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Differently from relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS) a group of patients present aquaporin-4 (AQP4) antibodies in the serum. Although its pathogenesis is unclear, cytokine profiles may impact disease activity and severity.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To analyze cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) cytokine levels in NMOSD AQP4\u2009+\u2009and their relationship with neurological disability, comparing findings with RRMS patients and non-inflammatory controls (NIC).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Sixty-four participants were recruited: 11 NMOSD AQP4+, 29 RRMS, and 24 NIC. CSF cytokine levels were measured using a multiplex assay. Group comparisons were performed with Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney U tests, while linear regression models evaluated the association between cytokine levels and Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) scores.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      NMOSD AQP4\u2009+\u2009patients displayed significantly higher CSF levels of IL-1\u03b2 (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.040), TNF-\u03b1 (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001), G-CSF (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.003), Eotaxin (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.008), and MIP-1\u03b1 (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.005) compared to RRMS and NIC. Moreover, IL-1\u03b2 CSF levels were positively associated with disability at the time of lumbar puncture (\u03b2\u2009=\u200922.24, SE\u2009=\u20097.73,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.018), a relationship that remained significant after adjusting for age (\u03b2\u2009=\u200918.96, SE\u2009=\u20096.33,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.040).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Expression of proinflammatory cytokines may differ between NMOSD and RRMS. Elevated IL-1\u03b2 levels in NMOSD AQP4\u2009+\u2009patients are associated with neurological disability, suggesting a potential role as a biomarker of disease severity. Further studies are needed to confirm these findings and evaluate the therapeutic potential of targeting IL-1\u03b2 in NMOSD.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10072-025-08526-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,8]],"date-time":"2025-10-08T01:22:54Z","timestamp":1759886574000},"page":"6687-6695","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["IL-1\u03b2 contributes to neurological disability in NMOSD AQP4\u2009+\u2009Patients"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"46","author":[{"given":"Antonio","family":"Bruno","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Angela","family":"Borrelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gianluca","family":"Lauritano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sonia","family":"Di Lemme","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Veronica","family":"Di Caprio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roberta","family":"Fantozzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ettore","family":"Dolcetti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Federica","family":"Azzolini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luana","family":"Gilio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giovanni","family":"Galifi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roberto","family":"Furlan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Annamaria","family":"Finardi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francesca","family":"De Vito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alessandra","family":"Musella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Georgia","family":"Mandolesi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mario Stampanoni","family":"Bassi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8390-8545","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Diego","family":"Centonze","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fabio","family":"Buttari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"8526_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2020.577387","volume":"348","author":"X Ma","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ma X, Kermode AG, Hu X, Qiu W (2020) NMOSD acute attack: understanding, treatment and innovative treatment prospect. 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Written informed consent has been obtained from the patient(s) to publish this paper.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Informed consent\u00a0Statement"}},{"value":"The authors declared the following potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and\/or publication of this article: A.B. (Antonio Bruno) received honoraria for participation in advisory board from Almirall. A.B. was supported for travel expenses for attending congresses from Biogen. R.Fa. (Roberta Fantozzi) has received consulting fees and honoraria for advisory boards from Biogen Idec, Merck- Serono, Novartis, Roche and TEVA. A.C. received speaking honoraria from Roche, Biogen, Novartis, BMS, Almirall, Merck, Sanofi and Lundbeck, and research support from Biogen. E.D. (Ettore Dolcetti) was supported for travel expenses for attending congresses from Novartis, Biogen, Roche and Janssen. He received honoraria for participation in advisory board from Lundbeck. F.B. (Fabio Buttari) acted as Advisory Board members of Teva and Roche and received honoraria for speaking or consultation fees from Merck Serono, Teva, Biogen Idec, Sanofi, and Novartis and non-financial support from Merck Serono, Teva, Biogen Idec, and Sanofi. R.F. (Roberto Furlan) received honoraria for serving on scientific advisory boards or as a speaker from Biogen, Novartis, Roche, and Merck and funding for research from Merck. D.C. (Diego Centonze) is an Advisory Board member of Almirall, Bayer Schering, Biogen, GW Pharmaceuticals, Merck Serono, Novartis, Roche, Sanofi-Genzyme, and Teva and received honoraria for speaking or consultation fees from Almirall, Bayer Schering, Biogen, GW Pharmaceuticals, Merck Serono, Novartis, Roche, Sanofi-Genzyme, and Teva. He is also the principal investigator in clinical trials for Bayer Schering, Biogen, Merck Serono, Mitsubishi, Novartis, Roche, Sanofi-Genzyme, and Teva. His preclinical and clinical research was supported by grants from Bayer Schering, Biogen Idec, Celgene, Merck Serono, Novartis, Roche, Sanofi-Genzyme, and Teva. The funders had no role in the design of the study; in the collection, analyses, or interpretation of data; in the writing of the manuscript, or in the decision to publish the results. A.Bo., G.L., S.D.L., F.A., V.D.C., F.D.V., L.G., G.G., A.F., A.Mu., G.M., M.S.B.: nothing to report.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declaration of Interest Statement"}}]}}