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We investigated dynamic relationships using group-based trajectory modeling (GBTM).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This longitudinal analysis included 2,949 participants aged \u226545 from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS, 2011-2020). Headache was ascertained via a standardized questionnaire. Cognitive trajectories were derived from global cognition Z-scores using GBTM. Multinomial logistic regression evaluated headache-cognition associations, adjusting for demographics, health behaviors, and comorbidities. Stratified analyses tested effect modification by demographics, health behaviors, and comorbidities<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>GBTM identified three cognitive trajectories: low (17.5%), medium (43.8%), and high (38.7%). Headache significantly increased the probability of belonging to low (OR\u2009=\u20091.29, 95% CI: 1.11\u20131.50; p\u2009&lt;\u20090.001) and medium trajectories (OR\u2009=\u20091.14, 95% CI: 1.01\u20131.30; p\u2009=\u20090.033). Alcohol, hypertension, and stroke amplified associations, while diabetes paradoxically attenuated them (p for interaction\u2009&lt;\u20090.05).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Headache independently predicts adverse cognitive trajectories, with alcohol, hypertension, and stroke acting as critical effect modifiers. Paradoxically, diabetes attenuated this risk. Integrating headache screening into cognitive risk stratification and targeting modifiable factors may mitigate cognitive risk.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10072-026-08922-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,7]],"date-time":"2026-03-07T02:12:22Z","timestamp":1772849542000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Headache associated with adverse cognitive trajectories in Chinese aging cohort: a group-based trajectory modeling study"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"47","author":[{"given":"Hong","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Weisheng","family":"Deng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Qiu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"8922_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1186\/s10194-023-01700-3","volume":"25","author":"M Leonardi","year":"2024","unstructured":"Leonardi M, Martelletti P, Burstein R, Fornari A, Grazzi L, Guekht A et al (2024) The World Health Organization Intersectoral Global Action Plan on Epilepsy and Other Neurological Disorders and the headache revolution: from headache burden to a global action plan for headache disorders. 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