal-title":"Nutr Rev"},{"key":"8503_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1530","DOI":"10.1007\/s11064-010-0212-5","volume":"35","author":"A Baillet","year":"2010","unstructured":"Baillet A, Chanteperdrix V, Trocm\u00e9 C et al (2010) The role of oxidative stress in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and Parkinson\u2019s disease. Neurochem Res 35:1530\u20131537. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11064-010-0212-5","journal-title":"Neurochem Res"},{"key":"8503_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1007\/s10072-016-2782-8","volume":"38","author":"B G\u00f6k\u00e7e \u00c7okal","year":"2017","unstructured":"G\u00f6k\u00e7e \u00c7okal B, Yurtda\u015f M, Keskin G\u00fcler S et al (2017) Serum glutathione peroxidase, xanthine oxidase, and superoxide dismutase activities and malondialdehyde levels in patients with parkinson\u2019s disease. Neurol Sci 38:425\u2013431. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10072-016-2782-8","journal-title":"Neurol Sci"},{"key":"8503_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2016.02.011","volume":"617","author":"CC De Farias","year":"2016","unstructured":"De Farias CC, Maes M, Bonif\u00e1cio KL et al (2016) Highly specific changes in antioxidant levels and lipid peroxidation in Parkinson\u2019s disease and its progression: disease and staging biomarkers and new drug targets. Neurosci Lett 617:66\u201371. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neulet.2016.02.011","journal-title":"Neurosci Lett"},{"issue":"4","key":"8503_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1159\/000358921","volume":"42","author":"I Wang","year":"2014","unstructured":"Wang I, Lin C-L, Wu Y-Y et al (2014) Increased risk of Parkinson\u2019s disease in patients with end-stage renal disease: a retrospective cohort study. Neuroepidemiology 42(4):204\u2013210. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000358921","journal-title":"Neuroepidemiology"},{"key":"8503_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1184","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.27704","volume":"34","author":"GE Nam","year":"2019","unstructured":"Nam GE, Kim NH, Han K et al (2019) Chronic renal dysfunction, proteinuria, and risk of Parkinson\u2019s disease in the elderly. Mov Disord 34:1184\u20131191. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mds.27704","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"8503_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1217","DOI":"10.4103\/0028-3886.391388","volume":"71","author":"G Yang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Yang G, Wang LZ, Zhang R et al (2023) Study on the correlation between blood urea nitrogen, creatinine level, proteinuria and Parkinson\u2019s disease. Neurol India 71:1217\u20131221. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/0028-3886.391388","journal-title":"Neurol India"},{"key":"8503_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"998","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwj283","volume":"164","author":"LML De Lau","year":"2006","unstructured":"De Lau LML, Koudstaal PJ, Hofman A, Breteler MMB (2006) Serum cholesterol levels and the risk of Parkinson\u2019s disease. Am J Epidemiol 164:998\u20131002. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/aje\/kwj283","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"8503_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1298","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.27413","volume":"33","author":"V Rozani","year":"2018","unstructured":"Rozani V, Gurevich T, Giladi N et al (2018) Higher serum cholesterol and decreased parkinson\u2019s disease risk: A statin-free cohort study. Mov Disord 33:1298\u20131305. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mds.27413","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"8503_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.119.314929","volume":"125","author":"F Fang","year":"2019","unstructured":"Fang F, Zhan Y, Hammar N et al (2019) Lipids, apolipoproteins, and the risk of Parkinson disease: a prospective cohort study and a Mendelian randomization analysis. Circ Res 125:643\u2013652. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.119.314929","journal-title":"Circ Res"},{"key":"8503_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"795","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2019-322338","volume":"91","author":"J Jankovic","year":"2020","unstructured":"Jankovic J, Tan EK (2020) Parkinson\u2019s disease: etiopathogenesis and treatment. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 91:795\u2013808. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/jnnp-2019-322338","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"8503_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1257","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(16)30230-7","volume":"15","author":"A Ascherio","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ascherio A, Schwarzschild MA (2016) The epidemiology of parkinson\u2019s disease: risk factors and prevention. Lancet Neurol 15:1257\u20131272. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S1474-4422(16)30230-7","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"8503_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1174","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e3182698ced","volume":"79","author":"JA Mortimer","year":"2012","unstructured":"Mortimer JA, Borenstein AR, Nelson LM (2012) Associations of welding and manganese exposure with Parkinson disease: review and meta-analysis. Neurology 79:1174\u20131180. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1212\/WNL.0b013e3182698ced","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"8503_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000341769.50075.bb","volume":"72","author":"JA Driver","year":"2009","unstructured":"Driver JA, Logroscino G, Gaziano JM, Kurth T (2009) Incidence and remaining lifetime risk of Parkinson disease in advanced age. Neurology 72:432\u2013438. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1212\/01.wnl.0000341769.50075.bb","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"8503_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1396","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000000879","volume":"83","author":"B Ritz","year":"2014","unstructured":"Ritz B, Lee P-C, Lassen CF, Arah OA (2014) Parkinson disease and smoking revisited: ease of quitting is an early sign of the disease. Neurology 83:1396\u20131402. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1212\/WNL.0000000000000879","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"8503_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euroneuro.2005.04.007","volume":"15","author":"S Von Campenhausen","year":"2005","unstructured":"Von Campenhausen S, Bornschein B, Wick R et al (2005) Prevalence and incidence of Parkinson\u2019s disease in Europe. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 15:473\u2013490. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.euroneuro.2005.04.007","journal-title":"Eur Neuropsychopharmacol"},{"key":"8503_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Gaenslen A, Swid I, Liepelt-Scarfone I et al (2011) The patients\u2019 perception of prodromal symptoms before the initial diagnosis of parkinson\u2019s disease. Mov Disord 26:653\u2013658. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mds.23499","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.23499"}],"container-title":["Neurological Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10072-025-08503-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10072-025-08503-1\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10072-025-08503-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,5]],"date-time":"2025-12-05T00:41:14Z","timestamp":1764895274000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10072-025-08503-1"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,6]]},"references-count":56,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["8503"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10072-025-08503-1","relation":{},"ISSN":["1590-1874","1590-3478"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1590-1874","type":"print"},{"value":"1590-3478","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2 July 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"1 September 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"6 October 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"All authors have read and approved the final manuscript and consented to its publication.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Shanghai East Hospital (Approval No. 2024YS-169). Owing to the retrospective nature of this study, the requirement for informed consent was waived by the Ethics Committee.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}]}}