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We aimed to investigate construct validity (structural validity, measurement invariance between sub-samples, and convergent\/divergent validity) and reliability (internal consistency) of the Italian version of the BFS in persons with multiple sclerosis (PwMS) and their caregivers.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We used confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) to assess structural validity in terms of the proposed three-factor structure of the BFS. We performed multi-group CFA to assess measurement invariance between PwMS and their caregivers. To assess convergent\/divergent validity, we calculated correlations of the BFS subscales with instruments measuring affect (PANAS), life satisfaction (SWLS), social support (MSPSS), depression (BDI-II), and quality of life (SF-36 and MSQoL-54). To appraise internal consistency, we calculated Cronbach\u2019s alpha.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A total of 1359 PwMS and their caregivers completed the study. The three-factor structure of the BFS showed good fit (RMSEA 0.06; CFI 0.92; SRMR 0.05). Configural, metric and scalar invariance were confirmed. Convergent\/divergent validity was supported. The BFS showed good internal consistency for \u2018Acceptance and adjustment\u2019 (alpha 0.82), \u2018Family relations and sense of connectedness\u2019 (alpha 0.84) and \u2018Personal growth and authenticity\u2019 (alpha 0.85).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Results support the BFS as a valid and invariant three-factor measure of benefit finding among Italian PwMS and their caregivers. This scale use in clinical practice could help health professionals track participants\u2019 experience of positive changes under adverse circumstances, as assets in managing stress and promoting illness adjustment.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10072-025-08776-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,27]],"date-time":"2026-01-27T03:40:40Z","timestamp":1769485240000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Assessing validity and reliability of the Benefit Finding Scale in Italian people with multiple sclerosis and their caregivers"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"47","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4921-374X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rosalba","family":"Rosato","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4466-9788","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrea","family":"Giordano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Beatrice","family":"Biolzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1607-543X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Clara Grazia","family":"Chisari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7264-6324","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Monica","family":"Falautano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Monica","family":"Grobberio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2746-7500","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Claudia","family":"Niccolai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6311-5994","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Erika","family":"Pietrolongo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maria Esmeralda","family":"Quartuccio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rosa Gemma","family":"Viterbo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1381-6538","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonella Delle","family":"Fave","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0886-3989","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marta","family":"Bassi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,27]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"8776_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(18)30443-5","volume":"18","author":"GBD 2016 Multiple Sclerosis Collaborators","year":"2019","unstructured":"GBD 2016 Multiple Sclerosis Collaborators (2019) Global, regional, and National burden of multiple sclerosis 1990\u20132016: a systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study 2016. 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Additionally, the 1st and 2nd authors should be swapped to match the order presented in the manuscript and Dr. Andrea Giordano should be the corresponding author. The original article has been corrected.","order":7,"name":"change_details","label":"Change Details","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"7 February 2026","order":8,"name":"change_date","label":"Change Date","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"Correction","order":9,"name":"change_type","label":"Change Type","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"A Correction to this paper has been published:","order":10,"name":"change_details","label":"Change Details","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10072-026-08880-1","URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10072-026-08880-1","order":11,"name":"change_details","label":"Change Details","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The protocol was approved by the local ethical committees, and the study was undertaken in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and Good Clinical Practice principles.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical statement"}},{"value":"All participants gave written informed consent before study enrolment.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Informed consent"}},{"value":"All authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}],"article-number":"201"}}