{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T01:29:50Z","timestamp":1791854990670,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,18]],"date-time":"2026-04-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776470400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,18]],"date-time":"2026-04-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776470400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["82204861"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82204861"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005230","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Chongqing","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["CSTB2024NSCQ\u2013MSX0609"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CSTB2024NSCQ\u2013MSX0609"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005230","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Chongqing Key Discipline of Traditional Chinese Medicine (Traditional Chinese Medicine Encephalopathy) Project","award":["Chongqing Traditional Chinese Medicine No. 16 (2021)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Chongqing Traditional Chinese Medicine No. 16 (2021)"]}]},{"name":"Chongqing Bayu Qihuang Scholars Support Program","award":["Chongqing Traditional Chinese Medicine No. 23 (2023)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Chongqing Traditional Chinese Medicine No. 23 (2023)"]}]},{"name":"Discipline Hierarchical and Classified Construction Project of Traditional Chinese Medicine Encephalopathy in Chongqing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine","award":["Discipline Hierarchical and Classified Construction Project of Traditional Chinese Medicine Encephalopathy in Chongqing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Discipline Hierarchical and Classified Construction Project of Traditional Chinese Medicine Encephalopathy in Chongqing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Neurol Sci"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study investigates the global burden of common central nervous system (CNS) disorders\u2014including late-onset multiple sclerosis (LOMS), Parkinson\u2019s disease (PD), Alzheimer\u2019s disease and other dementias (ADOD)\u2014among adults aged 55 years and older, covering the period from 1990 to 2021 with projections extending through 2050.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Data from the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) Study 2021, spanning the years 1990 to 2021, were analyzed to evaluate the number of incident and prevalent cases, deaths, disability-adjusted life years (DALYs), years lived with disability (YLDs), years of life lost (YLLs), and their corresponding age-standardized rates. These metrics were stratified by socio-demographic index (SDI) regions, sex, and age groups. Future trends were forecasted using the Bayesian age\u2013period\u2013cohort (BAPC) model up to the year 2036 and the Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA) model up to 2050.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In 2021, global cases reached 0.76\u00a0million for LOMS, 10.76\u00a0million for PD, and 20.84\u00a0million for ADOD. ADOD exhibited the highest burden across all metrics. Females bore greater LOMS and ADOD burden; males bore higher PD burden. High SDI regions had highest LOMS burden; high-middle SDI regions led in PD and ADOD burden. Population growth was the primary burden driver. China faced the highest PD and ADOD burden due to rapid aging.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Urgent health policies must target elderly populations with sex-specific approaches\u2014focusing on women for LOMS\/ADOD and men for PD\u2014alongside strategies for high-risk demographic groups.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10072-026-08986-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,18]],"date-time":"2026-04-18T06:45:56Z","timestamp":1776494756000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["The burden and trends of late-onset multiple sclerosis, Parkinson\u2019s disease, Alzheimer\u2019s disease and other dementias among adults aged 55 and older, spanning from 1990 to 2021, with projections through 2050"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"47","author":[{"given":"Xiaojun","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiujuan","family":"Mi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xinyuan","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ning","family":"Deng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuanhong","family":"Lei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jianzhong","family":"Shu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-4888-7790","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jun","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"8986_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(18)30499-X","volume":"18","author":"GBD 2016 Neurology Collaborators","year":"2019","unstructured":"GBD 2016 Neurology Collaborators (2019) Global, regional, and national burden of neurological disorders, 1990\u20132016: a systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study 2016. Lancet Neurol 18:459\u2013480. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S1474-4422(18)30499-X","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"8986_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S3","DOI":"10.3233\/JPD-181474","volume":"8","author":"ER Dorsey","year":"2018","unstructured":"Dorsey ER, Sherer T, Okun MS, Bloem BR (2018) The emerging evidence of the Parkinson pandemic. J Parkinson\u2019s Disease 8:S3\u2013S8. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3233\/JPD-181474","journal-title":"J Parkinson\u2019s Disease"},{"key":"8986_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12877-025-05805-z","volume":"25","author":"M Sorrentino","year":"2025","unstructured":"Sorrentino M, Fiorilla C, Mercogliano M et al (2025) Barriers for access and utilization of dementia care services in Europe: a systematic review. BMC Geriatr 25:162. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12877-025-05805-z","journal-title":"BMC Geriatr"},{"key":"8986_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000208051","volume":"102","author":"EF Mouresan","year":"2024","unstructured":"Mouresan EF, Mentesidou E, Berglund A et al (2024) Clinical characteristics and long-term outcomes of late-onset multiple sclerosis: a Swedish nationwide study. Neurology 102:e208051. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1212\/WNL.0000000000208051","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"8986_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1335","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458510377334","volume":"16","author":"RA Bermel","year":"2010","unstructured":"Bermel RA, Rae-Grant AD, Fox RJ (2010) Diagnosing multiple sclerosis at a later age: more than just progressive myelopathy. Mult Scler 16:1335\u20131340. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1352458510377334","journal-title":"Mult Scler"},{"key":"8986_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(22)00184-3","volume":"22","author":"JS Graves","year":"2023","unstructured":"Graves JS, Krysko KM, Hua LH et al (2023) Ageing and multiple sclerosis. Lancet Neurol 22:66\u201377. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S1474-4422(22)00184-3","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"8986_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-025-02868-5","volume":"149","author":"L Stork","year":"2025","unstructured":"Stork L, Stephan S, Kutllovci A et al (2025) Impaired remyelination in late-onset multiple sclerosis. Acta Neuropathol 149:30. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00401-025-02868-5","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol"},{"key":"8986_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1038\/s41582-019-0183-3","volume":"15","author":"CB Vaughn","year":"2019","unstructured":"Vaughn CB, Jakimovski D, Kavak KS et al (2019) Epidemiology and treatment of multiple sclerosis in elderly populations. Nat Rev Neurol 15:329\u2013342. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41582-019-0183-3","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurol"},{"key":"8986_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtauto.2025.100289","volume":"10","author":"D Zhang","year":"2025","unstructured":"Zhang D, Hua W, Sun F et al (2025) The changes in global burden of autoimmune diseases two years after the COVID-19 pandemic: a trend analysis based on the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021. J Transl Autoimmun 10:100289. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jtauto.2025.100289","journal-title":"J Transl Autoimmun"},{"key":"8986_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-220105","volume":"88","author":"N Baazaoui","year":"2022","unstructured":"Baazaoui N, Iqbal K (2022) COVID-19 and neurodegenerative diseases: prion-like spread and long-term consequences. J Alzheimers Dis 88:399\u2013416. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3233\/JAD-220105","journal-title":"J Alzheimers Dis"},{"key":"8986_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13062-020-00282-3","volume":"15","author":"A Verkhratsky","year":"2020","unstructured":"Verkhratsky A, Li Q, Melino S et al (2020) Can COVID-19 pandemic boost the epidemic of neurodegenerative diseases? Biol Direct 15:28. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13062-020-00282-3","journal-title":"Biol Direct"},{"key":"8986_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3998","DOI":"10.1111\/dom.15748","volume":"26","author":"Y Chen","year":"2024","unstructured":"Chen Y, Ma L, Han Z, Xiong P (2024) The global burden of disease attributable to high body mass index in 204 countries and territories: findings from 1990 to 2019 and predictions to 2035. Diabetes Obes Metab 26:3998\u20134010. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/dom.15748","journal-title":"Diabetes Obes Metab"},{"key":"8986_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.1001\/jamadermatol.2025.1276","volume":"161","author":"R Wang","year":"2025","unstructured":"Wang R, Chen Y, Shao X et al (2025) Burden of skin cancer in older adults from 1990 to 2021 and modelled projection to 2050. JAMA Dermatol 161:715\u2013722. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamadermatol.2025.1276","journal-title":"JAMA Dermatol"},{"key":"8986_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1889","DOI":"10.1002\/cam4.3775","volume":"10","author":"S Li","year":"2021","unstructured":"Li S, Chen H, Man J et al (2021) Changing trends in the disease burden of esophageal cancer in China from 1990 to 2017 and its predicted level in 25 years. Cancer Med 10:1889\u20131899. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/cam4.3775","journal-title":"Cancer Med"},{"key":"8986_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1334","DOI":"10.1097\/CM9.0000000000003143","volume":"138","author":"J Chen","year":"2025","unstructured":"Chen J, Li C, Bu CLN et al (2025) Global burden of non-communicable diseases attributable to kidney dysfunction with projection into 2040. Chin Med J 138:1334\u20131344. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/CM9.0000000000003143","journal-title":"Chin Med J"},{"key":"8986_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3397","DOI":"10.1111\/dom.16358","volume":"27","author":"J Sun","year":"2025","unstructured":"Sun J, Hu W, Ye S et al (2025) Global, regional and country-specific burden of chronic kidney disease due to type 1 diabetes mellitus: a systematic analysis of the 2021 global disease burden study. Diabetes Obes Metab 27:3397\u20133409. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/dom.16358","journal-title":"Diabetes Obes Metab"},{"key":"8986_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1186\/s12874-021-01235-8","volume":"21","author":"AL Schaffer","year":"2021","unstructured":"Schaffer AL, Dobbins TA, Pearson S-A (2021) Interrupted time series analysis using autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) models: a guide for evaluating large-scale health interventions. BMC Med Res Methodol 21:58. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12874-021-01235-8","journal-title":"BMC Med Res Methodol"},{"key":"8986_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-023-16407-y","volume":"23","author":"Q Li","year":"2023","unstructured":"Li Q, Yu M, Lv H et al (2023) Burden of early-onset colorectal cancer along with attributable risk factors from 1990 to 2019: a comparative study between China and other G20 countries. BMC Public Health 23:1463. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12889-023-16407-y","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"8986_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1577","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)32205-4","volume":"397","author":"P Scheltens","year":"2021","unstructured":"Scheltens P, De Strooper B, Kivipelto M et al (2021) Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Lancet 397:1577\u20131590. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)32205-4","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"8986_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(23)01419-8","volume":"403","author":"Y Ben-Shlomo","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ben-Shlomo Y, Darweesh S, Llibre-Guerra J et al (2024) The epidemiology of Parkinson\u2019s disease. Lancet 403:283\u2013292. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(23)01419-8","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"8986_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lanepe.2024.100977","volume":"44","author":"E Portaccio","year":"2024","unstructured":"Portaccio E, Magyari M, Havrdova EK et al (2024) Multiple sclerosis: emerging epidemiological trends and redefining the clinical course. The Lancet Regional Health - Europe 44:100977. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.lanepe.2024.100977","journal-title":"The Lancet Regional Health - Europe"},{"key":"8986_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12877-022-03668-2","volume":"22","author":"P Mwendwa","year":"2022","unstructured":"Mwendwa P, Lawlor B, Kroll T, De Br\u00fan A (2022) A systematic review and narrative synthesis of the experiences with caring for older people living with dementia in Sub-Saharan Africa. BMC Geriatr 22:961. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12877-022-03668-2","journal-title":"BMC Geriatr"},{"key":"8986_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e551","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-2667(20)30190-0","volume":"5","author":"G Deuschl","year":"2020","unstructured":"Deuschl G, Beghi E, Fazekas F et al (2020) The burden of neurological diseases in Europe: an analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017. Lancet Public Health 5:e551\u2013e567. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S2468-2667(20)30190-0","journal-title":"Lancet Public Health"},{"key":"8986_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2022.104464","volume":"69","author":"D Michelis","year":"2023","unstructured":"Michelis D, Brunetti N, Solaro C et al (2023) Aging with multiple sclerosis: clinical characterization of an elderly population, a cross-sectional study. Mult Scler Relat Disord 69:104464. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.msard.2022.104464","journal-title":"Mult Scler Relat Disord"},{"key":"8986_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1816","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458520970841","volume":"26","author":"C Walton","year":"2020","unstructured":"Walton C, King R, Rechtman L et al (2020) Rising prevalence of multiple sclerosis worldwide: insights from the Atlas of MS, third edition. Mult Scler 26:1816\u20131821. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1352458520970841","journal-title":"Mult Scler"},{"key":"8986_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1967","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(22)01546-X","volume":"400","author":"X Chen","year":"2022","unstructured":"Chen X, Giles J, Yao Y et al (2022) The path to healthy ageing in China: a Peking University\u2013Lancet Commission. Lancet 400:1967\u20132006. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(22)01546-X","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"8986_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.medj.2025.100692","volume":"6","author":"C Zhang","year":"2025","unstructured":"Zhang C, Yang X, Wan D et al (2025) Burden of neurological disorders in China and its provinces, 1990\u20132021: findings from the global burden of disease study 2021. Med 6:100692. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.medj.2025.100692","journal-title":"Med"},{"key":"8986_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1097\/JS9.0000000000001902","volume":"111","author":"Z Bai","year":"2025","unstructured":"Bai Z, Wang H, Shen C et al (2025) The global, regional, and national patterns of change in the burden of nonmalignant upper gastrointestinal diseases from 1990 to 2019 and the forecast for the next decade. Int J Surg 111:80\u201392. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/JS9.0000000000001902","journal-title":"Int J Surg"},{"key":"8986_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12939-025-02530-2","volume":"24","author":"C Xu","year":"2025","unstructured":"Xu C, Jiang C, Liu X et al (2025) Epidemiological and sociodemographic transitions in the global burden and risk factors for Alzheimer\u2019s disease and other dementias: a secondary analysis of GBD 2021. Int J Equity Health 24:149. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12939-025-02530-2","journal-title":"Int J Equity Health"},{"key":"8986_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ejemot-Nwadiaro RI, Ehiri JE, Arikpo D et al (2015) Hand washing promotion for preventing diarrhoea. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2015:CD004265. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/14651858.CD004265.pub3","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004265.pub3"},{"key":"8986_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Haakenstad A, Irvine CMS, Knight M et al (2022) Measuring the availability of human resources for health and its relationship to universal health coverage for 204 countries and territories from 1990 to 2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. Lancet 399:2129\u20132154. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(22)00532-3","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(22)00532-3"},{"key":"8986_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2025.06.026","volume":"129","author":"CJ Kaufhold","year":"2025","unstructured":"Kaufhold CJ, Mani KK, Akbari Z, Sohrabji F (2025) Sex differences in neurological disorders: insights from ischemic stroke, Parkinson\u2019s disease, and multiple sclerosis. Brain Behav Immun 129:335\u2013347. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bbi.2025.06.026","journal-title":"Brain Behav Immun"},{"key":"8986_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1111\/imm.13004","volume":"156","author":"MC Ysrraelit","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ysrraelit MC, Correale J (2019) Impact of sex hormones on immune function and multiple sclerosis development. Immunology 156:9\u201322. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/imm.13004","journal-title":"Immunology"},{"key":"8986_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25158485","volume":"25","author":"Z Kolahchi","year":"2024","unstructured":"Kolahchi Z, Henkel N, Eladawi MA et al (2024) Sex and gender differences in Alzheimer\u2019s disease: genetic, hormonal, and inflammation impacts. Int J Mol Sci 25:8485. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms25158485","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"8986_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4907","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-021-03830-w","volume":"78","author":"D Zhu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zhu D, Montagne A, Zhao Z (2021) Alzheimer\u2019s pathogenic mechanisms and underlying sex difference. Cell Mol Life Sci 78:4907\u20134920. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00018-021-03830-w","journal-title":"Cell Mol Life Sci"},{"issue":"8","key":"8986_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/0102-311x00073320","volume":"37","author":"N Feter","year":"2021","unstructured":"Feter N, Leite JS, Dumith SC, Rombaldi AJ (2021) Ten-year trends in hospitalizations due to Alzheimer\u2019s disease in Brazil: a national-based study. Cad Saude Publica 37(8):e00073320. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1590\/0102-311x00073320","journal-title":"Cad Saude Publica"}],"container-title":["Neurological Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10072-026-08986-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10072-026-08986-6","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10072-026-08986-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]],"date-time":"2026-06-16T22:20:20Z","timestamp":1781648420000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10072-026-08986-6"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,18]]},"references-count":36,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]}},"alternative-id":["8986"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10072-026-08986-6","relation":{},"ISSN":["1590-1874","1590-3478"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1590-1874","type":"print"},{"value":"1590-3478","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,18]]},"assertion":[{"value":"30 November 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"14 March 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"18 April 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable. This study utilized publicly available data from participant studies on human subjects, all of which were approved by the Ethical Standards Committee. No additional ethical approval was necessary for this research.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent to publish"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent to participate"}},{"value":"The authors have no conflict of interest to declare.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"439"}}