{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,27]],"date-time":"2026-10-27T00:13:55Z","timestamp":1793060035288,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":82,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,17]],"date-time":"2026-03-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773705600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,17]],"date-time":"2026-03-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773705600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Neurol Sci"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s10072-026-08904-w","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,17]],"date-time":"2026-03-17T02:41:30Z","timestamp":1773715290000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Neuro-behcet\u2019s syndrome: epidemiology, mechanisms, and emerging strategies in diagnosis and treatment"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"47","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0264-7284","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emine Rabia","family":"Koc","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sanja","family":"Gluscevic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdulkadir","family":"Tunc","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Meral","family":"Seferoglu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christos","family":"Bakirtzis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3593-1852","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sara","family":"Samadzadeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Krzysztof","family":"Selmaj","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hans-Peter","family":"Hartung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xavier","family":"Montalban","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aksel","family":"Siva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"ECF Young Investigators\/Fellows Initiative","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"8904_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2021.117436","volume":"426","author":"U Uygunoglu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Uygunoglu U, Siva A (2021) An uncommon disease included commonly in the differential diagnosis of neurological diseases: Neuro-Beh\u00e7et\u2019s syndrome. J Neurol Sci 426:117436","journal-title":"J Neurol Sci"},{"issue":"4","key":"8904_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-009-0145-6","volume":"256","author":"A Siva","year":"2009","unstructured":"Siva A, Saip S (2009) The spectrum of nervous system involvement in Beh\u00e7et\u2019s syndrome and its differential diagnosis. J Neurol 256(4):513\u2013529","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"issue":"8","key":"8904_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"823","DOI":"10.1007\/s10067-010-1430-6","volume":"29","author":"F Davatchi","year":"2010","unstructured":"Davatchi F, Shahram F, Chams-Davatchi C, Shams H, Nadji A, Akhlaghi M et al (2010) Behcet\u2019s disease: from East to West. Clin Rheumatol 29(8):823\u201333","journal-title":"Clin Rheumatol"},{"key":"8904_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.01067","volume":"10","author":"P Leccese","year":"2019","unstructured":"Leccese P, Alpsoy E (2019) Beh\u00e7et\u2019s disease: an overview of etiopathogenesis. Front Immunol 10:1067","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"issue":"Suppl 3","key":"8904_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"iii101","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/kez626","volume":"59","author":"A Bettiol","year":"2020","unstructured":"Bettiol A, Prisco D, Emmi G (2020) Beh\u00e7et: the syndrome. Rheumatology (Oxford) 59(Suppl 3):iii101\u2013iii7","journal-title":"Rheumatology (Oxford)"},{"issue":"5","key":"8904_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1007\/s00296-006-0281-6","volume":"27","author":"S Pay","year":"2007","unstructured":"Pay S, Sim\u015fek I, Erdem H, Din\u00e7 A (2007) Immunopathogenesis of Beh\u00e7et\u2019s disease with special emphasize on the possible role of antigen presenting cells. Rheumatol Int 27(5):417\u2013424","journal-title":"Rheumatol Int"},{"key":"8904_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/7371458","volume":"2019","author":"D Yan","year":"2019","unstructured":"Yan D, Liu J, Zhang Y, Yuan W, Xu Y, Shi J et al (2019) The clinical features and risk factors of parenchymal neuro-Behcet\u2019s disease. J Immunol Res 2019:7371458","journal-title":"J Immunol Res"},{"issue":"6","key":"8904_CR8","first-page":"1015","volume":"20","author":"N Ko\u00e7er","year":"1999","unstructured":"Ko\u00e7er N, Islak C, Siva A, Saip S, Akman C, Kantarci O et al (1999) CNS involvement in neuro-Beh\u00e7et syndrome: an MR study. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 20(6):1015\u20131024","journal-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol"},{"key":"8904_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2024.105558","volume":"85","author":"S Makkawi","year":"2024","unstructured":"Makkawi S, Aljafari D, Alsharif R, Maaddawi H, Alwagdani A, Aljumah T et al (2024) The clinical and radiological features and prevalence of neuro-Beh\u00e7et\u2019s disease: a retrospective cohort multicenter study in Saudi Arabia. Mult Scler Relat Disord 85:105558","journal-title":"Mult Scler Relat Disord"},{"key":"8904_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2019.101512","volume":"38","author":"EC Bolek","year":"2020","unstructured":"Bolek EC, Sari A, Kilic L, Kalyoncu U, Kurne A, Oguz KK et al (2020) Clinical features and disease course of neurological involvement in Behcet\u2019s disease: HUVAC experience. Mult Scler Relat Disord 38:101512","journal-title":"Mult Scler Relat Disord"},{"key":"8904_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2021.624795","volume":"8","author":"E Alpsoy","year":"2021","unstructured":"Alpsoy E, Leccese P, Emmi G, Ohno S (2021) Treatment of Beh\u00e7et\u2019s disease: an algorithmic multidisciplinary approach. Front Med (Lausanne) 8:624795","journal-title":"Front Med (Lausanne)"},{"key":"8904_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2019.101906","volume":"39","author":"A Borhani-Haghighi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Borhani-Haghighi A, Kardeh B, Banerjee S, Yadollahikhales G, Safari A, Sahraian MA et al (2020) Neuro-Behcet\u2019s disease: an update on diagnosis, differential diagnoses, and treatment. Mult Scler Relat Disord 39:101906","journal-title":"Mult Scler Relat Disord"},{"issue":"3","key":"8904_CR13","first-page":"650","volume":"26","author":"K Matsuo","year":"2005","unstructured":"Matsuo K, Yamada K, Nakajima K, Nakagawa M (2005) Neuro-Beh\u00e7et disease mimicking brain tumor. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 26(3):650\u2013653","journal-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"8904_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2007.09.041","volume":"267","author":"S Hirohata","year":"2008","unstructured":"Hirohata S (2008) Histopathology of central nervous system lesions in Beh\u00e7et\u2019s disease. J Neurol Sci 267(1\u20132):41\u201347","journal-title":"J Neurol Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"8904_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1097\/BOR.0b013e3283410088","volume":"23","author":"KT Calamia","year":"2011","unstructured":"Calamia KT, Schirmer M, Melikoglu M (2011) Major vessel involvement in Beh\u00e7et\u2019s disease: an update. Curr Opin Rheumatol 23(1):24\u201331","journal-title":"Curr Opin Rheumatol"},{"issue":"1","key":"8904_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.4103\/NRR.NRR-D-24-00550","volume":"21","author":"MS Dukhinova","year":"2026","unstructured":"Dukhinova MS, Guo J, Shen E, Liu W, Huang W, Shen Y et al (2026) Cerebellar microglia: on the edge between neuroinflammation and neuroregulation. Neural Regen Res 21(1):156\u201372","journal-title":"Neural Regen Res"},{"key":"8904_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/86.1.151","volume":"86","author":"MENINGO\u229dENCEPHALITIS OF BEH\u00c7ET\u2019S","year":"1963","unstructured":"Rubinstein LJ UH, Meningo\u229dencephalitis of Beh\u00e7et\u2019s (1963) Disease: case report with pathological findings. Brain 86:151\u2013160","journal-title":"Brain"},{"issue":"3","key":"8904_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1097\/00019052-200406000-00017","volume":"17","author":"A Siva","year":"2004","unstructured":"Siva A, Altintas A, Saip S (2004) Beh\u00e7et\u2019s syndrome and the nervous system. Curr Opin Neurol 17(3):347\u2013357","journal-title":"Curr Opin Neurol"},{"issue":"3","key":"8904_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.3109\/s10165-011-0533-5","volume":"22","author":"S Hirohata","year":"2012","unstructured":"Hirohata S, Kikuchi H, Sawada T, Nagafuchi H, Kuwana M, Takeno M et al (2012) Clinical characteristics of neuro-Behcet\u2019s disease in Japan: a multicenter retrospective analysis. Mod Rheumatol 22(3):405\u201313","journal-title":"Mod Rheumatol"},{"issue":"3","key":"8904_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2008.10.007","volume":"44","author":"G Akman-Demir","year":"2008","unstructured":"Akman-Demir G, T\u00fcz\u00fcn E, I\u00e7\u00f6z S, Ye\u015filot N, Yent\u00fcr SP, K\u00fcrt\u00fcnc\u00fc M et al (2008) Interleukin-6 in neuro-Beh\u00e7et\u2019s disease: association with disease subsets and long-term outcome. Cytokine 44(3):373\u20136","journal-title":"Cytokine"},{"issue":"1","key":"8904_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.2006.056804","volume":"66","author":"K Fujikawa","year":"2007","unstructured":"Fujikawa K, Aratake K, Kawakami A, Aramaki T, Iwanaga N, Izumi Y et al (2007) Successful treatment of refractory neuro-Behcet\u2019s disease with infliximab: a case report to show its efficacy by magnetic resonance imaging, transcranial magnetic stimulation and cytokine profile. Ann Rheum Dis 66(1):136\u20137","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"8904_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"590622","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.590622","volume":"11","author":"L Li","year":"2020","unstructured":"Li L, Yu X, Liu J, Wang Z, Li C, Shi J et al (2020) Neutrophil Extracellular Traps Promote Aberrant Macrophages Activation in Beh\u00e7et\u2019s Disease. Front Immunol 11:590622","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"issue":"1","key":"8904_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1097\/BOR.0000000000000846","volume":"34","author":"M Takeno","year":"2022","unstructured":"Takeno M (2022) The association of Beh\u00e7et\u2019s syndrome with HLA-B51 as understood in 2021. Curr Opin Rheumatol 34(1):4\u20139","journal-title":"Curr Opin Rheumatol"},{"issue":"2","key":"8904_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdermsci.2018.08.010","volume":"92","author":"R Safi","year":"2018","unstructured":"Safi R, Kallas R, Bardawil T, Mehanna CJ, Abbas O, Hamam R et al (2018) Neutrophils contribute to vasculitis by increased release of neutrophil extracellular traps in Beh\u00e7et\u2019s disease. J Dermatol Sci 92(2):143\u201350","journal-title":"J Dermatol Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"8904_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9343(01)01048-8","volume":"112","author":"G Espinosa","year":"2002","unstructured":"Espinosa G, Font J, T\u00e0ssies D, Vidaller A, Deulofeu R, L\u00f3pez-Soto A et al (2002) Vascular involvement in Beh\u00e7et\u2019s disease: relation with thrombophilic factors, coagulation activation, and thrombomodulin. Am J Med 112(1):37\u201343","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"key":"8904_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"2009)\u00a0HLA-B51\/B5 and the risk of Beh\u00e7et's disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis of case-control genetic association studies. Arthritis Rheum. 61(10):1287\u201396","DOI":"10.1002\/art.24642"},{"issue":"9","key":"8904_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1662","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-013-7209-3","volume":"261","author":"S Kalra","year":"2014","unstructured":"Kalra S, Silman A, Akman-Demir G, Bohlega S, Borhani-Haghighi A, Constantinescu CS et al (2014) Diagnosis and management of Neuro-Beh\u00e7et\u2019s disease: international consensus recommendations. J Neurol 261(9):1662\u20131676","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"issue":"2","key":"8904_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1007\/s004150170242","volume":"248","author":"A Siva","year":"2001","unstructured":"Siva A, Kantarci OH, Saip S, Altintas A, Hamuryudan V, Islak C et al (2001) Beh\u00e7et\u2019s disease: diagnostic and prognostic aspects of neurological involvement. J Neurol 248(2):95\u2013103","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"key":"8904_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"2023)\u00a0Myelin basic protein and index for neuro-Beh\u00e7et's disease. Clin Immunol. 250:109286","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clim.2023.109286"},{"issue":"7","key":"8904_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11910-018-0843-5","volume":"18","author":"U Uyguno\u011flu","year":"2018","unstructured":"Uyguno\u011flu U, Siva A (2018) Beh\u00e7et\u2019s syndrome and nervous system involvement. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep 18(7):35","journal-title":"Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep"},{"key":"8904_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"2012)\u00a0Cognitive impairment in neuro-Behcet's disease and multiple sclerosis: a comparative study. Int J Neurosci. 122(11):650\u20136","DOI":"10.3109\/00207454.2012.704454"},{"key":"8904_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"2024)\u00a0Assessment of neurocognitive function in patients with Beh\u00e7et's disease. Reumatologia. 62(3):169\u201375","DOI":"10.5114\/reum\/190404"},{"key":"8904_CR33","unstructured":"2023)\u00a0Psychiatric Symptoms and Cognitive Disorders in Beh\u00e7et's Disease: A Single-Center, Cross-Sectional Study. J Clin Med. 12(9)"},{"key":"8904_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"2019)\u00a0A Systematic Review of Neurocognitive Functioning in Beh\u00e7et's Disease. Neuropsychol Rev. 29(4):498\u2013521","DOI":"10.1007\/s11065-019-09416-5"},{"key":"8904_CR35","unstructured":"(2016)\u00a0Headache in Behcet's disease: types and characteristics. Springerplus. 5(1):1077"},{"key":"8904_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"2005)\u00a0Headache in Beh\u00e7et's syndrome. Headache. 45(7):911\u20139","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1526-4610.2005.05160.x"},{"key":"8904_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"2023)\u00a0Bagel sign in neuro Beh\u00e7et's disease myelitis: neuroimages. Neurol Sci. 44(8):2987\u20138","DOI":"10.1007\/s10072-023-06815-8"},{"issue":"7","key":"8904_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1134","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-009-5088-4","volume":"256","author":"N Yesilot","year":"2009","unstructured":"Yesilot N, Bahar S, Yilmazer S, Mutlu M, Kurtuncu M, Tuncay R et al (2009) Cerebral venous thrombosis in Beh\u00e7et\u2019s disease compared to those associated with other etiologies. J Neurol 256(7):1134\u20131142","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"issue":"1","key":"8904_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1097\/BOR.0000000000000562","volume":"31","author":"U Uyguno\u011flu","year":"2019","unstructured":"Uyguno\u011flu U, Siva A (2019) Nervous system involvement in Beh\u00e7et\u2019s syndrome. Curr Opin Rheumatol 31(1):32\u201339","journal-title":"Curr Opin Rheumatol"},{"key":"8904_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"2016)\u00a0Management of primary and secondary central nervous system vasculitis. Curr Opin Rheumatol. 28(1):21-8.","DOI":"10.1097\/BOR.0000000000000229"},{"issue":"3 Suppl 77","key":"8904_CR41","first-page":"25","volume":"31","author":"G Saruhan-Direskeneli","year":"2013","unstructured":"Saruhan-Direskeneli G, Yent\u00fcr SP, Mutlu M, Shugaiv E, Yesilot N, K\u00fcrt\u00fcnc\u00fc M et al (2013) Intrathecal oligoclonal IgG bands are infrequently found in neuro-Beh\u00e7et\u2019s disease. Clin Exp Rheumatol 31(3 Suppl 77):25\u201327","journal-title":"Clin Exp Rheumatol"},{"issue":"2","key":"8904_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.25004","volume":"82","author":"U Uygunoglu","year":"2017","unstructured":"Uygunoglu U, Zeydan B, Ozguler Y, Ugurlu S, Seyahi E, Kocer N et al (2017) Myelopathy in Beh\u00e7et\u2019s disease: the Bagel sign. Ann Neurol 82(2):288\u201398","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"issue":"3\u20134","key":"8904_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2009.02.011","volume":"32","author":"D Mendes","year":"2009","unstructured":"Mendes D, Correia M, Barbedo M, Vaio T, Mota M, Gon\u00e7alves O et al (2009) Beh\u00e7et\u2019s disease\u2013a contemporary review. J Autoimmun 32(3\u20134):178\u201388","journal-title":"J Autoimmun"},{"issue":"3","key":"8904_CR44","first-page":"170","volume":"18","author":"S Banerjee","year":"2021","unstructured":"Banerjee S, Hamzoui K, Safari A, Borhani-Haghighi A (2021) The cerebrospinal fluid presentations of neuro-Bechet disease, a way to know the etiopathogenesis and improve armamentarium. Iran J Immunol 18(3):170\u2013178","journal-title":"Iran J Immunol"},{"key":"8904_CR45","volume":"2016","author":"WW Miller","year":"2016","unstructured":"Miller WW, Konstas D, Gandhy C, Robertson D (2016) Unusual late onset of parenchymal neuro-Beh\u00e7et disease. Case Rep Neurol Med 2016:5720319","journal-title":"Case Rep Neurol Med"},{"key":"8904_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clim.2023.109286","volume":"250","author":"H Zhan","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zhan H, Cheng L, Wang X, Jin H, Liu Y, Li H et al (2023) Myelin basic protein and index for neuro-Beh\u00e7et\u2019s disease. Clin Immunol 250:109286","journal-title":"Clin Immunol"},{"key":"8904_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"2022)\u00a0Cerebrospinal fluid level of neurofilament light chain is associated with increased disease activity in neuro-Beh\u00e7et's disease. Turk J Med Sci. 52(4):1266\u201373.","DOI":"10.55730\/1300-0144.5432"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"8904_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2009.05.005","volume":"213","author":"K Hamzaoui","year":"2009","unstructured":"Hamzaoui K, Ayed K, Hamza M, Hamzaoui A (2009) VEGF and mRNA VEGF expression in CSF from Beh\u00e7et\u2019s disease with neurological involvement. J Neuroimmunol 213(1\u20132):148\u2013153","journal-title":"J Neuroimmunol"},{"key":"8904_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2024.156617","volume":"179","author":"M Belghith","year":"2024","unstructured":"Belghith M, Maghrebi O, Ben Laamari R, Hanachi M, Hrir S, Saied Z et al (2024) Increased IL-22 in cerebrospinal fluid of neuro-beh\u00e7et\u2019s disease patients. Cytokine 179:156617","journal-title":"Cytokine"},{"issue":"1","key":"8904_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2008.06.006","volume":"200","author":"K Hamzaoui","year":"2008","unstructured":"Hamzaoui K, Houman H, Hentati F, Hamzaoui A (2008) BAFF is up-regulated in central nervous system of neuro-Beh\u00e7et\u2019s disease. J Neuroimmunol 200(1):111\u2013114","journal-title":"J Neuroimmunol"},{"issue":"4","key":"8904_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"518","DOI":"10.1002\/art.24393","volume":"61","author":"D Saadoun","year":"2009","unstructured":"Saadoun D, Wechsler B, Resche-Rigon M, Trad S, Le Thi Huong D, Sbai A et al (2009) Cerebral venous thrombosis in Beh\u00e7et\u2019s disease. Arthritis Rheum 61(4):518\u201326","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"8904_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"2020)\u00a0Neuroimaging of Multiple Sclerosis Mimics. Neurol Clin. 38(1):149\u201370","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2019.09.002"},{"issue":"6","key":"8904_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1050","DOI":"10.3174\/ajnr.A2477","volume":"32","author":"S Albayram","year":"2011","unstructured":"Albayram S, Saip S, Hasiloglu ZI, Teke M, Ceyhan E, Tutuncu M et al (2011) Evaluation of parenchymal neuro-beh\u00e7et disease by using susceptibility-weighted imaging. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 32(6):1050\u20135","journal-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol"},{"issue":"10","key":"8904_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"624","DOI":"10.1016\/j.revmed.2024.06.007","volume":"45","author":"N Belfeki","year":"2024","unstructured":"Belfeki N, Ghriss N, Fourati M, Leclercq D, Saadoun D (2024) Neuro-Beh\u00e7et\u2019s disease: a review. Rev Med Interne 45(10):624\u2013633","journal-title":"Rev Med Interne"},{"issue":"5","key":"8904_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/NXI.0000000000000490","volume":"5","author":"G Akdal","year":"2018","unstructured":"Akdal G, Toydemir HE, Saatci AO, Uyguno\u011flu U, Altunrende B, Saip S et al (2018) Characteristics of optic neuropathy in Beh\u00e7et disease. Neurology Neuroimmunology & Neuroinflammation 5(5):e490","journal-title":"Neurology Neuroimmunology & Neuroinflammation"},{"key":"8904_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semarthrit.2024.152509","volume":"68","author":"OA Kargin","year":"2024","unstructured":"Kargin OA, Arslan S, Korkmazer B, Guner S, Ozdede A, Erener N et al (2024) Brain white matter microstructural alterations in Behcet\u2019s syndrome correlate with cognitive impairment and disease severity: a diffusion tensor imaging study. Semin Arthritis Rheum 68:152509","journal-title":"Semin Arthritis Rheum"},{"issue":"6","key":"8904_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"808","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2018-213225","volume":"77","author":"G Hatemi","year":"2018","unstructured":"Hatemi G, Christensen R, Bang D, Bodaghi B, Celik AF, Fortune F et al (2018) 2018 update of the EULAR recommendations for the management of Beh\u00e7et\u2019s syndrome. Ann Rheum Dis 77(6):808\u2013818","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"issue":"5","key":"8904_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11940-016-0405-6","volume":"18","author":"M K\u00fcrt\u00fcnc\u00fc","year":"2016","unstructured":"K\u00fcrt\u00fcnc\u00fc M, T\u00fcz\u00fcn E, Akman-Demir G (2016) Beh\u00e7et\u2019s disease and nervous system involvement. Curr Treat Options Neurol 18(5):19","journal-title":"Curr Treat Options Neurol"},{"issue":"5","key":"8904_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1306","DOI":"10.1002\/art.38351","volume":"66","author":"N Noel","year":"2014","unstructured":"Noel N, Bernard R, Wechsler B, Resche-Rigon M, Depaz R, Le Thi Huong Boutin D et al (2014) Long-term outcome of neuro-Beh\u00e7et\u2019s disease. Arthritis Rheumatol 66(5):1306\u201314","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol"},{"issue":"5","key":"8904_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/NXI.0000000000000258","volume":"3","author":"B Zeydan","year":"2016","unstructured":"Zeydan B, Uygunoglu U, Saip S, Demirci ON, Seyahi E, Ugurlu S et al (2016) Infliximab is a plausible alternative for neurologic complications of Beh\u00e7et disease. Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm 3(5):e258","journal-title":"Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm"},{"issue":"7","key":"8904_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1007","DOI":"10.1007\/s10067-011-1726-1","volume":"30","author":"A Borhani Haghighi","year":"2011","unstructured":"Borhani Haghighi A, Safari A, Nazarinia MA, Habibagahi Z, Shenavandeh S (2011) Infliximab for patients with neuro-Behcet\u2019s disease: case series and literature review. Clin Rheumatol 30(7):1007\u20131012","journal-title":"Clin Rheumatol"},{"issue":"10","key":"8904_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3213","DOI":"10.1007\/s10067-024-07118-9","volume":"43","author":"KE Rabia","year":"2024","unstructured":"Rabia KE, Gizem G, Furkan S, Sanja G, Nihan CB, Yavuz P et al (2024) Long-term outcomes of infliximab treatment in neuro-Behcet syndrome: a single-center retrospective study. Clin Rheumatol 43(10):3213\u201321","journal-title":"Clin Rheumatol"},{"key":"8904_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2015.06.005","volume":"62","author":"H Vallet","year":"2015","unstructured":"Vallet H, Riviere S, Sanna A, Deroux A, Moulis G, Addimanda O et al (2015) Efficacy of anti-TNF alpha in severe and\/or refractory Beh\u00e7et\u2019s disease: multicenter study of 124 patients. J Autoimmun 62:67\u201374","journal-title":"J Autoimmun"},{"issue":"4","key":"8904_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"797","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semarthrit.2020.05.017","volume":"50","author":"M Akiyama","year":"2020","unstructured":"Akiyama M, Kaneko Y, Takeuchi T (2020) Effectiveness of tocilizumab in Behcet\u2019s disease: a systematic literature review. Semin Arthritis Rheum 50(4):797\u2013804","journal-title":"Semin Arthritis Rheum"},{"issue":"4","key":"8904_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semarthrit.2014.08.004","volume":"44","author":"O Addimanda","year":"2015","unstructured":"Addimanda O, Pipitone N, Pazzola G, Salvarani C (2015) Tocilizumab for severe refractory neuro-Beh\u00e7et: three cases IL-6 blockade in neuro-Beh\u00e7et. Semin Arthritis Rheum 44(4):472\u2013475","journal-title":"Semin Arthritis Rheum"},{"issue":"3 Suppl 72","key":"8904_CR66","first-page":"S73","volume":"30","author":"P Urbaniak","year":"2012","unstructured":"Urbaniak P, Hasler P, Kretzschmar S (2012) Refractory neuro-Beh\u00e7et treated by tocilizumab: a case report. Clin Exp Rheumatol 30(3 Suppl 72):S73\u2013S75","journal-title":"Clin Exp Rheumatol"},{"issue":"3","key":"8904_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clineuro.2011.10.024","volume":"114","author":"LS Shapiro","year":"2012","unstructured":"Shapiro LS, Farrell J, Borhani Haghighi A (2012) Tocilizumab treatment for neuro-Behcet\u2019s disease, the first report. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 114(3):297\u2013298","journal-title":"Clin Neurol Neurosurg"},{"issue":"5","key":"8904_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199002013220501","volume":"322","author":"H Yazici","year":"1990","unstructured":"Yazici H, Pazarli H, Barnes CG, T\u00fcz\u00fcn Y, Ozyazgan Y, Silman A et al (1990) A controlled trial of azathioprine in Beh\u00e7et\u2019s syndrome. N Engl J Med 322(5):281\u2013285","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"8904_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1607","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.46.6.1607","volume":"46","author":"C Confavreux","year":"1996","unstructured":"Confavreux C, Saddier P, Grimaud J, Moreau T, Adeleine P, Aimard G (1996) Risk of cancer from azathioprine therapy in multiple sclerosis: a case-control study. Neurology 46(6):1607\u20131612","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"1","key":"8904_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1002\/art.25061","volume":"62","author":"PA Monach","year":"2010","unstructured":"Monach PA, Arnold LM, Merkel PA (2010) Incidence and prevention of bladder toxicity from cyclophosphamide in the treatment of rheumatic diseases: a data-driven review. Arthritis Rheum 62(1):9\u201321","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"issue":"12","key":"8904_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2200","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/key242","volume":"57","author":"Y Ozguler","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ozguler Y, Leccese P, Christensen R, Esatoglu SN, Bang D, Bodaghi B et al (2018) Management of major organ involvement of Beh\u00e7et\u2019s syndrome: a systematic review for update of the EULAR recommendations. Rheumatology 57(12):2200\u201312","journal-title":"Rheumatology"},{"issue":"2","key":"8904_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-510X(98)00165-8","volume":"159","author":"S Hirohata","year":"1998","unstructured":"Hirohata S, Suda H, Hashimoto T (1998) Low-dose weekly methotrexate for progressive neuropsychiatric manifestations in Behcet\u2019s disease. J Neurol Sci 159(2):181\u2013185","journal-title":"J Neurol Sci"},{"issue":"3","key":"8904_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clineuro.2006.11.002","volume":"109","author":"JE Alty","year":"2007","unstructured":"Alty JE, Monaghan TM, Bamford JM (2007) A patient with neuro-Beh\u00e7et\u2019s disease is successfully treated with etanercept: further evidence for the value of TNFalpha blockade. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 109(3):279\u2013281","journal-title":"Clin Neurol Neurosurg"},{"issue":"4","key":"8904_CR74","first-page":"367","volume":"41","author":"FN Korkmaz","year":"2016","unstructured":"Korkmaz FN, Ozen G, \u00dcnal AU, Kahraman Koytak P, Tuncer N, Direskeneli H (2016) Severe neuro-Behcet\u2019s disease treated with a combination of immunosuppressives and a TNF-inhibitor. Acta Reumatol Port 41(4):367\u2013371","journal-title":"Acta Reumatol Port"},{"issue":"11","key":"8904_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4427","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/keac097","volume":"61","author":"A Herrero-Morant","year":"2022","unstructured":"Herrero-Morant A, Mart\u00edn-Varillas JL, Casta\u00f1eda S, Ma\u00edz O, S\u00e1nchez J, Ortego N et al (2022) Biologic therapy in refractory neurobeh\u00e7et\u2019s\u2002disease: a multicentre study of 41 patients and literature review. Rheumatology Oxford 61(11):4427\u201336","journal-title":"Rheumatology Oxford"},{"issue":"23","key":"8904_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e3550","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000003550","volume":"95","author":"AC Desbois","year":"2016","unstructured":"Desbois AC, Addimanda O, Bertrand A, Deroux A, P\u00e9rard L, Depaz R et al (2016) Efficacy of Anti-TNF\u03b1 in Severe and Refractory Neuro-Behcet Disease: An Observational Study. Med (Baltim) 95(23):e3550","journal-title":"Med (Baltim)"},{"key":"8904_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fragoulis GE, Nikiphorou E, Dey M, Zhao SS, Courvoisier DS, Arnaud L, et al. (2022) EULAR recommendations for screening and prophylaxis of chronic and opportunistic infections in adults with autoimmune inflammatory rheumatic diseases. Ann Rheum Dis. 2023;82(6):742-53","DOI":"10.1136\/ard-2022-223335"},{"issue":"1","key":"8904_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2008.01.011","volume":"71","author":"A Borhani Haghighi","year":"2008","unstructured":"Borhani Haghighi A, Safari A (2008) Tocilizumab may be a potential addition to our weapons against neuro-Beh\u00e7et\u2019s disease. Med Hypotheses 71(1):156\u2013157","journal-title":"Med Hypotheses"},{"key":"8904_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"2024)\u00a0Expanding evidence for shortened treatment of latent tuberculosis infection: progress, not perfection. Clin Microbiol Infect. 30(11):1339\u201340.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2024.08.024"},{"key":"8904_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.4137\/CMAMD.S4864","volume":"3","author":"G Jones","year":"2010","unstructured":"Jones G, Ding C (2010) Tocilizumab: a review of its safety and efficacy in rheumatoid arthritis. Clin Med Insights Arthritis Musculoskelet Disord 3:81\u201389","journal-title":"Clin Med Insights Arthritis Musculoskelet Disord"},{"issue":"11","key":"8904_CR81","volume":"14","author":"M Hamid","year":"2022","unstructured":"Hamid M, Cherradi S, Ait Berri M, Bourazza A (2022) Neuro-Beh\u00e7et\u2019s Disease With Coma. Cureus 14(11):e31596","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"issue":"4","key":"8904_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.5152\/eurjrheum.2021.20160","volume":"8","author":"Y Karabulut","year":"2021","unstructured":"Karabulut Y (2021) Use of non-TNF biologics for the treatment of neuro-Beh\u00e7et\u2019s disease: Literature review and 2 refractory cases of monoclonal anti-TNFs treated with tocilizumab. Eur J Rheumatol 8(4):223\u2013227","journal-title":"Eur J Rheumatol"}],"container-title":["Neurological Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10072-026-08904-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10072-026-08904-w","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10072-026-08904-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,15]],"date-time":"2026-04-15T09:02:58Z","timestamp":1776243778000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10072-026-08904-w"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,17]]},"references-count":82,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]}},"alternative-id":["8904"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10072-026-08904-w","relation":{},"ISSN":["1590-1874","1590-3478"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1590-1874","type":"print"},{"value":"1590-3478","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,17]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2 December 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"12 February 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"17 March 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Institutional review board statement"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Informed consent"}},{"value":"The authors declare no conflicts of interest.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}],"article-number":"350"}}