{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,9]],"date-time":"2026-06-09T07:57:43Z","timestamp":1780991863845,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,30]],"date-time":"2026-05-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780099200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,30]],"date-time":"2026-05-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780099200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Neurol Sci"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s10072-026-09062-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,30]],"date-time":"2026-05-30T00:51:34Z","timestamp":1780102294000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Temporal patterns of neurological deterioration in COVID-19 survivors: a longitudinal cohort analysis of post-acute neurological sequelae"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"47","author":[{"given":"Kang","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hui","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-2013-2478","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tong","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"9062_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-022-00846-2","volume":"21 3","author":"ADDINENREFLIST Davis","year":"2023","unstructured":"Davis HE, McCorkell L, Vogel JM, Topol EJ (2023) Long COVID: major findings, mechanisms and recommendations. Nat Rev Microbiol 21 3:133\u2013146. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41579-022-00846-2","journal-title":"Nat Rev Microbiol"},{"key":"9062_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(21)00084-5","volume":"8 5","author":"M Taquet","year":"2021","unstructured":"Taquet M, Geddes JR, Husain M, Luciano S, Harrison PJ (2021) 6-month neurological and psychiatric outcomes in 236 379 survivors of COVID-19: a retrospective cohort study using electronic health records. Lancet Psychiatry 8 5:416\u2013427. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S2215-0366(21)00084-5","journal-title":"Lancet Psychiatry"},{"key":"9062_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2406","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-022-02001-z","volume":"28 11","author":"E Xu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Xu E, Xie Y, Al-Aly Z (2022) Long-term neurologic outcomes of COVID-19. Nat Med 28 11:2406\u20132415. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41591-022-02001-z","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"9062_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2130645","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2021.30645","volume":"4 10","author":"JH Becker","year":"2021","unstructured":"Becker JH, Lin JJ, Doernberg M, Stone K, Navis A, Festa JR et al (2021) Assessment of cognitive function in patients after COVID-19 infection. JAMA Netw open 4 10:e2130645","journal-title":"JAMA Netw open"},{"key":"9062_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101044","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2021.101044","volume":"39","author":"A Hampshire","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hampshire A, Trender W, Chamberlain SR, Jolly AE, Grant JE, Patrick F et al (2021) Cognitive deficits in people who have recovered from COVID-19. EClinicalMedicine 39:101044. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.eclinm.2021.101044","journal-title":"EClinicalMedicine"},{"key":"9062_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1116","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-021-01361-2","volume":"27 6","author":"CH Sudre","year":"2021","unstructured":"Sudre CH, Murray B, Varsavsky T, Graham MS, Penfold RS, Bowyer RC et al (2021) author correction: attributes and predictors of long COVID. Nat Med 27 6:1116. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41591-021-01361-2","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"9062_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-021-01283-z","volume":"27 4","author":"A Nalbandian","year":"2021","unstructured":"Nalbandian A, Sehgal K, Gupta A, Madhavan MV, McGroder C, Stevens JS et al (2021) Post-acute COVID-19 syndrome. Nat Med 4:601\u2013615. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41591-021-01283-z","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"9062_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2021.06.009","volume":"92","author":"C Fernandez-de-Las-Penas","year":"2021","unstructured":"Fernandez-de-Las-Penas C, Palacios-Cena D, Gomez-Mayordomo V, Florencio LL, Cuadrado ML, Plaza-Manzano G et al (2021) Prevalence of post-COVID-19 symptoms in hospitalized and non-hospitalized COVID-19 survivors: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Intern Med 92:55\u201370. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ejim.2021.06.009","journal-title":"Eur J Intern Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"9062_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e102","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(21)00703-9","volume":"22","author":"JB Soriano","year":"2022","unstructured":"Soriano JB, Murthy S, Marshall JC, Relan P, Diaz JV (2022) Condition WHOCCDWGoP-C-. A clinical case definition of post-COVID-19 condition by a Delphi consensus. Lancet Infect Dis 22(4):e102\u2013e7. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S1473-3099(21)00703-9","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"9062_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120162","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2022.120162","volume":"434","author":"L Premraj","year":"2022","unstructured":"Premraj L, Kannapadi NV, Briggs J, Seal SM, Battaglini D, Fanning J et al (2022) Mid and long-term neurological and neuropsychiatric manifestations of post-COVID-19 syndrome: a meta-analysis. J Neurol Sci 434:120162. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jns.2022.120162","journal-title":"J Neurol Sci"},{"key":"9062_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-022-04569-5","volume":"604 7907","author":"G Douaud","year":"2022","unstructured":"Douaud G, Lee S, Alfaro-Almagro F, Arthofer C, Wang C, McCarthy P et al (2022) SARS-CoV-2 is associated with changes in brain structure in UK Biobank. Nature 604 7907:697\u2013707. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41586-022-04569-5","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"9062_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1012668","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2022.1012668","volume":"13","author":"NW Larsen","year":"2022","unstructured":"Larsen NW, Stiles LE, Shaik R, Schneider L, Muppidi S, Tsui CT et al (2022) Characterization of autonomic symptom burden in long COVID: a global survey of 2,314 adults. Front Neurol 13:1012668. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fneur.2022.1012668","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"issue":"3","key":"9062_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1007\/s10286-021-00803-8","volume":"31","author":"K Shouman","year":"2021","unstructured":"Shouman K, Vanichkachorn G, Cheshire WP, Suarez MD, Shelly S, Lamotte GJ et al (2021) Autonomic dysfunction following COVID-19 infection: an early experience. Clin Auton Res 31(3):385\u2013394. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10286-021-00803-8","journal-title":"Clin Auton Res"},{"key":"9062_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1212\/NXI.0000000000001146","volume":"9","author":"AL Oaklander","year":"2022","unstructured":"Oaklander AL, Mills AJ, Kelley M, Toran LS, Smith B, Dalakas MC et al (2022) Peripheral neuropathy evaluations of patients with prolonged long COVID. Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm 9:3. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1212\/NXI.0000000000001146","journal-title":"Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm"},{"issue":"4","key":"9062_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.27458","volume":"65","author":"RMC Abrams","year":"2022","unstructured":"Abrams RMC, Simpson DM, Navis A, Jette N, Zhou L, Shin SC (2022) Small fiber neuropathy associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection. Muscle Nerve 65(4):440\u2013443. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mus.27458","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve"},{"issue":"4","key":"9062_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.2005.53221.x","volume":"53","author":"ZS Nasreddine","year":"2005","unstructured":"Nasreddine ZS, Phillips NA, Bedirian V, Charbonneau S, Whitehead V, Collin I et al (2005) The montreal cognitive assessment, MoCA: a brief screening tool for mild cognitive impairment. J Am Geriatr Soc 53(4):695\u2013699. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1532-5415.2005.53221.x","journal-title":"J Am Geriatr Soc"},{"key":"9062_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1196","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2012.10.013","volume":"87 12","author":"DM Sletten","year":"2012","unstructured":"Sletten DM, Suarez GA, Low PA, Mandrekar J, Singer W (2012) COMPASS 31: a refined and abbreviated composite autonomic symptom score. Mayo Clin Proc 87 12:1196\u20131201. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.mayocp.2012.10.013","journal-title":"Mayo Clin Proc"},{"key":"9062_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1121","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.1989.00520460115022","volume":"46 10","author":"LB Krupp","year":"1989","unstructured":"Krupp LB, LaRocca NG, Muir-Nash J, Steinberg AD (1989) The fatigue severity scale. Application to patients with multiple sclerosis and systemic lupus erythematosus. Arch Neurol 46 10:1121\u20131123. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/archneur.1989.00520460115022","journal-title":"Arch Neurol"},{"key":"9062_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1727","DOI":"10.1007\/s11136-011-9903-x","volume":"20 10","author":"M Herdman","year":"2011","unstructured":"Herdman M, Gudex C, Lloyd A, Janssen M, Kind P, Parkin D et al (2011) Development and preliminary testing of the new five-level version of EQ-5D (EQ-5D-5L). Qual Life Res 20 10:1727\u20131736. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11136-011-9903-x","journal-title":"Qual Life Res"},{"key":"9062_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2021.12.020","volume":"101","author":"F Ceban","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ceban F, Ling S, Lui LMW, Lee Y, Gill H, Teopiz KM et al (2022) Fatigue and cognitive impairment in Post-COVID-19 syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Brain Behav Immun 101:93\u2013135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bbi.2021.12.020","journal-title":"Brain Behav Immun"},{"key":"9062_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1275","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(21)00383-0","volume":"9 11","author":"RA Evans","year":"2021","unstructured":"Evans RA, McAuley H, Harrison EM, Shikotra A, Singapuri A, Sereno M et al (2021) Physical, cognitive, and mental health impacts of COVID-19 after hospitalisation (PHOSP-COVID): a UK multicentre, prospective cohort study. Lancet Respir Med 9 11:1275\u20131287. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S2213-2600(21)00383-0","journal-title":"Lancet Respir Med"},{"key":"9062_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"566","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2023.0750","volume":"183 6","author":"V Tsampasian","year":"2023","unstructured":"Tsampasian V, Elghazaly H, Chattopadhyay R, Debski M, Naing TKP, Garg P et al (2023) Risk factors associated with post-COVID-19 condition: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Intern Med 183 6:566\u2013580. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamainternmed.2023.0750","journal-title":"JAMA Intern Med"},{"key":"9062_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2021.02.021","volume":"94","author":"MG Mazza","year":"2021","unstructured":"Mazza MG, Palladini M, De Lorenzo R, Magnaghi C, Poletti S, Furlan R et al (2021) Persistent psychopathology and neurocognitive impairment in COVID-19 survivors: effect of inflammatory biomarkers at three-month follow-up. Brain Behav Immun 94:138\u2013147. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bbi.2021.02.021","journal-title":"Brain Behav Immun"},{"key":"9062_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4611","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-022-11172-1","volume":"269 9","author":"M Papadopoulou","year":"2022","unstructured":"Papadopoulou M, Bakola E, Papapostolou A, Stefanou MI, Gaga M, Zouvelou V et al (2022) Autonomic dysfunction in long-COVID syndrome: a neurophysiological and neurosonology study. J Neurol 269 9:4611\u20134612. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00415-022-11172-1","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"issue":"1","key":"9062_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e63","DOI":"10.7861\/clinmed.2020-0896","volume":"21","author":"M Dani","year":"2021","unstructured":"Dani M, Dirksen A, Taraborrelli P, Torocastro M, Panagopoulos D, Sutton R et al (2021) Autonomic dysfunction in \u2018long COVID\u2019: rationale, physiology and management strategies. Clin Med (Lond) 21(1):e63\u2013e7. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7861\/clinmed.2020-0896","journal-title":"Clin Med (Lond)"},{"key":"9062_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-021-03553-9","volume":"594 7862","author":"Z Al-Aly","year":"2021","unstructured":"Al-Aly Z, Xie Y, Bowe B (2021) High-dimensional characterization of post-acute sequelae of COVID-19. Nature 594 7862:259\u2013264. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41586-021-03553-9","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"11","key":"9062_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1053","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2023.08.008","volume":"27","author":"S Zhao","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zhao S, Toniolo S, Hampshire A, Husain M (2023) Effects of COVID-19 on cognition and brain health. Trends Cogn Sci 27(11):1053\u20131067. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tics.2023.08.008","journal-title":"Trends Cogn Sci"},{"key":"9062_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"SpudichS,Nath A (2022) Nervous system consequences of COVID-19. Science 375 6578:267-9. 2052 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.abm2052","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abm2052"},{"key":"9062_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3484","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2022.10.006","volume":"110 21","author":"M Monje","year":"2022","unstructured":"Monje M, Iwasaki A (2022) The neurobiology of long COVID. Neuron 110 21:3484\u20133496. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neuron.2022.10.006","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"issue":"2","key":"9062_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"544","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics12020544","volume":"12","author":"A Di Giorgio","year":"2022","unstructured":"Di Giorgio A, Mirijello A, De Gennaro C, Fontana A, Alboini PE, Florio L et al (2022) Factors associated with delirium in COVID-19 patients and their outcome: a single-center cohort study. Diagnostics 12(2):544 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/diagnostics12020544","journal-title":"Diagnostics"},{"key":"9062_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101783","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2022.101783","volume":"56","author":"R Chang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Chang R, Chen TY, Wang SI, Hung YM, Chen HY, Wei CC (2023) Risk of autoimmune diseases in patients with COVID-19: a retrospective cohort study. EClinicalMedicine 56:101783. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.eclinm.2022.101783","journal-title":"EClinicalMedicine"},{"issue":"1","key":"9062_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm13010236","volume":"13","author":"A De Antonioni","year":"2024","unstructured":"Antonioni A, Raho EM, Carlucci D, Sette E, De Gennaro R, Capone JG et al (2024) The incidence of myasthenia gravis in the province of Ferrara, Italy, in the period of 2008\u20132022: an update on a 40-year observation and the influence of the COVID-19 pandemic. J Clin Med 13(1):236. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm13010236","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"9062_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101093","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2025.101093","volume":"48","author":"JH Becker","year":"2025","unstructured":"Becker JH, Li J, Lin JJ, Federman A, Bagiella E, Kale MS et al (2025) Neurocognitive trajectories in long COVID: evidence from longitudinal analyses. Brain Behav Immun Health 48:101093. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bbih.2025.101093","journal-title":"Brain Behav Immun Health"},{"key":"9062_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2024.06.023","volume":"127","author":"MC Seeley","year":"2024","unstructured":"Seeley MC, O\u2019Brien H, Gallagher C, Schild C, Lau DH (2024) Autonomic dysfunction in post-acute sequelae of COVID-19. Eur J Intern Med 127:161\u2013163. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ejim.2024.06.023","journal-title":"Eur J Intern Med"}],"container-title":["Neurological Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10072-026-09062-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10072-026-09062-9","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10072-026-09062-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,9]],"date-time":"2026-06-09T07:05:45Z","timestamp":1780988745000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10072-026-09062-9"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,30]]},"references-count":34,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]}},"alternative-id":["9062"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10072-026-09062-9","relation":{},"ISSN":["1590-1874","1590-3478"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1590-1874","type":"print"},{"value":"1590-3478","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,30]]},"assertion":[{"value":"3 March 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"19 April 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"30 May 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University. All methods were carried out in accordance with Declaration of Helsinki. Given the retrospective nature of the study utilizing de-identified data, the requirement for informed consent was waived by the ethics committee.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The author declares no conflicts of interest.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"537"}}