{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T23:17:15Z","timestamp":1789082235057,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,9]],"date-time":"2026-05-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1778284800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,9]],"date-time":"2026-05-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1778284800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008133","name":"Universidade De Pernambuco","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008133","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Neurol Sci"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Parkinson\u2019s disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder with no proven disease-modifying therapies to date. Because changes in cerebral glucose metabolism and insulin resistance have been linked to PD pathophysiology, glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RAs), widely used for diabetes, have been investigated as potential neuroprotective treatments.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study systematically assessed the efficacy and safety of GLP-1RAs in PD through a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials identified in PubMed, Embase, and the Cochrane Library. The primary outcomes were motor function improvements measured by the MDS-UPDRS Part III in both on- and off-medication states at study endpoints and at intermediate timepoints of interest. Secondary outcomes included MDS-UPDRS Parts I, II, and IV, quality of life assessed by the PDQ-39, levodopa equivalent daily dose (LEDD), and the occurrence of adverse events.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The meta-analysis found no statistically significant difference in favor of GLP-1RAs over placebo for motors and non-motors outcomes, except for PDQ-39 (MD:\u2009\u2212\u20090.75; 95% CI: [\u2212\u20091.34,\u2009\u2212\u20090.17],\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.01). Regarding safety, GLP-1RAs were associated with a higher incidence of adverse events, especially gastrointestinal effects such as nausea, vomiting, and constipation.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Overall, current evidence does not demonstrate consistent clinical benefit of using GLP-1RAs for treating motor or non-motor symptoms in PD nor support GLP-1RAs as disease-modifying therapy, underscoring the need for further research.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10072-026-09084-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,9]],"date-time":"2026-05-09T05:23:25Z","timestamp":1778304205000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Efficacy and safety of GLP-1 receptor agonists in Parkinson\u2019s disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"47","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-8313-6200","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Miguel F.","family":"Mendon\u00e7a","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-1561-0307","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Arthur C.","family":"Interaminense","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-9729-1794","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guilherme S. 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