{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T22:31:50Z","timestamp":1788474710081,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":16,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,17]],"date-time":"2026-01-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768608000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":16,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003196","name":"Ministero della Salute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["GR-2009-1594645"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GR-2009-1594645"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003196","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DFG 458949627; ZE 1213\/2-1)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DFG 458949627; ZE 1213\/2-1)"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"EJP Rare Disease","award":["EJP RD Joint Transnational Call 2022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EJP RD Joint Transnational Call 2022"]}]},{"name":"German Federal Ministry of Education and Research","award":["BMBF"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BMBF"]}]},{"name":"PreDYT project","award":["01GM2302"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["01GM2302"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002347","name":"Federal Ministry of Education and Research","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF)"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002347","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Free State of Bavaria","award":["Excellence Strategy of the Federal Government and the L\u00e4nder"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Excellence Strategy of the Federal Government and the L\u00e4nder"]}]},{"name":"Technical University of Munich Institute for Advanced Study","award":["Technical University of Munich Institute for Advanced Study"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Technical University of Munich Institute for Advanced Study"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Neurol Sci"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The importance of sex as a determinant of Globus pallidus internus deep brain stimulation (GPi-DBS) outcome in adults with dystonia remains uncertain. We investigated whether sex is a determinant of the efficacy and safety of GPi-DBS in dystonia.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In this double-center, retrospective cohort study, we followed patients with idiopathic, inherited, or secondary dystonia for at least 12 months after surgery. Dystonia was assessed using the Burke-Fahn-Marsden Dystonia Rating Scale (BFMDRS). Adverse events were recorded.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Fifty-six consecutive patients (22\u00a0M\/34F) were studied. GPi-DBS led to comparable improvements in both sexes. Male patients showed a motor improvement of 62.6\u2009\u00b1\u200942.4% at 1 year and 53.9\u2009\u00b1\u200920.9% at the last follow-up (8.6\u2009\u00b1\u20093.3 years), while female patients showed a motor improvement of 60.5%\u00b129.0% at 1 year and 48.6\u2009\u00b1\u200928.3% at the last follow-up (at 7.1\u2009\u00b1\u20094.2 years). Improvement in disability and adverse events were comparable between the two groups. At the first reglage, females showed lower electrical energy delivery, which increased significantly during follow-up. The position of the optimal stimulation center did not differ significantly between the two groups.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our study suggests that the overall motor outcomes and safety profiles were similar across sexes, indicating that factors such as age at implant, precision of lead positioning, and severity of dystonia may be more critical determinants of efficacy than sex itself.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10072-025-08733-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,17]],"date-time":"2026-01-17T02:53:20Z","timestamp":1768618400000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Sex-related differences in the short and long-term outcome of internal pallidus stimulation for dystonia"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"47","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6772-1035","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luigi M.","family":"Romito","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roberta","family":"Telese","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahmet","family":"Kaymak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fabiana","family":"Colucci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antonio E.","family":"Elia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sara","family":"Rinaldo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Grazia","family":"Devigili","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roberto","family":"Cilia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giovanna","family":"Zorzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alberto","family":"Mazzoni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Valentina","family":"Leta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Zech","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Miryam","family":"Carecchio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Barbara","family":"Garavaglia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vincenzo","family":"Levi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nico Golfr\u00e8","family":"Andreasi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roberto","family":"Eleopra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,17]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"8733_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-1331.2010.03042.x","volume":"18","author":"A Albanese","year":"2011","unstructured":"Albanese A, Asmus F, Bhatia KP et al (2011) EFNS guidelines on diagnosis and treatment of primary dystonias. 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This work is based on retrospective clinical data and did not require specific approval from our Ethical Committees. All patients provided informed consent for the surgical and clinical procedures. We confirm that we have read the Journal\u2019s position on issues involved in ethical publication and affirm that this work is consistent with those guidelines. We also followed the recommendations of the Sex and Gender Equity in Research (SAGER) guidelines [Heidari, S., Babor, T.F., De Castro, P. et al. Sex and Gender Equity in Research: rationale for the SAGER guidelines and recommended use. Res. Integr. Peer Rev. 1 (2016) 2.\n                      \n                      ] in the reporting of sex information, data analysis, results, and interpretation of findings of this study.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"<!--Emphasis Type='Bold' removed-->Ethical"}},{"value":"All the authors have read and approved this manuscript.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest relevant to this work.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}},{"value":"GZ received honoraria for lectures from Medtronic and served as an advisory committee member for and received travel grants from PTC Therapeutics.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Financial disclosures for the previous 12 months"}},{"value":"The authors did not use any generative AI or AI-assisted technology in the writing process during the preparation of this paper.","order":6,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Generative AI and AI-assisted technologies in the writing process\u2019"}}],"article-number":"168"}}