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Resting-state MEG data were collected preoperatively, and brain network connectivity was assessed across seven frequency bands (\u03b4, \u03b8, \u03b1, \u03b2, \u03b3, ripple, and fast ripple) using corrected amplitude envelope correlation (AEC-c). Network-based statistics (NBS) were employed to identify differences in connectivity patterns.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Compared to healthy controls, DRE patients, particularly non-responders (NR-VNS), exhibited widespread abnormal functional connectivity, including significant increases in low-frequency bands and mixed alterations in mid-to-high frequency bands. Responders (R-VNS) showed marked normalization of brain connectivity, with reductions in differences from controls, especially within alpha and beta bands. These connectivity patterns were significantly associated with treatment outcomes, indicating their potential as predictive biomarkers.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Preoperative brain network patterns derived from multi-frequency MEG, particularly in alpha and beta bands, hold promise for predicting VNS treatment response in DRE patients. The \u201chealth status\u201d of the brain\u2019s network prior to implantation appears to be a crucial factor influencing therapeutic efficacy.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10072-025-08682-x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,12]],"date-time":"2026-01-12T03:27:07Z","timestamp":1768188427000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Preoperative MEG reveals differential brain network characteristics in drug-resistant epilepsy patients based on vagus nerve stimulation response"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"47","author":[{"given":"Lingling","family":"Yang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Minghao","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hongxing","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ying fan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jing","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yuejun","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fangqing","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Haitao","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Haiyan","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yiqing","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Qiqi","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lu","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xuefeng","family":"Qu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rui","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4920-3290","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiaoshan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"8682_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140-6736(18)32596-0","volume":"393","author":"RD Thijs","year":"2019","unstructured":"Thijs RD, Surges R, O\u2019Brien TJ, Sander JW (2019) Epilepsy in adults. 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