{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,24]],"date-time":"2026-10-24T23:59:38Z","timestamp":1792886378794,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,11]],"date-time":"2026-04-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775865600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,11]],"date-time":"2026-04-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775865600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Neurol Sci"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s10072-026-09008-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,11]],"date-time":"2026-04-11T04:16:13Z","timestamp":1775880973000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Time is brain: an expanded concept, not only for ischemic stroke A viewpoint of the Italian Association for Emergency Neurology (ANEU)"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"47","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7530-818X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marialuisa","family":"Zedde","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-1594-2604","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Massimo","family":"Del Sette","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2496-1709","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rocco","family":"Quatrale","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9129-2584","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giovanni","family":"Cossu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5902-2795","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesca Romana","family":"Pezzella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1746-478X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giuseppe","family":"Micieli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3633-8818","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pietro","family":"Cortelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3959-4067","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Claudio","family":"Gasperini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0512-9298","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rosario","family":"Pascarella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,11]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"9008_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rehab.2009.02.002","volume":"52","author":"J Lagarde","year":"2009","unstructured":"Lagarde J, Hajjioui A, Yelnik A (2009) Neuropsychological disorders induced by cerebellar damage. Ann Phys Rehabil Med 52(4):360\u2013370. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.rehab.2009.02.002","journal-title":"Ann Phys Rehabil Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"9008_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02345812","volume":"43","author":"M Ferrarin","year":"2005","unstructured":"Ferrarin M, Gironi M, Mendozzi L, Nemni R, Mazzoleni P, Rabuffetti M (2005) Procedure for the quantitative evaluation of motor disturbances in cerebellar ataxic patients. Med Biol Eng Comput 43(3):349\u2013356. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/BF02345812","journal-title":"Med Biol Eng Comput"},{"issue":"2","key":"9008_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.870070202","volume":"7","author":"HC Diener","year":"1992","unstructured":"Diener HC, Dichgans J (1992) Pathophysiology of cerebellar ataxia. Mov Disord 7(2):95\u2013109. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mds.870070202","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"issue":"1","key":"9008_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1186\/1750-1172-6-33","volume":"6","author":"NR Whaley","year":"2011","unstructured":"Whaley NR, Fujioka S, Wszolek ZK (2011) Autosomal dominant cerebellar ataxia type I: a review of the phenotypic and genotypic characteristics. Orphanet J Rare Dis 6(1):33. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1750-1172-6-33","journal-title":"Orphanet J Rare Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"9008_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.0000196957.55928.ab","volume":"37","author":"JL Saver","year":"2006","unstructured":"Saver JL (2006) Time is brain--quantified. Stroke 37(1):263\u2013266. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/01.STR.0000196957.55928.ab","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"9008_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S1052-3057(10)80125-9","volume":"3","author":"C Gomez","year":"1993","unstructured":"Gomez C (1993) Time is brain. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 3:1\u20132","journal-title":"J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis"},{"key":"9008_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"652","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-126-8-199704150-00011","volume":"126","author":"TH Lee","year":"1997","unstructured":"Lee TH (1997) Effective reperfusion for acute myocardial infarction begins with effective health policy. Ann Intern Med 126:652\u2013653","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"9008_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-9861(19970728)384:2<312::AID-CNE10>3.0.CO;2-K","volume":"384","author":"B Pakkenberg","year":"1997","unstructured":"Pakkenberg B, Gundersen HJG (1997) Neocortical number in humans: effect of sex and age. J Comp Neurol 384:312\u2013320","journal-title":"J Comp Neurol"},{"key":"9008_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.10884","volume":"466","author":"BB Andersen","year":"2003","unstructured":"Andersen BB, Gundersen HJG, Pakkenberg B (2003) Aging of the human cerebellum: a stereological study. J Comp Neurol 466:356\u2013365","journal-title":"J Comp Neurol"},{"key":"9008_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.902960102","volume":"296","author":"MJ West","year":"1990","unstructured":"West MJ, Gundersen HJG (1990) Unbiased stereological estimation of the number of neurons in the human hippocampus. J Comp Neurol 296:1\u201322","journal-title":"J Comp Neurol"},{"key":"9008_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.20055","volume":"472","author":"K-A Dorph-Petersen","year":"2004","unstructured":"Dorph-Petersen K-A, Pierri JN, Sun Z, Sampson AR, Lewis DA (2004) Stereological analysis of the mediodorsal thalamic nucleus in schizophrenia: volume, neuron number, and cell types. J Comp Neurol 472:449\u2013462","journal-title":"J Comp Neurol"},{"key":"9008_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/S0531-5565(02)00151-1","volume":"38","author":"B Pakkenberg","year":"2003","unstructured":"Pakkenberg B, Pelvig D, Marner L, Bundgaard MJ, Gundersen HJ, Nyengaard JR, Regeur L (2003) Aging and the human neocortex. Exp Gerontol 38:95\u201399","journal-title":"Exp Gerontol"},{"key":"9008_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2004.09.035","volume":"1029","author":"Y Tang","year":"2004","unstructured":"Tang Y, Pakkenberg B, Nyengaard JR (2004) Myelinated nerve fibers in the subcortical white matter of cerebral hemispheres are preserved in alcoholic subjects. Brain Res 1029:162\u2013167","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"key":"9008_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2043","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.30.10.2043","volume":"30","author":"DG Darby","year":"1999","unstructured":"Darby DG, Barber PA, Gerraty RP, Desmond PM, Yang Q, Parsons M, Li T, Tress BM, Davis SM (1999) Pathophysiological topography of acute ischemic by combined diffusion-weighted and perfusion MRI. Stroke 30:2043\u20132202","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"9008_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1427","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awh162","volume":"127","author":"R Markus","year":"2004","unstructured":"Markus R, Reutens DC, Kazui S, Read S, Wright P, Pearce DC, Tochon-Danguy HJ, Sachinidis JI, Donnan GA (2004) Hypoxic tissue in ischaemic stroke: persistence and clinical consequences of spontaneous survival. Brain 127:1427\u20131436","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"9008_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1159\/000015955","volume":"9","author":"JC Baron","year":"1999","unstructured":"Baron JC (1999) Mapping the ischaemic penumbra with PET: implications for acute stroke treatment. Cerebrovasc Dis 9:193\u2013201","journal-title":"Cerebrovasc Dis"},{"issue":"3","key":"9008_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1136\/svn-2022-002154","volume":"9","author":"Z Luo","year":"2024","unstructured":"Luo Z, Zhou Y, He Y, Yan S, Chen Z, Zhang X, Chen Y, Tong LS, Zhong W, Hu H, Zhang K, Yang J, Campbell BCV, Lou M (2024) Treatment with intravenous alteplase in ischaemic stroke patients with onset time between 4.5 and 24 hours (HOPE): protocol for a randomised, controlled, multicentre study. Stroke Vasc Neurol 9(3):318\u2013323. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/svn-2022-002154","journal-title":"Stroke Vasc Neurol"},{"key":"9008_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5474","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm14155474","volume":"14","author":"L Palaiodimou","year":"2025","unstructured":"Palaiodimou L, Papageorgiou NM, Safouris A, Theodorou A, Bakola E, Chondrogianni M, Papagiannopoulou G, Kargiotis O, Psychogios K, Polyzogopoulou E et al (2025) Efficacy and safety of intravenous thrombolysis in the extended time window for acute ischemic stroke: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Clin Med 14:5474. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm14155474","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"9008_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1136\/neurintsurg-2018-014568","volume":"11","author":"G Turc","year":"2019","unstructured":"Turc G, Bhogal P, Fischer U, Khatri P, Lobotesis K, Mazighi M, Schellinger PD, Toni D, de Vries J, White P, Fiehler J (2019) European stroke organisation (ESO)- european society for minimally invasive neurological therapy (ESMINT) guidelines on mechanical thrombectomy in acute ischemic stroke. J Neurointerv Surg 11(6):535\u2013538. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/neurintsurg-2018-014568","journal-title":"J Neurointerv Surg"},{"key":"9008_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.125.052121","author":"A Rodriguez-Calienes","year":"2025","unstructured":"Rodriguez-Calienes A, Borjas N, Sanikommu S, Chavez-Ecos FA, Vilca-Salas MI, Rodrigues PB, Mor\u00e1n-Mari\u00f1os C, Yavagal DR, Asdaghi N, Ortega-Gutierrez S (2025) Endovascular thrombectomy versus best medical therapy for large vessel occlusion stroke beyond 24 hours: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Stroke. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/STROKEAHA.125.052121","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"issue":"10","key":"9008_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3147","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.120.030620","volume":"51","author":"M Goyal","year":"2020","unstructured":"Goyal M, Ospel JM, Menon B, Almekhlafi M, Jayaraman M, Fiehler J, Psychogios M, Chapot R, van der Lugt A, Liu J, Yang P, Agid R, Hacke W, Walker M, Fischer U, Asdaghi N, McTaggart R, Srivastava P, Nogueira RG, Moret J, Saver JL, Hill MD, Dippel D, Fisher M (2020) Challenging the ischemic core concept in acute ischemic stroke imaging. Stroke 51(10):3147\u20133155. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/STROKEAHA.120.030620","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"issue":"1","key":"9008_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"i58","DOI":"10.1136\/neurintsurg-2012-010486","volume":"5","author":"MA Almekhlafi","year":"2013","unstructured":"Almekhlafi MA, Eesa M, Menon BK, Demchuk AM, Goyal M (2013) Ultrashort imaging to reperfusion time interval arrests core expansion in endovascular therapy for acute ischemic stroke. J Neurointerv Surg 5(1):i58-61. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/neurintsurg-2012-010486","journal-title":"J Neurointerv Surg"},{"issue":"8","key":"9008_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2214","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2018.04.001","volume":"27","author":"CR Gomez","year":"2018","unstructured":"Gomez CR (2018) Time is brain: the stroke theory of relativity. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 27(8):2214\u20132227. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2018.04.001","journal-title":"J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis"},{"key":"9008_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2332","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.115.009688","volume":"46","author":"MD Hill","year":"2015","unstructured":"Hill MD, Goyal M, Demchuk AM, Fisher M (2015) Ischemic stroke tissue-window in the new era of endovascular treatment. Stroke 46:2332\u20132334. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/STROKEAHA.115.009688","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"9008_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1009","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1414792","volume":"372","author":"BC Campbell","year":"2015","unstructured":"Campbell BC, Mitchell PJ, Kleinig TJ et al (2015) Endovascular therapy for ischemic stroke with perfusion-imaging selection. N Engl J Med 372:1009\u20131018","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"9008_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1019","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1414905","volume":"372","author":"M Goyal","year":"2015","unstructured":"Goyal M, Demchuk AM, Menon BK et al (2015) Randomized assessment of rapid endovascular treatment of ischemic stroke. N Engl J Med 372:1019\u20131030","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"9008_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2285","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1415061","volume":"372","author":"JL Saver","year":"2015","unstructured":"Saver JL, Goyal M, Bonafe A et al (2015) Stent-retriever thrombectomy after intravenous t-PA vs. t-PA alone in stroke. N Engl J Med 372:2285\u20132295","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"9008_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1177\/1747493017710341","volume":"12","author":"TG Jovin","year":"2017","unstructured":"Jovin TG, Saver JL, Ribo M et al (2017) Diffusion-weighted imaging or computerized tomography perfusion assessment with clinical mismatch in the triage of wake up and late presenting strokes undergoing neurointervention with Trevo (DAWN) trial methods. Int J Stroke 12:641\u2013652","journal-title":"Int J Stroke"},{"key":"9008_CR29","first-page":"1","volume":"378","author":"RG Nogueira","year":"2017","unstructured":"Nogueira RG, Jadhav AP, Haussen DC et al (2017) Thrombectomy 6 to 24 hours after stroke with a mismatch between deficit and infarct. NEJM 378:1\u201311","journal-title":"NEJM"},{"key":"9008_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"708","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1713973","volume":"378","author":"GW Albers","year":"2018","unstructured":"Albers GW, Marks MP, Kemp S et al (2018) Thrombectomy for stroke at 6 to 16 hours with selection by perfusion imaging. N Engl J Med 378:708\u2013718","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"9008_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2296","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1503780","volume":"372","author":"TG Jovin","year":"2015","unstructured":"Jovin TG, Chamorro A, Cobo E et al (2015) Thrombectomy within 8 hours after symptom onset in ischemic stroke. N Engl J Med 372:2296\u20132306","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"9008_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1279","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2016.13647","volume":"316","author":"JL Saver","year":"2016","unstructured":"Saver JL, Goyal M, van der Lugt A et al (2016) Time to treatment with endovascular thrombectomy and outcomes from ischemic stroke: a meta-analysis. JAMA 316:1279\u20131288","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"9","key":"9008_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2621","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.117.017673","volume":"48","author":"M Rocha","year":"2017","unstructured":"Rocha M, Jovin TG (2017) Fast versus slow progressors of infarct growth in large vessel occlusion stroke: clinical and research implications. Stroke 48(9):2621\u20132627. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/STROKEAHA.117.017673","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"9008_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nic.2005.08.012","volume":"15","author":"DS Liebeskind","year":"2005","unstructured":"Liebeskind DS (2005) Collaterals in acute stroke: beyond the clot. Neuroimaging Clin N Am 15:553\u2013573. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.nic.2005.08.012","journal-title":"Neuroimaging Clin N Am"},{"key":"9008_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"723","DOI":"10.1111\/ijs.12436","volume":"10","author":"HM Wheeler","year":"2015","unstructured":"Wheeler HM, Mlynash M, Inoue M, Tipirnini A, Liggins J, Bammer R et al (2015) DEFUSE 2 Investigators. The growth rate of early DWI lesions is highly variable and associated with penumbral salvage and clinical outcomes following endovascular reperfusion. Int J Stroke 10:723\u2013729. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/ijs.12436","journal-title":"Int J Stroke"},{"key":"9008_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2936","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.114.005644","volume":"45","author":"R Hakimelahi","year":"2014","unstructured":"Hakimelahi R, Vachha BA, Copen WA, Papini GD, He J, Higazi MM et al (2014) Time and diffusion lesion size in major anterior circulation ischemic strokes. Stroke 45:2936\u20132941. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/STROKEAHA.114.005644","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"9008_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"878","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2503080811","volume":"250","author":"WA Copen","year":"2009","unstructured":"Copen WA, Rezai Gharai L, Barak ER, Schwamm LH, Wu O, Kamalian S et al (2009) Existence of the diffusion-perfusion mismatch within 24 hours after onset of acute stroke: dependence on proximal arterial occlusion. Radiology 250:878\u2013886. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1148\/radiol.2503080811","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"9008_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2426","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.0000091232.81947.C9","volume":"34","author":"TG Jovin","year":"2003","unstructured":"Jovin TG, Yonas H, Gebel JM, Kanal E, Chang YF, Grahovac SZ et al (2003) The cortical ischemic core and not the consistently present penumbra is a determinant of clinical outcome in acute middle cerebral artery occlusion. Stroke 34:2426\u20132433. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/01.STR.0000091232.81947.C9","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"9008_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.27.4.599","volume":"27","author":"G Marchal","year":"1996","unstructured":"Marchal G, Beaudouin V, Rioux P, de la Sayette V, Le Doze F, Viader F et al (1996) Prolonged persistence of substantial volumes of potentially viable brain tissue after stroke: a correlative PET-CT study with voxel-based data analysis. Stroke 27:599\u2013606","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"9008_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2426","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.0000091232.81947.C9","volume":"34","author":"TG Jovin","year":"2003","unstructured":"Jovin TG, Yonas H, Gebel JM, Kanal E, Chang YF, Grahovac SZ et al (2003) The cortical ischemic core and not the consistently present penumbra is a determinant of clinical outcome in acute middle cerebral artery occlusion. Stroke 34:2426\u20132433. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/01.STR.0000091232.81947.C9","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"9008_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2305","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.116.013916","volume":"47","author":"JM Olivot","year":"2016","unstructured":"Olivot JM, Sissani L, Meseguer E, Inoue M, Labreuche J, Mlynash M et al (2016) Impact of initial diffusion-weighted imaging lesion growth rate on the success of endovascular reperfusion therapy. Stroke 47:2305\u20132310. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/STROKEAHA.116.013916","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"9008_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2036","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.114.004781","volume":"45","author":"DS Liebeskind","year":"2014","unstructured":"Liebeskind DS, Jahan R, Nogueira RG, Zaidat OO, Saver JL (2014) SWIFT Investigators. Impact of collaterals on successful revascularization in Solitaire FR with the intention for thrombectomy. Stroke 45:2036\u20132040. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/STROKEAHA.114.004781","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"9008_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1239","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.115.009009","volume":"46","author":"BK Menon","year":"2015","unstructured":"Menon BK, Qazi E, Nambiar V, Foster LD, Yeatts SD, Liebeskind D et al (2015) Interventional Management of Stroke III Investigators. Differential effect of baseline computed tomographic angiography collaterals on clinical outcome in patients enrolled in the Interventional Management of Stroke III Trial. Stroke 46:1239\u20131244. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/STROKEAHA.115.009009","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"9008_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1136\/neurintsurg-2013-011048","volume":"7","author":"CH Sun","year":"2015","unstructured":"Sun CH, Connelly K, Nogueira RG, Glenn BA, Zimmermann S, Anda K et al (2015) ASPECTS decay during inter-facility transfer predicts patient outcomes in endovascular reperfusion for ischemic stroke: a unique assessment of dynamic physiologic change over time. J Neurointerv Surg 7:22\u201326. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/neurintsurg-2013-011048","journal-title":"J Neurointerv Surg"},{"key":"9008_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"999","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.115.011721","volume":"47","author":"M Ribo","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ribo M, Molina CA, Cobo E, Cerd\u00e0 N, Tomasello A, Quesada H et al (2016) REVASCAT Trial Investigators Association between time to reperfusion and outcome is primarily driven by the time from imaging to reperfusion. Stroke 47:999\u20131004. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/STROKEAHA.115.011721","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"9008_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2936","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.114.005644","volume":"45","author":"R Hakimelahi","year":"2014","unstructured":"Hakimelahi R, Vachha BA, Copen WA, Papini GD, He J, Higazi MM et al (2014) Time and diffusion lesion size in major anterior circulation ischemic strokes. Stroke 45:2936\u20132941. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/STROKEAHA.114.005644","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"9008_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1270","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.110.601609","volume":"42","author":"M Mlynash","year":"2011","unstructured":"Mlynash M, Lansberg MG, De Silva DA, Lee J, Christensen S, Straka M et al (2011) DEFUSE-EPITHET Investigators. Refining the definition of the malignant profile: insights from the DEFUSE-EPITHET pooled data set. Stroke 42:1270\u20131275. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/STROKEAHA.110.601609","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"issue":"3","key":"9008_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.124.047680","volume":"56","author":"U Pensato","year":"2025","unstructured":"Pensato U, Bosshart SL, Stebner A, Dowlatshahi D, Bang OY, Sahlas DJ, Field TS, Puetz V, Buck BH, Hill MD, Goyal M, Demchuk AM, Ospel JM (2025) Comparison of noncontrast computed tomography, multiphase computed tomography angiography, and computed tomography perfusion to assess infarct growth rate in acute stroke. Stroke 56(3):657\u2013666. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/STROKEAHA.124.047680","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"issue":"10227","key":"9008_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"878","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30258-0","volume":"395","author":"MD Hill","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hill MD, Goyal M, Menon BK, Nogueira RG, McTaggart RA, Demchuk AM, Poppe AY, Buck BH, Field TS, Dowlatshahi D, van Adel BA, Swartz RH, Shah RA, Sauvageau E, Zerna C, Ospel JM, Joshi M, Almekhlafi MA, Ryckborst KJ, Lowerison MW, Heard K, Garman D, Haussen D, Cutting SM, Coutts SB, Roy D, Rempel JL, Rohr AC, Iancu D, Sahlas DJ, Yu AYX, Devlin TG, Hanel RA, Puetz V, Silver FL, Campbell BCV, Chapot R, Teitelbaum J, Mandzia JL, Kleinig TJ, Turkel-Parrella D, Heck D, Kelly ME, Bharatha A, Bang OY, Jadhav A, Gupta R, Frei DF, Tarpley JW, McDougall CG, Holmin S, Rha JH, Puri AS, Camden MC, Thomalla G, Choe H, Phillips SJ, Schindler JL, Thornton J, Nagel S, Heo JH, Sohn SI, Psychogios MN, Budzik RF, Starkman S, Martin CO, Burns PA, Murphy S, Lopez GA, English J, Tymianski M (2020) ESCAPE-NA1 Investigators. Efficacy and safety of nerinetide for the treatment of acute ischaemic stroke (ESCAPE-NA1): a multicentre, double-blind, randomised controlled trial. Lancet 395(10227):878\u2013887. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30258-0","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"9008_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"(2024) Dynamic evolution of infarct volumes at MRI in ischemic stroke due to large vessel occlusion. Neurology 103(5):e209782. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1212\/WNL.0000000000209782","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000209782"},{"issue":"8","key":"9008_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e214176","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000214176","volume":"105","author":"\u00c1 Lambea-Gil","year":"2025","unstructured":"Lambea-Gil \u00c1, Marti-Fabregas J, Cardona P, Rodriguez-Luna D, Mill\u00e1n M, Amaro S, Prats-Sanchez L, Silva Y, Ser\u00f3 L, Rodriguez-Campello A, C\u00e1novas D, Martinez-Dome\u00f1o A, Guasch-Jim\u00e9nez M, Ezcurra-D\u00edaz G, Carcel-Marquez J, Fernandez-Cadenas I, P\u00e9rez De La Ossa N, Abilleira S, Salvat-Plana M, Fagundez O, Camps-Renom P, Ramos-Pach\u00f3n A, as the HIC-CAT investigators (2025) Effect of onset-to-admission time and care bundle achievement on functional outcomes in patients with ICH: a population-based study. Neurology 105(8):e214176. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1212\/WNL.0000000000214176","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"2","key":"9008_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e209539","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000209539","volume":"103","author":"J Marti-Fabregas","year":"2024","unstructured":"Marti-Fabregas J, Ramos-Pach\u00f3n A, Prats-Sanchez L, N\u00fa\u00f1ez-Guill\u00e9n A, Rodr\u00edguez BL, Rodriguez-Luna D, Amaro S, Silva Y, Rodriguez-Campello A, Puig I, Gomez-Choco M, V\u00e1zquez-Justes D, Guanyabens N, Cocho D, C\u00e1novas D, Steinhauer EG, Llull L, Guasch-Jim\u00e9nez M, Martinez-Dome\u00f1o A, Marin R, Lambea-Gil \u00c1, D\u00edaz GE, Paipa-Merchan A, Quesada H, Casadevall MP, Wenger D, Pancorbo O, Ser\u00f3 L, P\u00e9rez J, Costa X, Zaragoza J, Rodr\u00edguez-Villatoro N, Catena E, Calvo NM, Krupinski J, De La Ossa NP, Abilleira S, Salvat-Planas M, Fagundez O, Camps-Renom P, HIC-CAT (2024) Influence of hospital type on outcomes of patients with acute spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage: a population-based study. Neurology 103(2):e209539. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1212\/WNL.0000000000209539","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"9","key":"9008_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e209244","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000209244","volume":"102","author":"D Rodriguez-Luna","year":"2024","unstructured":"Rodriguez-Luna D, Pancorbo O, Llull L, Silva Y, Prats-Sanchez L, Muchada M, Rudilosso S, Terce\u00f1o M, Ramos-Pach\u00f3n A, Hernandez Guillamon M, Coscojuela P, Blasco J, Perez-Hoyos S, Chamorro A, Molina CA, RAINS Study Group (2024) Effects of achieving rapid, intensive, and sustained blood pressure reduction in intracerebral hemorrhage expansion and functional outcome. Neurology 102(9):e209244. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1212\/WNL.0000000000209244","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"10395","key":"9008_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(23)00806-1","volume":"402","author":"L Ma","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ma L, Hu X, Song L, Chen X, Ouyang M, Billot L, Li Q, Malavera A, Li X, Mu\u00f1oz-Venturelli P, de Silva A, Thang NH, Wahab KW, Pandian JD, Wasay M, Pontes-Neto OM, Abanto C, Arauz A, Shi H, Tang G, Zhu S, She X, Liu L, Sakamoto Y, You S, Han Q, Crutzen B, Cheung E, Li Y, Wang X, Chen C, Liu F, Zhao Y, Li H, Liu Y, Jiang Y, Chen L, Wu B, Liu M, Xu J, You C, Anderson CS, INTERACT3 Investigators (2023) The third intensive care bundle with blood pressure reduction in acute cerebral haemorrhage trial (INTERACT3): an international, stepped wedge cluster randomised controlled trial. Lancet 402(10395):27\u201340. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(23)00806-1","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"7","key":"9008_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"891","DOI":"10.1177\/17474930251342888","volume":"20","author":"T Apostolaki-Hansson","year":"2025","unstructured":"Apostolaki-Hansson T, Ouyang M, Dowlatshahi D, Caso V, Bufi A, Law ZK, Billot L, Norrving B, Anderson CS, Ullberg T (2025) International care bundle evaluation in cerebral hemorrhage research (I-CATCHER): study protocol for a multicenter, batched, parallel, cluster-randomized trial with a baseline period. Int J Stroke 20(7):891\u2013897. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/17474930251342888","journal-title":"Int J Stroke"},{"issue":"7","key":"9008_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1007\/s11910-024-01341-2","volume":"24","author":"CA Mutimer","year":"2024","unstructured":"Mutimer CA, Yassi N, Wu TY (2024) Blood pressure management in intracerebral haemorrhage: when, how much, and for how long? Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep 24(7):181\u2013189. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11910-024-01341-2","journal-title":"Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep"},{"issue":"25","key":"9008_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2355","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1214609","volume":"368","author":"CS Anderson","year":"2013","unstructured":"Anderson CS, Heeley E, Huang Y, Wang J, Stapf C, Delcourt C et al (2013) Rapid blood-pressure lowering in patients with acute intracerebral hemorrhage. N Engl J Med 368(25):2355\u20132365. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMoa1214609","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"11","key":"9008_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1033","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1603460","volume":"375","author":"AI Qureshi","year":"2016","unstructured":"Qureshi AI, Palesch YY, Barsan WG, Hanley DF, Hsu CY, Martin RL et al (2016) Intensive blood-pressure lowering in patients with acute cerebral hemorrhage. N Engl J Med 375(11):1033\u20131043. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMoa1603460","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"9008_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"(2001) Randomised trial of A perindopril-based blood-pressure-lowering regimen among 6,105 individuals with previous stroke or transient ischaemic attack. Lancet 358(9287):1033\u201341","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(01)06178-5"},{"issue":"9891","key":"9008_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(13)60852-1","volume":"382","author":"Blood-pressure targets In patients with recent lacunar stroke","year":"2013","unstructured":"Blood-pressure targets In patients with recent lacunar stroke (2013) the SPS3 randomised trial. Lancet 382(9891):507\u2013515. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(13)60852-1","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"12","key":"9008_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1225","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0804593","volume":"359","author":"S Yusuf","year":"2008","unstructured":"Yusuf S, Diener H-C, Sacco RL, Cotton D, \u00d4unpuu S, Lawton WA et al (2008) Telmisartan to prevent recurrent stroke and cardiovascular events. N Engl J Med 359(12):1225\u20131237. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMoa0804593","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"9008_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1334","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.120.15026","volume":"75","author":"T Unger","year":"2020","unstructured":"Unger T, Borghi C, Charchar F, Khan NA, Poulter NR, Prabhakaran D et al (2020) 2020 International Society of Hypertension Global Hypertension Practice Guidelines. Hypertension 75(6):1334\u20131357. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.120.15026","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"issue":"12","key":"9008_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1874","DOI":"10.1097\/hjh.0000000000003480","volume":"41","author":"G Mancia","year":"2023","unstructured":"Mancia G, Kreutz R, Brunstr\u00f6m M, Burnier M, Grassi G, Januszewicz A et al (2023) 2023 ESH Guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension The Task Force for the management of arterial hypertension of the European Society of Hypertension: Endorsed by the International Society of Hypertension (ISH) and the European Renal Association (ERA). J Hypertens 41(12):1874\u20132071. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/hjh.0000000000003480","journal-title":"J Hypertens"},{"key":"9008_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1357815","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2024.1357815","volume":"15","author":"A Mrochen","year":"2024","unstructured":"Mrochen A, Song Y, Harders V, Sembill JA, Spr\u00fcngel MI, Hock S, Lang S, Engelhorn T, Kallm\u00fcnzer B, Volbers B, Kuramatsu JB (2024) Influence of bundled care treatment on functional outcome in patients with intracerebral hemorrhage. Front Neurol 15:1357815. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fneur.2024.1357815","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"issue":"2","key":"9008_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.24986","volume":"82","author":"CE Hill","year":"2017","unstructured":"Hill CE, Parikh AO, Ellis C, Myers JS, Litt B (2017) Timing is everything: where status epilepticus treatment fails. Ann Neurol 82(2):155\u2013165. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ana.24986","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"9008_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2023.07.022","volume":"111","author":"M Jindal","year":"2023","unstructured":"Jindal M, Neligan A, Rajakulendran S (2023) Early and established status epilepticus: the impact of timing of intervention, treatment escalation and dosing on outcome. Seizure 111:98\u2013102. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.seizure.2023.07.022","journal-title":"Seizure"},{"issue":"3","key":"9008_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1111\/ane.13363","volume":"143","author":"\u00c1 Guti\u00e9rrez-Viedma","year":"2021","unstructured":"Guti\u00e9rrez-Viedma \u00c1, Parejo-Carbonell B, Romeral-Jim\u00e9nez M, Sanz-Graciani I, Serrano-Garc\u00eda I, Cuadrado ML, Garc\u00eda-Morales I (2021) Therapy delay in status epilepticus extends its duration and worsens its prognosis. Acta Neurol Scand 143(3):281\u2013289. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/ane.13363","journal-title":"Acta Neurol Scand"},{"issue":"1","key":"9008_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13052-025-02037-0","volume":"51","author":"D Priyadarshini","year":"2025","unstructured":"Priyadarshini D, Anuhya V, Mahapatra A (2025) Clinico-epidemiological profile and prediction of outcome in children with Guillain-Barre syndrome. Ital J Pediatr 51(1):179. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13052-025-02037-0","journal-title":"Ital J Pediatr"},{"issue":"11","key":"9008_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.1038\/s41582-019-0250-9","volume":"15","author":"SE Leonhard","year":"2019","unstructured":"Leonhard SE, Mandarakas MR, Gondim FAA, Bateman K, Ferreira MLB, Cornblath DR, van Doorn PA, Dourado ME, Hughes RAC, Islam B, Kusunoki S, Pardo CA, Reisin R, Sejvar JJ, Shahrizaila N, Soares C, Umapathi T, Wang Y, Yiu EM, Willison HJ, Jacobs BC (2019) Diagnosis and management of Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome in ten steps. Nat Rev Neurol 15(11):671\u2013683. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41582-019-0250-9","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurol"},{"issue":"4","key":"9008_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1111\/jns.12594","volume":"28","author":"PA van Doorn","year":"2023","unstructured":"van Doorn PA, Van den Bergh PYK, Hadden RDM, Avau B, Vankrunkelsven P, Attarian S, Blomkwist-Markens PH, Cornblath DR, Goedee HS, Harbo T, Jacobs BC, Kusunoki S, Lehmann HC, Lewis RA, Lunn MP, Nobile-Orazio E, Querol L, Rajabally YA, Umapathi T, Topaloglu HA, Willison HJ (2023) European Academy of Neurology\/Peripheral Nerve Society guideline on diagnosis and treatment of Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome. J Peripher Nerv Syst 28(4):535\u2013563. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jns.12594","journal-title":"J Peripher Nerv Syst"},{"issue":"6","key":"9008_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1215","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.28271","volume":"70","author":"YG Min","year":"2024","unstructured":"Min YG, Hong YH, Rajabally YA, Sung JJ (2024) Timing of intravenous immunoglobulin treatment and outcome in Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome: is time nerve? Muscle Nerve 70(6):1215\u20131222. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mus.28271","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve"},{"key":"9008_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1136\/practneurol-2021-003194","volume":"22","author":"JD Triplett","year":"2022","unstructured":"Triplett JD, Kutlubaev MA, Kermode AG, Hardy T (2022) Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES): diagnosis and management. Pract Neurol 22:183\u2013189","journal-title":"Pract Neurol"},{"key":"9008_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"789","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(25)00232-7","volume":"24","author":"JE Fugate","year":"2025","unstructured":"Fugate JE, Hawkes MA, Rabinstein AA (2025) Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome: evolving insights in diagnosis, management, and outcomes. Lancet Neurol 24:789\u2013800","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"9008_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"0044534","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0044534","volume":"7","author":"S Legriel","year":"2012","unstructured":"Legriel S, Schraub O, Azoulay E et al (2012) Determinants of recovery from severe posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome. PLoS One 7:0044534. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0044534","journal-title":"PLoS One"}],"container-title":["Neurological Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10072-026-09008-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10072-026-09008-1","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10072-026-09008-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,9]],"date-time":"2026-05-09T06:31:25Z","timestamp":1778308285000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10072-026-09008-1"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,11]]},"references-count":74,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]}},"alternative-id":["9008"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10072-026-09008-1","relation":{},"ISSN":["1590-1874","1590-3478"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1590-1874","type":"print"},{"value":"1590-3478","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"10 December 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"26 March 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"11 April 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors have no relevant financial or non-financial interests to disclose.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical statement"}},{"value":"The authors have no competing interests to declare that are relevant to the content of this article.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"415"}}