{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,5]],"date-time":"2025-12-05T01:05:11Z","timestamp":1764896711847,"version":"3.46.0"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,22]],"date-time":"2025-10-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761091200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,22]],"date-time":"2025-10-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761091200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Neurol Sci"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s10072-025-08543-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,22]],"date-time":"2025-10-22T05:16:13Z","timestamp":1761110173000},"page":"6261-6276","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The effect of exercise on the improvement of verbal fluency, spatial working memory, and the three major executive functions in elderly alzheimer\u2019s patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"46","author":[{"given":"Xuesong","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9 Carlos Enrique Serrano","family":"Casasola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"8543_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"(2024) Alzheimer\u2019s disease facts and figures [J]. Alzheimer\u2019s & Dementia 20(5): 3708\u2009\u2013\u2009821","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.13809"},{"issue":"1","key":"8543_CR2","first-page":"20","volume":"14","author":"R NAOMI","year":"2022","unstructured":"NAOMI R, EMBONG H, OTHMAN F et al (2022) Probiotics for alzheimer\u2019s disease. Syst Rev [J] Nutrients 14(1):20","journal-title":"Syst Rev [J] Nutrients"},{"issue":"10248","key":"8543_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30367-6","volume":"396","author":"G Livingston","year":"2020","unstructured":"Livingston G, Huntley J (2020) Dementia prevention, intervention, and care: 2020 report of the lancet commission. Lancet 396(10248):413\u2013446","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"8 Suppl","key":"8543_CR4","first-page":"S177","volume":"26","author":"W Wong","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wong W (2020) Economic burden of Alzheimer disease and managed care considerations. Am J Manag Care 26(8 Suppl):S177-s83","journal-title":"Am J Manag Care"},{"issue":"1","key":"8543_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.14283\/jpad.2023.61","volume":"11","author":"KL Lanct\u00f4t","year":"2024","unstructured":"Lanct\u00f4t KL, Hviid Hahn-Pedersen J, Eichinger CS et al (2024) Burden of illness in people with Alzheimer\u2019s disease: a systematic review of epidemiology, comorbidities and mortality. J Prev Alzheimers Dis 11(1):97\u2013107","journal-title":"J Prev Alzheimers Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"8543_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13024-021-00424-9","volume":"16","author":"J Cummings","year":"2021","unstructured":"Cummings J (2021) New approaches to symptomatic treatments for Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Mol Neurodegener 16(1):2","journal-title":"Mol Neurodegener"},{"issue":"1","key":"8543_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.1186\/s12883-023-03447-5","volume":"23","author":"DIBELLOJR LU","year":"2023","unstructured":"LU DIBELLOJR, SWARTZ Y (2023) Patterns of use of symptomatic treatments for alzheimer\u2019s disease dementia (AD) [J]. BMC Neurol 23(1):400","journal-title":"BMC Neurol"},{"issue":"4","key":"8543_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.4155\/ppa.14.22","volume":"3","author":"H LIU","year":"2014","unstructured":"LIU H, WANG L, SU W et al (2014) Advances in recent patent and clinical trial drug development for alzheimer\u2019s disease [J]. Pharm Pat Anal 3(4):429\u2013447","journal-title":"Pharm Pat Anal"},{"key":"8543_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1502417","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2025.1502417","volume":"19","author":"L BEN EZZDINE","year":"2025","unstructured":"BEN EZZDINE L, DHAHBI W, DERGAA I et al (2025) Physical activity and neuroplasticity in neurodegenerative disorders: a comprehensive review of exercise interventions, cognitive training, and AI applications [J]. Front Neurosci 19:1502417","journal-title":"Front Neurosci"},{"issue":"1","key":"8543_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-201100","volume":"80","author":"F Yu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Yu F, Vock DM, Zhang L et al (2021) Cognitive effects of aerobic exercise in Alzheimer\u2019s disease: a pilot randomized controlled trial. J Alzheimers Dis 80(1):233\u2013244","journal-title":"J Alzheimers Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"8543_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-024-03031-9","volume":"21","author":"R ZHAO","year":"2024","unstructured":"ZHAO R (2024) Exercise mimetics: a novel strategy to combat neuroinflammation and alzheimer\u2019s disease [J]. J Neuroinflamm 21(1):40","journal-title":"J Neuroinflamm"},{"key":"8543_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"LV S, WANG Q, LIU W X et al (2023) Comparison of various exercise interventions on cognitive function in Alzheimer\u2019s patients: A network meta-analysis [J]. Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics, p 115","DOI":"10.1016\/j.archger.2023.105113"},{"key":"8543_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2022.1077732","author":"LL Guo","year":"2023","unstructured":"Guo LL, Yang XX, Zhang YY (2023) Effect of exercise on cognitive function and synaptic plasticity in Alzheimer\u2019s disease models: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Aging Neurosci. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnagi.2022.1077732","journal-title":"Front Aging Neurosci"},{"issue":"3","key":"8543_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"620","DOI":"10.14283\/jpad.2024.65","volume":"11","author":"R Chen","year":"2024","unstructured":"Chen R, Zhao B, Huang J et al (2024) The effects of different exercise interventions on patients with subjective cognitive decline: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. J Prev Alzheimers Dis 11(3):620\u2013631","journal-title":"J Prev Alzheimers Dis"},{"issue":"3","key":"8543_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"825","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-230911","volume":"98","author":"I Terao","year":"2024","unstructured":"Terao I (2024) Comparative efficacy, tolerability, and acceptability of Donanemab, Lecanemab, Aducanumab, Melatonin, and aerobic exercise for a short time on cognitive function in mild cognitive impairment and mild Alzheimer\u2019s disease: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. J Alzheimers Dis 98(3):825\u2013835","journal-title":"J Alzheimers Dis"},{"issue":"2","key":"8543_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1007\/s11065-023-09584-5","volume":"34","author":"CC Xiang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Xiang CC, Zhang YM (2024) Comparison of cognitive intervention strategies for individuals with Alzheimer\u2019s disease: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. Neuropsychol Rev 34(2):402\u2013416","journal-title":"Neuropsychol Rev"},{"key":"8543_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arr.2023.101866","author":"MZ Ribas","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ribas MZ, Paticcie GF, Noleto FM et al (2023) Impact of dysexecutive syndrome in quality of life in Alzheimer disease: what we know now and where we are headed. Ageing Res Rev. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.arr.2023.101866","journal-title":"Ageing Res Rev"},{"key":"8543_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"REN Z, ZHANG Y, HE H et al (2019) The different brain mechanisms of object and Spatial working memory: Voxel-Based morphometry and Resting-State functional connectivity [J]. Front Hum Neurosci, Volume 13\u20132019","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2019.00248"},{"key":"8543_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"LACZ\u00d3 M, MARTINKOVIC L, LERCH O et al (2022) Different profiles of Spatial navigation deficits in alzheimer\u2019s disease Biomarker-Positive versus Biomarker-Negative older adults with amnestic mild cognitive impairment [J]. Front Aging Neurosci, Volume 14\u20132022","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2022.886778"},{"key":"8543_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"n160","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n160","volume":"372","author":"MJ PAGE","year":"2021","unstructured":"PAGE MJ, BOSSUYT P MOHERD (2021) PRISMA 2020 explanation and elaboration: updated guidance and exemplars for reporting systematic reviews [J]. BMJ 372:n160","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"11","key":"8543_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"777","DOI":"10.7326\/M14-2385","volume":"162","author":"B Hutton","year":"2015","unstructured":"Hutton B, Salanti G, Caldwell DM et al (2015) The PRISMA extension statement for reporting of systematic reviews incorporating network meta-analyses of health care interventions: checklist and explanations. Ann Intern Med 162(11):777\u2013784","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"8543_CR22","unstructured":"MCKHANN G M, KNOPMAN D S, CHERTKOW H et al (2011) The diagnosis of dementia due to Alzheimer\u2019s disease: recommendations from the National Institute on Aging-Alzheimer\u2019s Association workgroups on diagnostic guidelines for Alzheimer\u2019s disease [J]. Alzheimer\u2019s Dementia: J Alzheimer\u2019s Association, (3): 7"},{"issue":"1","key":"8543_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-221272","volume":"95","author":"R Olmos-Villase\u00f1or","year":"2023","unstructured":"Olmos-Villase\u00f1or R, Sepulveda-Silva C, Julio-Ramos T et al (2023) Phonological and semantic fluency in Alzheimer\u2019s disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Alzheimers Dis 95(1):1\u201312","journal-title":"J Alzheimers Dis"},{"key":"8543_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"PUTHUSSERYPPADY V, EMRICH-MILLS L, LOWRY E et al (2020) Spatial Disorientation in Alzheimer\u2019s Disease: The Missing Path From Virtual Reality to Real World [J]. Front Aging Neurosci, Volume 12\u20132020","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2020.550514"},{"issue":"7","key":"8543_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1463","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2020.03.029","volume":"131","author":"JOHNSTONES CLARKE A R, BARRY R J","year":"2020","unstructured":"CLARKE A R, BARRY R J JOHNSTONES (2020) Resting state EEG power research in Attention-Deficit\/Hyperactivity disorder: A review update [J]. Clin Neurophysiol 131(7):1463\u20131479","journal-title":"Clin Neurophysiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"8543_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jphys.2022.09.006","volume":"68","author":"JV FANDIM","year":"2022","unstructured":"FANDIM JV, CROWE-OWEN L, ROMANYSHYN M et al (2022) Reasons to become a volunteer rater for the physiotherapy evidence database (PEDro) [J]. J Physiotherapy 68(4):215\u2013217","journal-title":"J Physiotherapy"},{"issue":"2","key":"8543_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1177\/0145445516673998","volume":"41","author":"D DREVON","year":"2017","unstructured":"DREVON D, FURSA S R MALCOLMAL (2017) Intercoder reliability and validity of webplotdigitizer in extracting graphed data [J]. Behav Modif 41(2):323\u2013339","journal-title":"Behav Modif"},{"key":"8543_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/47391","author":"A De Miguel-Rubio","year":"2023","unstructured":"De Miguel-Rubio A, Alba-Rueda A, Millan-Salguero EM et al (2023) Virtual reality for upper limb rehabilitation in patients with obstetric brachial palsy: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Med Internet Res. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2196\/47391","journal-title":"J Med Internet Res"},{"issue":"8","key":"8543_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1645","DOI":"10.1097\/j.pain.0000000000002876","volume":"164","author":"AMER-CUENCA J J","year":"2023","unstructured":"AMER-CUENCA J J, BADENES-RIBERA L, BIVI\u00c1-ROIG G et al (2023) The dose-dependent effects of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation for pain relief in individuals with fibromyalgia: a systematic review and meta-analysis [J]. Pain 164(8):1645\u20131657","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"8543_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2024.52185","author":"A Jayedi","year":"2024","unstructured":"Jayedi A, Soltani S, Emadi A (2024) Aerobic exercise and weight loss in adults: a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis. JAMA Netw Open. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2024.52185","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"issue":"21","key":"8543_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1279","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2019-100886","volume":"54","author":"OWEN P J","year":"2020","unstructured":"OWEN P J, MILLER C T, MUNDELL N L et al (2020) Which specific modes of exercise training are most effective for treating low back pain? Network meta-analysis [J]. Br J Sports Med 54(21):1279\u2013","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"8543_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"753","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2020.305609","volume":"110","author":"NASSER M","year":"2020","unstructured":"NASSER M (2020) Cochrane handbook for systematic reviews of interventions [J]. Am J Public Health 110(6):753\u2013754","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"key":"8543_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Feng QM, Chen JW (2024) Effects of exercise combined with cognitive dual-task training on cognitive function and sustained effects in stroke patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Disabil Rehabil (14):10. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/09638288.2024.2435523","DOI":"10.1080\/09638288.2024.2435523"},{"key":"8543_CR34","unstructured":"BIONDI-ZOCCAI G (2014) Network Meta-Analysis: Evidence Synthesis with Mixed Treatment Comparison [M]"},{"issue":"7","key":"8543_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1599","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-021-01637-0","volume":"52","author":"AH Saeterbakken","year":"2022","unstructured":"Saeterbakken AH, Stien N (2022) The effects of trunk muscle training on physical fitness and sport-specific performance in young and adult athletes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sports Med 52(7):1599\u20131622","journal-title":"Sports Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"8543_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0006-341X.2000.00455.x","volume":"56","author":"S Duval","year":"2000","unstructured":"Duval S (2000) Trim and fill: a simple funnel-plot-based method of testing and adjusting for publication bias in meta-analysis. Biometrics 56(2):455\u2013463","journal-title":"Biometrics"},{"issue":"1","key":"8543_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12874-018-0618-3","volume":"19","author":"SE Seide","year":"2019","unstructured":"Seide SE, R\u00f6ver C (2019) Likelihood-based random-effects meta-analysis with few studies: empirical and simulation studies. BMC Med Res Methodol 19(1):16","journal-title":"BMC Med Res Methodol"},{"key":"8543_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"JAKOBSEN JC, WETTERSLEV J, WINKEL P et al (2014) Thresholds for statistical and clinical significance in systematic reviews with meta-analytic methods [J]. BMC Med Res Methodol, 14","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2288-14-120"},{"key":"8543_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1027","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.300.9.1027","volume":"300","author":"N LAUTENSCHLAGER","year":"2008","unstructured":"LAUTENSCHLAGER N, COX K, FLICKER L et al (2008) Effect of physical activity on cognitive function in older adults at risk for alzheimer disease: A randomized trial [J]. JAMA: J Am Med Association 300:1027\u20131037","journal-title":"JAMA: J Am Med Association"},{"issue":"3","key":"8543_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1590\/0004-282X20130231","volume":"72","author":"C ARCOVERDE","year":"2014","unstructured":"ARCOVERDE C, DESLANDES A, MORAES H et al (2014) Treadmill training as an augmentation treatment for alzheimer\u2019s disease: a pilot randomized controlled study [J]. Arq Neuropsiquiatr 72(3):190\u2013196","journal-title":"Arq Neuropsiquiatr"},{"key":"8543_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0121478","author":"VA Holthoff","year":"2015","unstructured":"Holthoff VA, Marschner K, Scharf M (2015) Effects of physical activity training in patients with Alzheimer\u2019s dementia: results of a pilot RCT study. PLoS ONE. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0121478","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"2","key":"8543_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-150817","volume":"50","author":"K Hoffmann","year":"2016","unstructured":"Hoffmann K, Sobol NA, Frederiksen KS et al (2016) Moderate-to-high intensity physical exercise in patients with Alzheimer\u2019s disease: a randomized controlled trial. J Alzheimers Dis 50(2):443\u2013453","journal-title":"J Alzheimers Dis"},{"issue":"4","key":"8543_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"731","DOI":"10.1111\/jgs.14059","volume":"64","author":"H \u00d6hman","year":"2016","unstructured":"\u00d6hman H, Savikko N, Strandberg TE et al (2016) Effects of exercise on cognition: the Finnish Alzheimer disease exercise trial: a randomized, controlled trial. J Am Geriatr Soc 64(4):731\u2013738","journal-title":"J Am Geriatr Soc"},{"key":"8543_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"MORRIS JK, VIDONI E D, JOHNSON D K et al (2017) Aerobic exercise for Alzheimer\u2019s disease: A randomized controlled pilot trial [J]. PLoS ONE, 12(2)","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0170547"},{"issue":"1","key":"8543_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-170014","volume":"60","author":"A Toots","year":"2017","unstructured":"Toots A, Littbrand H, Bostr\u00f6m G et al (2017) Effects of exercise on cognitive function in older people with dementia: a randomized controlled trial. J Alzheimers Dis 60(1):323\u2013332","journal-title":"J Alzheimers Dis"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"8543_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1159\/000491818","volume":"46","author":"M HENSKENS","year":"2018","unstructured":"HENSKENS M, NAUTA I M, VAN EEKEREN M C A et al (2018) Effects of physical activity in nursing home residents with dementia: A randomized controlled trial [J]. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord 46(1\u20132):60\u201380","journal-title":"Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord"},{"issue":"10","key":"8543_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3138","DOI":"10.18632\/aging.101970","volume":"11","author":"C Fonte","year":"2019","unstructured":"Fonte C, Smania N (2019) Comparison between physical and cognitive treatment in patients with MCI and Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Aging 11(10):3138\u20133155","journal-title":"Aging"},{"key":"8543_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1016\/j.maturitas.2019.04.217","volume":"126","author":"J SILVA F D, FERREIRA J V, PL\u00c1CIDO","year":"2019","unstructured":"SILVA F D, FERREIRA J V, PL\u00c1CIDO J et al (2019) Three months of multimodal training contributes to mobility and executive function in elderly individuals with mild cognitive impairment, but not in those with alzheimer\u2019s disease: A randomized controlled trial [J]. Maturitas 126:28\u201333","journal-title":"Maturitas"},{"key":"8543_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s11556-019-0234-1","author":"L Enette","year":"2020","unstructured":"Enette L, Vogel T, Merle S (2020) Effect of 9 weeks continuous vs. interval aerobic training on plasma BDNF levels, aerobic fitness, cognitive capacity and quality of life among seniors with mild to moderate Alzheimer\u2019s disease: a randomized controlled trial. Eur Rev Aging Phys Act. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s11556-019-0234-1","journal-title":"Eur Rev Aging Phys Act"},{"issue":"1","key":"8543_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1007\/s11571-022-09818-x","volume":"17","author":"M Budak","year":"2023","unstructured":"Budak M, Bayraktaroglu Z (2023) The effects of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation and aerobic exercise on cognition, balance and functional brain networks in patients with Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Cogn Neurodyn 17(1):39\u201361","journal-title":"Cogn Neurodyn"},{"key":"8543_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci13071112","author":"V Papatsimpas","year":"2023","unstructured":"Papatsimpas V, Vrouva S, Papathanasiou G et al (2023) Does therapeutic exercise support improvement in cognitive function and instrumental activities of daily living in patients with mild Alzheimer\u2019s disease? A randomized controlled trial. Brain Sci. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/brainsci13071112","journal-title":"Brain Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"8543_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/0361073X.2022.2048586","volume":"49","author":"AM Stein","year":"2023","unstructured":"Stein AM, Coelho FGD, Vital-Silva TM et al (2023) Aerobic training and circulating neurotrophins in Alzheimer\u2019s disease patients: a controlled trial. Exp Aging Res 49(1):1\u201317","journal-title":"Exp Aging Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"8543_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1177\/10870547231217321","volume":"28","author":"JW CHEN","year":"2024","unstructured":"CHEN JW (2024) Single exercise for core symptoms and executive functions in ADHD: A systematic review and Meta-Analysis [J]. J Atten Disord 28(4):399\u2013414","journal-title":"J Atten Disord"},{"key":"8543_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1691","DOI":"10.2147\/PRBM.S284645","volume":"16","author":"VENNERIA WRIGHT L M, DE MARCO M","year":"2023","unstructured":"WRIGHT L M, DE MARCO M VENNERIA (2023) Current Understanding of verbal fluency in alzheimer\u2019s disease: evidence to date [J]. Psychol Res Behav Manage 16:1691\u20131705","journal-title":"Psychol Res Behav Manage"},{"key":"8543_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm14050539","author":"DM Cammisuli","year":"2024","unstructured":"Cammisuli DM, Marchesi G, Bellocchio V (2024) Behavioral disorders of spatial cognition in patients with mild cognitive impairment due to Alzheimer\u2019s disease (the BDSC-MCI project): ecological validity of the Corsi learning Suvra-Span test. J Pers Med. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jpm14050539","journal-title":"J Pers Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"8543_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1755","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-200695","volume":"77","author":"F PISANO","year":"2020","unstructured":"PISANO F, CALTAGIRONE C, SATRIANO F et al (2020) Can alzheimer\u2019s disease be prevented? First evidence from spinal stimulation efficacy on executive functions [J]. J Alzheimers Disease 77(4):1755\u20131764","journal-title":"J Alzheimers Disease"},{"issue":"1","key":"8543_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12877-020-01620-w","volume":"20","author":"M Ingold","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ingold M, Tulliani N, Chan CCH et al (2020) Cognitive function of older adults engaging in physical activity. BMC Geriatr 20(1):229","journal-title":"BMC Geriatr"},{"issue":"2","key":"8543_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"795","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-170846","volume":"62","author":"SC Mcewen","year":"2018","unstructured":"Mcewen SC, Siddarth P (2018) Simultaneous aerobic exercise and memory training program in older adults with subjective memory impairments. J Alzheimers Dis 62(2):795\u2013806","journal-title":"J Alzheimers Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"8543_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-53360-9","volume":"15","author":"N Vockert","year":"2024","unstructured":"Vockert N, Machts J, Kleineidam L et al (2024) Cognitive reserve against Alzheimer\u2019s pathology is linked to brain activity during memory formation. Nat Commun 15(1):9815","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"8543_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"GAMBLE LD, OPDEBEECK CLAREL (2025) C, Cognitive reserve and its impact on cognitive and functional abilities, physical activity and quality of life following a diagnosis of dementia: longitudinal findings from the improving the experience of dementia and enhancing active life (IDEAL) study [J]. Age Ageing, 54(1)","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/afae284"},{"issue":"2","key":"8543_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"484","DOI":"10.14283\/jpad.2023.127","volume":"11","author":"L Gong","year":"2024","unstructured":"Gong L, Chen K, Zhang H et al (2024) Higher cognitive reserve is beneficial for cognitive performance via various locus coeruleus functional pathways in the pre-dementia stage of Alzheimer\u2019s disease. J Prev Alzheimers Dis 11(2):484\u2013494","journal-title":"J Prev Alzheimers Dis"},{"key":"8543_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2023.1189443","author":"D Li","year":"2023","unstructured":"Li D, Li L, Zang W et al (2023) Effect of physical activity on attention in school-age children with ADHD: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Front Physiol. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fphys.2023.1189443","journal-title":"Front Physiol"},{"key":"8543_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"ZHU L, LI L, WANG L et al (2020) Physical activity for executive function and activities of daily living in AD patients: A systematic review and Meta-Analysis [J]. Front Psychol, 11","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2020.560461"},{"issue":"4","key":"8543_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1249\/JES.0000000000000161","volume":"46","author":"AV Tyndall","year":"2018","unstructured":"Tyndall AV, Clark CM, Anderson TJ et al (2018) Protective effects of exercise on cognition and brain health in older adults. Exerc Sport Sci Rev 46(4):215\u2013223","journal-title":"Exerc Sport Sci Rev"},{"key":"8543_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102356","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arr.2024.102356","volume":"98","author":"NICOLAL LOO S J Q","year":"2024","unstructured":"LOO S J Q NICOLAL, LYON G et al (2024) Does resistance training in older adults lead to structural brain changes associated with a lower risk of alzheimer\u2019s dementia? A narrative review [J]. Ageing Res Rev 98:102356","journal-title":"Ageing Res Rev"},{"key":"8543_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2023.1243869","author":"HA Pahlavani","year":"2023","unstructured":"Pahlavani HA (2023) Exercise therapy to prevent and treat Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Front Aging Neurosci. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnagi.2023.1243869","journal-title":"Front Aging Neurosci"},{"key":"8543_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"LI D, JIA J, ZENG H et al (2024) Efficacy of exercise rehabilitation for managing patients with alzheimer\u2019s disease [J]. Neural Regeneration Res, 19(10)","DOI":"10.4103\/1673-5374.391308"},{"issue":"1","key":"8543_CR68","first-page":"6340302","volume":"2017","author":"J NOCERA","year":"2017","unstructured":"NOCERA J, CROSSON B, MAMMINO K et al (2017) Changes in cortical activation patterns in Language areas following an aerobic exercise intervention in older adults [J]. Neural Plast 2017(1):6340302","journal-title":"Neural Plast"}],"container-title":["Neurological Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10072-025-08543-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10072-025-08543-7\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10072-025-08543-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,5]],"date-time":"2025-12-05T01:02:18Z","timestamp":1764896538000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10072-025-08543-7"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,22]]},"references-count":68,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["8543"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10072-025-08543-7","relation":{},"ISSN":["1590-1874","1590-3478"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"1590-1874"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1590-3478"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,22]]},"assertion":[{"value":"23 July 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"15 September 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"22 October 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"This study strictly followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines and Network Meta-analyses of Health Care Interventions: Checklist and Explanations. This study was registered in the authoritative systematic review PROSPERO website (CRD42024627368) before it was conducted. All data used were extracted from published studies, so ethical approval and informed consent from the subjects were not required.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval"}},{"value":"All authors have agreed to contribute.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Author\u2019s disclaimer"}},{"value":"The authors report no conflicts of interest.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}]}}