{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,15]],"date-time":"2026-04-15T10:04:00Z","timestamp":1776247440560,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":71,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,21]],"date-time":"2026-03-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1774051200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,21]],"date-time":"2026-03-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1774051200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Neurol Sci"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s10072-026-08921-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,21]],"date-time":"2026-03-21T04:52:47Z","timestamp":1774068767000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Molecular mirror: reflecting the complexity of Parkinson\u2019s disease"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"47","author":[{"given":"Shahin","family":"Siddik","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Upashana","family":"Patgiri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3503-7316","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Piyong","family":"Sola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,21]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"8921_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.31887\/DCNS.2004.6.3\/galexander","volume":"6","author":"GE Alexander","year":"2004","unstructured":"Alexander GE (2004) Biology of Parkinson\u2019s disease: pathogenesis and pathophysiology of a multisystem neurodegenerative disorder. Dialogues Clin Neurosci 6(3):259\u2013280","journal-title":"Dialogues Clin Neurosci"},{"issue":"3","key":"8921_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1159\/000275491","volume":"34","author":"A Wright Willis","year":"2010","unstructured":"Wright Willis A, Evanoff BA, Lian M, Criswell SR, Racette BA (2010) Geographic and ethnic variation in Parkinson disease: a population-based study of US Medicare beneficiaries. Neuroepidemiology 34(3):143\u2013151","journal-title":"Neuroepidemiology"},{"key":"8921_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1351","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-012-6804-z","volume":"260","author":"L Horsfall","year":"2013","unstructured":"Horsfall L, Petersen I, Walters K, Schrag A (2013) Time trends in incidence of Parkinson's disease diagnosis in UK primary care. J Neurol 260:1351\u20131357","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"issue":"1","key":"8921_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.neuro.28.061604.135718","volume":"28","author":"DJ Moore","year":"2005","unstructured":"Moore DJ, West AB, Dawson VL, Dawson TM (2005) Molecular pathophysiology of Parkinson\u2019s disease. Annu Rev Neurosci 28(1):57\u201387","journal-title":"Annu Rev Neurosci"},{"key":"8921_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-007-5416-4_16","volume":"65","author":"TR Mhyre","year":"2012","unstructured":"Mhyre TR, Boyd JT, Hamill RW, Kathleen A (2012) Maguire-Zeiss. Protein Aggreg Fibrillogenes Cereb Syst Amyloid Dis 65:389","journal-title":"Protein Aggreg Fibrillogenes Cereb Syst Amyloid Dis"},{"issue":"15","key":"8921_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1044","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199810083391506","volume":"339","author":"AE Lang","year":"1998","unstructured":"Lang AE, Lozano AM (1998) Parkinsons disease. N Engl J Med 339(15):1044\u201353","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"8921_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chaudhuri KR, Healy DG, Schapira AHV (2006) Review Non-motor symptoms of Parkinson \u2019 s disease: diagnosis and management. ;5(March).","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(06)70373-8"},{"key":"8921_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1007\/s12264-012-1050-z","volume":"28","author":"R Xia","year":"2012","unstructured":"Xia R, Mao ZH (2012) Progression of motor symptoms in Parkinson's disease. Neurosci Bull 28:39\u201348","journal-title":"Neurosci Bull"},{"issue":"3","key":"8921_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1038\/mp.2013.3","volume":"19","author":"G Drui","year":"2014","unstructured":"Drui G, Carnicella S, Carcenac C, Favier M, Bertrand A, Boulet S et al (2014) Loss of dopaminergic nigrostriatal neurons accounts for the motivational and affective deficits in Parkinson's disease. Mol Psychiatry 19(3):358\u2013367","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry"},{"issue":"11","key":"8921_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"939","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(18)30295-3","volume":"17","author":"E Ray Dorsey","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ray Dorsey E, Elbaz A, Nichols E, Abd-Allah F, Abdelalim A, Adsuar JC et al (2018) Global, regional, and national burden of Parkinson\u2019s disease, 1990\u20132016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016. Lancet Neurol 17(11):939\u2013953","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"issue":"5","key":"8921_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1111\/ane.12563","volume":"134","author":"K Kalinderi","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kalinderi K, Bostantjopoulou S, Fidani L (2016) The genetic background of Parkinson\u2019s disease: current progress and future prospects. Acta Neurol Scand 134(5):314\u2013326","journal-title":"Acta Neurol Scand"},{"key":"8921_CR12","unstructured":"Briles WE, Hala K, Zinkernagle RM, Langston (1983) 1980;1268(1967)"},{"key":"8921_CR13","unstructured":"PIIS0733861918302123.pdf"},{"issue":"11","key":"8921_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6469","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.95.11.6469","volume":"95","author":"MG Spillantini","year":"1998","unstructured":"Spillantini MG, Crowther RA, Jakes R, Hasegawa M, Goedert M (1998) \u03b1-Synuclein in filamentous inclusions of Lewy bodies from Parkinson\u2019s disease and dementia with Lewy bodies. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 95(11):6469\u20136473","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"8921_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cells11111732","volume":"11","author":"C Status","year":"2022","unstructured":"Status C, Approaches NT (2022) Alpha-synuclein aggregation pathway in Parkinson\u2019s disease: current status and novel therapeutic approaches. Cells 11:1732","journal-title":"Cells"},{"issue":"9","key":"8921_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn1199","volume":"4","author":"E Maries","year":"2003","unstructured":"Maries E, Dass B, Collier TJ, Kordower JH, Steece-Collier K (2003) The role of \u03b1-synuclein in Parkinson\u2019s disease: insights from animal models. Nat Rev Neurosci 4(9):727\u2013738","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurosci"},{"issue":"5","key":"8921_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1048","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2012.03.037","volume":"149","author":"N Cremades","year":"2012","unstructured":"Cremades N, Cohen SIA, Deas E, Abramov AY, Chen AY, Orte A et al (2012) Direct observation of the interconversion of normal and toxic forms of \u03b1-synuclein. Cell 149(5):1048\u201359. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cell.2012.03.037","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"8921_CR18","unstructured":"Botto M, Dell\u2019 Agnola C, Bygrave AE, Thompson EM, Cook HT, Petry F et al (1998) Nature Publishing Group http:\/\/www.nature.com\/naturegenetics. Nat Genet [Internet]. 1998;18(3):231\u20136. Available from: http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/9500544"},{"issue":"1","key":"8921_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1186\/1750-1326-4-9","volume":"4","author":"MR Cookson","year":"2009","unstructured":"Cookson MR (2009) \u03b1-Synuclein and neuronal cell death. Mol Neurodegener 4(1):9","journal-title":"Mol Neurodegener"},{"issue":"52","key":"8921_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22474","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0912193106","volume":"106","author":"CY Chung","year":"2009","unstructured":"Chung CY, Koprich JB, Hallett PJ, Isacson O (2009) Functional enhancement and protection of dopaminergic terminals by RAB3B overexpression. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 106(52):22474\u201322479","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"issue":"10","key":"8921_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2552","DOI":"10.1021\/bi991447r","volume":"39","author":"KA Conway","year":"2000","unstructured":"Conway KA, Harper JD, Lansbury PT (2000) Fibrils formed in vitro from \u03b1-synuclein and two mutant forms linked to Parkinson\u2019s disease are typical amyloid. Biochemistry 39(10):2552\u20132563","journal-title":"Biochemistry"},{"issue":"5","key":"8921_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1089","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-2836(02)00735-0","volume":"322","author":"HA Lashuel","year":"2002","unstructured":"Lashuel HA, Petre BM, Wall J, Simon M, Nowak RJ, Walz T et al (2002) \u0391-Synuclein, Especially the Parkinson\u2019S Disease-Associated Mutants, Forms Pore-Like Annular and Tubular Protofibrils. J Mol Biol 322(5):1089\u20131102","journal-title":"J Mol Biol"},{"issue":"4","key":"8921_CR23","first-page":"879","volume":"152","author":"M Baba","year":"1998","unstructured":"Baba M, Nakajo S, Tu PH, Tomita T, Nakaya K, Lee VMY et al (1998) Aggregation of \u03b1-synuclein in Lewy bodies of sporadic Parkinson\u2019s disease and dementia with Lewy bodies. Am J Pathol 152(4):879\u2013884","journal-title":"Am J Pathol"},{"issue":"1","key":"8921_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2020.3311","volume":"78","author":"Z Wang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wang Z, Becker K, Donadio V, Siedlak S, Yuan J, Rezaee M et al (2021) Skin \u03b1-synuclein aggregation seeding activity as a novel biomarker for Parkinson disease. JAMA Neurol 78(1):30\u201340","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol"},{"issue":"15","key":"8921_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2540","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2024.05.006","volume":"112","author":"H Endo","year":"2024","unstructured":"Endo H, Ono M, Takado Y, Matsuoka K, Takahashi M, Tagai K et al (2024) Imaging \u03b1-synuclein pathologies in animal models and patients with Parkinson\u2019s and related diseases. Neuron 112(15):2540-2557.e8. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neuron.2024.05.006","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"issue":"OCT","key":"8921_CR26","first-page":"1","volume":"10","author":"R He","year":"2018","unstructured":"He R, Yan X, Guo J, Xu Q, Tang B, Sun Q (2018) Recent advances in biomarkers for Parkinson\u2019s disease. Front Aging Neurosci 10(OCT):1\u201319","journal-title":"Front Aging Neurosci"},{"issue":"7","key":"8921_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"624","DOI":"10.1097\/NEN.0b013e31829768d2","volume":"72","author":"V Sanchez-Guajardo","year":"2013","unstructured":"Sanchez-Guajardo V, Annibali A, Jensen PH, Romero-Ramos M (2013) \u03b1-synuclein vaccination prevents the accumulation of parkinson disease-like pathologic inclusions in striatum in association with regulatory T cell recruitment in a rat model. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 72(7):624\u2013645","journal-title":"J Neuropathol Exp Neurol"},{"key":"8921_CR28","unstructured":"Kempuraj D, Thangavel R, Natteru PA, Selvakumar GP, Saeed D, Zahoor H et al (2016) Neuroinflammation Induces Neurodegeneration. J Neurol Neurosurg spine [Internet]. ;1(1):1\u201315. Available from: http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/28127589%0Ahttp:\/\/www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov\/articlerender.fcgi?artid=PMC5260818."},{"key":"8921_CR29","unstructured":"Zhang Y, Guo H, Guo X, Ge D, Shi Y, Lu X et al Involvement of Akt \/ mTOR in the Neurotoxicity of Rotenone-. Induced Parkinson \u2019 s Disease Models"},{"issue":"1","key":"8921_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1042\/BJ20080295","volume":"413","author":"PA Robinson","year":"2008","unstructured":"Robinson PA (2008) Protein stability and aggregation in Parkinson\u2019s disease. Biochem J 413(1):1\u201313","journal-title":"Biochem J"},{"issue":"1","key":"8921_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1038\/nrc3860","volume":"15","author":"LM Thorpe","year":"2015","unstructured":"Thorpe LM, Yuzugullu H, Zhao JJ (2015) PI3K in cancer: divergent roles of isoforms, modes of activation and therapeutic targeting. Nat Rev Cancer 15(1):7\u201324. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nrc3860","journal-title":"Nat Rev Cancer"},{"key":"8921_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2014.06.017","volume":"70","author":"SR Subramaniam","year":"2014","unstructured":"Subramaniam SR, Vergnes L, Franich NR, Reue K, Chesselet MF (2014) Region specific mitochondrial impairment in mice with widespread overexpression of alpha-synuclein. Neurobiol Dis 70:204\u201313. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.nbd.2014.06.017","journal-title":"Neurobiol Dis"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"8921_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbapap.2003.11.009","volume":"1697","author":"M Hanada","year":"2004","unstructured":"Hanada M, Feng J, Hemmings BA (2004) Structure, regulation and function of PKB\/AKT - a major therapeutic target. Biochim Biophys Acta Proteins Proteom 1697(1\u20132):3\u201316","journal-title":"Biochim Biophys Acta Proteins Proteom"},{"issue":"50","key":"8921_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7455","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.onc.1209085","volume":"24","author":"DA Altomare","year":"2005","unstructured":"Altomare DA, Testa JR (2005) Perturbations of the AKT signaling pathway in human cancer. Oncogene 24(50):7455\u20137464","journal-title":"Oncogene"},{"key":"8921_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.redox.2016.10.019","volume":"11","author":"C Zhang","year":"2017","unstructured":"Zhang C, Li C, Chen S, Li Z, Jia X, Wang K et al (2017) Berberine protects against 6-OHDA-induced neurotoxicity in PC12 cells and zebrafish through hormetic mechanisms involving PI3K\/AKT\/Bcl-2 and Nrf2\/HO-1 pathways. Redox Biol 11:1\u201311. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.redox.2016.10.019","journal-title":"Redox Biol"},{"key":"8921_CR36","first-page":"1360","volume":"19","author":"I Rani","year":"2019","unstructured":"Rani I, Goyal A (2019) Role of GSK3 (glycogen synthase kinase 3) as tumor promoter and tumor suppressor - a review. Plant Arch 19:1360\u20131365","journal-title":"Plant Arch"},{"key":"8921_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2015.03.010","volume":"97","author":"M Golpich","year":"2015","unstructured":"Golpich M, Amini E, Hemmati F, Ibrahim NM, Rahmani B, Mohamed Z et al (2015) Glycogen synthase kinase-3 beta (GSK-3\u03b2) signaling: implications for Parkinson\u2019s disease. Pharmacol Res 97:16\u201326. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.phrs.2015.03.010","journal-title":"Pharmacol Res"},{"issue":"11","key":"8921_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1775","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocel.2010.07.016","volume":"42","author":"P Lei","year":"2010","unstructured":"Lei P, Ayton S, Finkelstein DI, Adlard PA, Masters CL, Bush AI (2010) Tau protein: relevance to Parkinson\u2019s disease. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 42(11):1775\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.biocel.2010.07.016","journal-title":"Int J Biochem Cell Biol"},{"issue":"6","key":"8921_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"829","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.20691","volume":"58","author":"JBJ Kwok","year":"2005","unstructured":"Kwok JBJ, Hallupp M, Loy CT, Chan DKY, Woo J, Mellick GD et al (2005) GSK3B polymorphisms alter transcription and splicing in Parkinson\u2019s disease. Ann Neurol 58(6):829\u201339","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"issue":"6","key":"8921_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"759","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.21730","volume":"65","author":"X Gao","year":"2009","unstructured":"Gao X, Simon KC, Han J, Schwarzschild MA, Ascherio A (2009) Reply to Hern\u00e1ndez. Ann Neurol 65(6):759","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"8921_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.biochem.74.082803.133400","volume":"74","author":"MR Cookson","year":"2005","unstructured":"Cookson MR (2005) The biochemistry of Parkinson\u2019s disease. Annu Rev Biochem 74:29\u201352","journal-title":"Annu Rev Biochem"},{"issue":"8","key":"8921_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1678","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2007.03.017","volume":"52","author":"W Wang","year":"2007","unstructured":"Wang W, Yang Y, Ying C, Li W, Ruan H, Zhu X et al (2007) Inhibition of glycogen synthase kinase-3\u03b2 protects dopaminergic neurons from MPTP toxicity. Neuropharmacology 52(8):1678\u20131684","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"issue":"2","key":"8921_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awh054","volume":"127","author":"R Bandopadhyay","year":"2004","unstructured":"Bandopadhyay R, Kingsbury AE, Cookson MR, Reid AR, Evans IM, Hope AD et al (2004) The expression of DJ-1 (PARK7) in normal human CNS and idiopathic Parkinson\u2019s disease. Brain 127(2):420\u2013430","journal-title":"Brain"},{"issue":"10","key":"8921_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"916","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.2391","volume":"13","author":"PJ Murray","year":"2012","unstructured":"Murray PJ, Smale ST (2012) Restraint of inflammatory signaling by interdependent strata of negative regulatory pathways. Nat Immunol 13(10):916\u2013924","journal-title":"Nat Immunol"},{"issue":"3","key":"8921_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1038\/77060","volume":"25","author":"H Shimura","year":"2000","unstructured":"Shimura H, Hattori N, Kubo SI, Mizuno Y, Asakawa S, Minoshima S et al (2000) Familial Parkinson disease gene product, parkin, is a ubiquitin-protein ligase. Nat Genet 25(3):302\u2013305","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"issue":"2","key":"8921_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2009.01.033","volume":"62","author":"EV Mosharov","year":"2009","unstructured":"Mosharov EV, Larsen KE, Kanter E, Phillips KA, Wilson K, Schmitz Y et al (2009) Interplay between cytosolic dopamine, calcium, and \u03b1-synuclein causes selective death of Substantia Nigra neurons. Neuron 62(2):218\u201329","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"issue":"14","key":"8921_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2042","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.22675","volume":"24","author":"C Klein","year":"2009","unstructured":"Klein C, Schneider SA, Lang AE (2009) Hereditary parkinsonism: Parkinson disease look-alikes - an algorithm for clinicians to PARK genes and beyond. Mov Disord 24(14):2042\u20132058","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"issue":"6676","key":"8921_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1038\/33416","volume":"392","author":"T Kitada","year":"1998","unstructured":"Kitada T, Asakawa S, Hattori N, Matsumine H, Yamamura Y, Minoshima S et al (1998) Mutations in the parkin gene cause autosomal recessive juvenile parkinsonism. Nature 392(6676):605\u2013608","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"5674","key":"8921_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1158","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1096284","volume":"304","author":"EM Valente","year":"2004","unstructured":"Valente EM, Abou-Sleiman PM, Caputo V, Muqit MMK, Harvey K, Gispert S et al (2004) Hereditary early-onset Parkinson\u2019s disease caused by mutations in PINK1. Science 304(5674):1158\u201360","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"2","key":"8921_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1038\/ncb2012","volume":"12","author":"S Geisler","year":"2010","unstructured":"Geisler S, Holmstr\u00f6m KM, Skujat D, Fiesel FC, Rothfuss OC, Kahle PJ et al (2010) PINK1\/Parkin-mediated mitophagy is dependent on VDAC1 and p62\/SQSTM1. Nat Cell Biol 12(2):119\u201331. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/ncb2012","journal-title":"Nat Cell Biol"},{"issue":"43","key":"8921_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11614","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3769-07.2007","volume":"27","author":"MR Bruchas","year":"2007","unstructured":"Bruchas MR, Land BB, Aita M, Xu M, Barot SK, Li S et al (2007) Stress-induced p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase activation mediates \u03ba-opioid-dependent dysphoria. J Neurosci 27(43):11614\u201311623","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"8921_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.1000298","author":"DP Narendra","year":"2010","unstructured":"Narendra DP, Jin SM, Tanaka A, Suen DF, Gautier CA, Shen J et al (2010) PINK1 is selectively stabilized on impaired mitochondria to activate Parkin. PLoS Biol. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pbio.1000298","journal-title":"PLoS Biol"},{"key":"8921_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conb.2021.09.005","volume":"72","author":"S Agarwal","year":"2022","unstructured":"Agarwal S, Muqit MMK (2022) PTEN-induced kinase 1 (PINK1) and Parkin: unlocking a mitochondrial quality control pathway linked to Parkinson\u2019s disease. Curr Opin Neurobiol 72:111\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.conb.2021.09.005","journal-title":"Curr Opin Neurobiol"},{"issue":"14","key":"8921_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3038","DOI":"10.1038\/emboj.2012.170","volume":"31","author":"N Exner","year":"2012","unstructured":"Exner N, Lutz AK, Haass C, Winklhofer KF (2012) Mitochondrial dysfunction in Parkinson\u2032s disease: molecular mechanisms and pathophysiological consequences. EMBO J 31(14):3038\u201362. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/emboj.2012.170","journal-title":"EMBO J"},{"issue":"7097","key":"8921_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1162","DOI":"10.1038\/nature04779","volume":"441","author":"IE Clark","year":"2006","unstructured":"Clark IE, Dodson MW, Jiang C, Cao JH, Huh JR, Seol JH et al (2006) Drosophilapink1 is required for mitochondrial function and interacts genetically with parkin. Nature 441(7097):1162\u20136","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"1","key":"8921_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2011.06.001","volume":"146","author":"JR Mazzulli","year":"2011","unstructured":"Mazzulli JR, Xu YH, Sun Y, Knight AL, McLean PJ, Caldwell GA et al (2011) Gaucher disease glucocerebrosidase and \u03b1-synuclein form a bidirectional pathogenic loop in synucleinopathies. Cell 146(1):37\u201352. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cell.2011.06.001","journal-title":"Cell"},{"issue":"4","key":"8921_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"840","DOI":"10.1007\/s13311-014-0294-x","volume":"11","author":"F Richter","year":"2014","unstructured":"Richter F, Fleming SM, Watson M, Lemesre V, Pellegrino L, Ranes B et al (2014) A GCase Chaperone Improves Motor Function in a Mouse Model of Synucleinopathy. Neurotherapeutics 11(4):840\u2013856","journal-title":"Neurotherapeutics"},{"issue":"8","key":"8921_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"522","DOI":"10.3109\/07853890.2013.849383","volume":"45","author":"R Caruso","year":"2013","unstructured":"Caruso R, Pallone F, Stasi E, Romeo S, Monteleone G (2013) Appropriate nutrient supplementation in celiac disease. Ann Med 45(8):522\u2013531","journal-title":"Ann Med"},{"issue":"9","key":"8921_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3214","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1300822110","volume":"110","author":"AHV Schapira","year":"2013","unstructured":"Schapira AHV, Gegg ME (2013) Glucocerebrosidase in the pathogenesis and treatment of Parkinson disease. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 110(9):3214\u20133215","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"8921_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2019.104647","volume":"134","author":"E Aflaki","year":"2020","unstructured":"Aflaki E, Stubblefield BK, McGlinchey RP, McMahon B, Ory DS, Sidransky E (2020) A characterization of Gaucher iPS-derived astrocytes: potential implications for Parkinson\u2019s disease. Neurobiol Dis 134:104647. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.nbd.2019.104647","journal-title":"Neurobiol Dis"},{"issue":"3","key":"8921_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2009.01.003","volume":"15","author":"DP Hanger","year":"2009","unstructured":"Hanger DP, Anderton BH, Noble W (2009) Tau phosphorylation: the therapeutic challenge for neurodegenerative disease. Trends Mol Med 15(3):112\u2013119","journal-title":"Trends Mol Med"},{"key":"8921_CR62","unstructured":"Council MR, Road H, Kingdom U (2001) Eurodegenerative auopathies. Genetics. ;1121\u20131161"},{"issue":"1","key":"8921_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000304051.01650.23","volume":"71","author":"JE Tobin","year":"2008","unstructured":"Tobin JE, Latourelle JC, Lew MF, Klein C, Suchowersky O, Shill HA et al (2008) Haplotypes and gene expression implicate the MAPT region for Parkinson disease: The GenePD Study. Neurology 71(1):28\u201334","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"1","key":"8921_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneurol.2012.242","volume":"9","author":"M Goedert","year":"2013","unstructured":"Goedert M, Spillantini MG, Del Tredici K, Braak H (2013) 100 years of Lewy pathology. Nat Rev Neurol 9(1):13\u201324. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nrneurol.2012.242","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurol"},{"key":"8921_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2009.05118.x","volume":"1184","author":"GM Halliday","year":"2010","unstructured":"Halliday GM, McCann H (2010) The progression of pathology in Parkinson\u2019s disease. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1184:188\u2013195","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci"},{"issue":"6","key":"8921_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1566","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awm104","volume":"130","author":"DR Williams","year":"2007","unstructured":"Williams DR, Holton JL, Strand C, Pittman A, De Silva R, Lees AJ et al (2007) Pathological tau burden and distribution distinguishes progressive supranuclear palsy-parkinsonism from Richardson\u2019s syndrome. Brain 130(6):1566\u201376","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"8921_CR67","first-page":"1","volume":"3","author":"W Poewe","year":"2017","unstructured":"Poewe W, Seppi K, Tanner CM, Halliday GM, Brundin P, Volkmann J et al (2017) Parkinson disease. Nat Rev Dis Prim 3:1\u201321","journal-title":"Nat Rev Dis Prim"},{"issue":"10","key":"8921_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1115","DOI":"10.1586\/14737175.2014.960399","volume":"14","author":"KM Lohr","year":"2014","unstructured":"Lohr KM, Miller GW (2014) VMAT2 and Parkinson\u2019s disease: harnessing the dopamine vesicle. Expert Rev Neurother 14(10):1115\u20131117","journal-title":"Expert Rev Neurother"},{"issue":"2","key":"8921_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-009-8059-y","volume":"39","author":"TS Guillot","year":"2009","unstructured":"Guillot TS, Miller GW (2009) Protective actions of the vesicular monoamine transporter 2 (VMAT2) in monoaminergic neurons. Mol Neurobiol 39(2):149\u2013170","journal-title":"Mol Neurobiol"},{"issue":"19","key":"8921_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2311","DOI":"10.1016\/S0024-3205(01)01301-7","volume":"69","author":"M Zucker","year":"2001","unstructured":"Zucker M, Weizman A, Rehavi M (2001) Characterization of high-affinity [3H]TBZOH binding to the human platelet vesicular monoamine transporter. Life Sci 69(19):2311\u20132317","journal-title":"Life Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"8921_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1111\/ejn.13357","volume":"45","author":"KM Lohr","year":"2017","unstructured":"Lohr KM, Masoud ST, Salahpour A, Miller GW (2017) Membrane transporters as mediators of synaptic dopamine dynamics: implications for disease. Eur J Neurosci 45(1):20\u201333","journal-title":"Eur J Neurosci"}],"container-title":["Neurological Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10072-026-08921-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10072-026-08921-9","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10072-026-08921-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,15]],"date-time":"2026-04-15T09:03:10Z","timestamp":1776243790000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10072-026-08921-9"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,21]]},"references-count":71,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]}},"alternative-id":["8921"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10072-026-08921-9","relation":{},"ISSN":["1590-1874","1590-3478"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1590-1874","type":"print"},{"value":"1590-3478","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,21]]},"assertion":[{"value":"21 January 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"18 February 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"21 March 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"All the authors declare no conflicts of interest or financial disclosures.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}],"article-number":"357"}}