{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,13]],"date-time":"2026-08-13T04:30:04Z","timestamp":1786595404277,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]],"date-time":"2026-07-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785283200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]],"date-time":"2026-07-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785283200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"funder":[{"name":"Science Research Project of the Hebei Education Department","award":["BJK2024092"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BJK2024092"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Neurol Sci"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s10072-026-09268-x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]],"date-time":"2026-07-29T02:00:24Z","timestamp":1785290424000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Accelerated brain aging and anterior white matter hyperintensity burden in chronic post-stroke aphasia: a lesion-aware MRI analysis"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"47","author":[{"given":"Xia","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zike","family":"Yue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4750-3433","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Iman","family":"Beheshti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]]},"reference":[{"issue":"12","key":"9268_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2815","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.124.048033","volume":"55","author":"Q He","year":"2024","unstructured":"He Q et al (2024) Global, regional, and national burden of stroke, 1990\u20132021: a systematic analysis for global burden of disease 2021. Stroke 55(12):2815\u20132824","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"issue":"2","key":"9268_CR2","first-page":"419","volume":"35","author":"VE Tilton-Bolowsky","year":"2024","unstructured":"Tilton-Bolowsky VE, Hillis AE (2024) A review of poststroke aphasia recovery and treatment options. Phys Med Rehabilitation Clin 35(2):419\u2013431","journal-title":"Phys Med Rehabilitation Clin"},{"issue":"5","key":"9268_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1778","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.120.031162","volume":"52","author":"oR Rehabilitation","year":"2021","unstructured":"Rehabilitation oR, Collaborators PWAAS (2021) Predictors of poststroke aphasia recovery: a systematic review-informed individual participant data meta-analysis. Stroke 52(5):1778\u20131787","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"9268_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2022.06.013","volume":"154","author":"L Johnson","year":"2022","unstructured":"Johnson L et al (2022) Predictors beyond the lesion: Health and demographic factors associated with aphasia severity. Cortex 154:375\u2013389","journal-title":"Cortex"},{"key":"9268_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Haldin C et al (2026) Structural correlates of aphasia severity, cognitive impairment, and aphasia outcome in post-stroke aphasia. NeuroImage: Clin 49:103954","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2026.103954"},{"issue":"5","key":"9268_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"fcac252","DOI":"10.1093\/braincomms\/fcac252","volume":"4","author":"S Kristinsson","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kristinsson S et al (2022) Brain age predicts long-term recovery in post-stroke aphasia. Brain Commun 4(5):fcac252","journal-title":"Brain Commun"},{"issue":"12","key":"9268_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2017.10.001","volume":"40","author":"JH Cole","year":"2017","unstructured":"Cole JH, Franke K (2017) Predicting age using neuroimaging: innovative brain ageing biomarkers. Trends Neurosci 40(12):681\u2013690","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci"},{"issue":"10","key":"9268_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"744","DOI":"10.1038\/s43588-024-00659-8","volume":"4","author":"C Gaser","year":"2024","unstructured":"Gaser C, Kalc P, Cole JH (2024) A perspective on brain-age estimation and its clinical promise. Nat Comput Sci 4(10):744\u2013751","journal-title":"Nat Comput Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"9268_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1186\/s12883-021-02331-4","volume":"21","author":"J Wrigglesworth","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wrigglesworth J et al (2021) Factors associated with brain ageing-a systematic review. BMC Neurol 21(1):312","journal-title":"BMC Neurol"},{"issue":"8","key":"9268_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"822","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(13)70124-8","volume":"12","author":"JM Wardlaw","year":"2013","unstructured":"Wardlaw JM et al (2013) Neuroimaging standards for research into small vessel disease and its contribution to ageing and neurodegeneration. Lancet Neurol 12(8):822\u2013838","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"issue":"7","key":"9268_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"602","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(23)00131-X","volume":"22","author":"M Duering","year":"2023","unstructured":"Duering M et al (2023) Neuroimaging standards for research into small vessel disease\u2014advances since 2013. Lancet Neurol 22(7):602\u2013618","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"issue":"7","key":"9268_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1714","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.124.046710","volume":"56","author":"N Busby","year":"2025","unstructured":"Busby N et al (2025) White matter hyperintensity load independent from the stroke lesion is associated with chronic aphasia severity and treatment outcome. Stroke 56(7):1714\u20131721","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"9268_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1629870","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2025.1629870","volume":"17","author":"G Xu","year":"2025","unstructured":"Xu G et al (2025) Mediating role of brain aging in the effect of white matter hyperintensities on post-stroke aphasia severity. Front Aging Neurosci 17:1629870","journal-title":"Front Aging Neurosci"},{"issue":"10","key":"9268_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"945","DOI":"10.1177\/1545968320952809","volume":"34","author":"M Varkanitsa","year":"2020","unstructured":"Varkanitsa M, Pe\u00f1aloza C, Charidimou A, Caplan D, Kiran S (2020) White matter hyperintensities predict response to language treatment in poststroke aphasia. Neurorehabilit Neural Repair 34(10):945\u2013953","journal-title":"Neurorehabilit Neural Repair"},{"issue":"9","key":"9268_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"718","DOI":"10.1177\/1545968319862561","volume":"33","author":"A Basilakos","year":"2019","unstructured":"Basilakos A et al (2019) Leukoaraiosis is associated with a decline in language abilities in chronic aphasia. Neurorehabilit Neural Repair 33(9):718\u2013729","journal-title":"Neurorehabilit Neural Repair"},{"issue":"6","key":"9268_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e526","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000005945","volume":"91","author":"A Wright","year":"2018","unstructured":"Wright A et al (2018) Leukoaraiosis is independently associated with naming outcome in poststroke aphasia. Neurology 91(6):e526\u2013e532","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"2","key":"9268_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jagp.2020.06.009","volume":"29","author":"S Hilal","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hilal S et al (2021) The impact of strategic white matter hyperintensity lesion location on language. Am J Geriatric Psychiatry 29(2):156\u2013165","journal-title":"Am J Geriatric Psychiatry"},{"key":"9268_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Simic T et al (2020) The role of executive control in post-stroke aphasia treatment. Neuropsychol Rehabil 30(10):1853\u20131892","DOI":"10.1080\/09602011.2019.1611607"},{"key":"9268_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108270","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2022.108270","volume":"172","author":"EL Meier","year":"2022","unstructured":"Meier EL, Kelly CR, Hillis AE (2022) Dissociable language and executive control deficits and recovery in post-stroke aphasia: An exploratory observational and case series study. Neuropsychologia 172:108270","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"issue":"3","key":"9268_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"fcac107","DOI":"10.1093\/braincomms\/fcac107","volume":"4","author":"R Schumacher","year":"2022","unstructured":"Schumacher R, Halai AD, Lambon Ralph MA (2022) Assessing executive functions in post-stroke aphasia\u2014Utility of verbally based tests. Brain Commun 4(3):fcac107","journal-title":"Brain Commun"},{"issue":"10","key":"9268_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3563","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awaf036","volume":"148","author":"Z Jiang","year":"2025","unstructured":"Jiang Z et al (2025) Dynamic reorganization of task-related network interactions in post-stroke aphasia recovery. Brain 148(10):3563\u20133575","journal-title":"Brain"},{"issue":"5","key":"9268_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci14050419","volume":"14","author":"V Tilton-Bolowsky","year":"2024","unstructured":"Tilton-Bolowsky V, Stockbridge MD, Hillis AE (2024) Remapping and reconnecting the language network after stroke. Brain Sci 14(5):419","journal-title":"Brain Sci"},{"issue":"6","key":"9268_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1692","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awt094","volume":"136","author":"RJ Von Der Heide","year":"2013","unstructured":"Von Der Heide RJ, Skipper LM, Klobusicky E, Olson IR (2013) Dissecting the uncinate fasciculus: disorders, controversies and a hypothesis. Brain 136(6):1692\u20131707","journal-title":"Brain"},{"issue":"2","key":"9268_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.2214\/ajr.149.2.351","volume":"149","author":"F Fazekas","year":"1987","unstructured":"Fazekas F, Chawluk JB, Alavi A, Hurtig HI, Zimmerman RA (1987) MR signal abnormalities at 1.5 T in Alzheimer\u2019s dementia and normal aging. Am J Roentgenol 149(2):351\u2013356","journal-title":"Am J Roentgenol"},{"issue":"1","key":"9268_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"981","DOI":"10.1038\/s41597-024-03819-7","volume":"11","author":"M Gibson","year":"2024","unstructured":"Gibson M et al (2024) The Aphasia Recovery Cohort, an open-source chronic stroke repository. Sci Data 11(1):981","journal-title":"Sci Data"},{"issue":"1","key":"9268_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15108","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-17997-0","volume":"12","author":"Z Yan","year":"2022","unstructured":"Yan Z et al (2022) Determining levels of linguistic deficit by applying cluster analysis to the aphasia quotient of Western Aphasia Battery in post-stroke aphasia. Sci Rep 12(1):15108","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"9268_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kertesz A (2007) Western aphasia battery\u2013revised","DOI":"10.1037\/t15168-000"},{"issue":"2","key":"9268_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"774","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2012.01.021","volume":"62","author":"B Fischl","year":"2012","unstructured":"Fischl B (2012) FreeSurfer. Neuroimage 62(2):774\u2013781","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"9268_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33392","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2012.00171","volume":"6","author":"A Klein","year":"2012","unstructured":"Klein A, Tourville J (2012) 101 labeled brain images and a consistent human cortical labeling protocol. Front NeuroSci 6:33392","journal-title":"Front NeuroSci"},{"key":"9268_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102063","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2019.102063","volume":"24","author":"I Beheshti","year":"2019","unstructured":"Beheshti I, Nugent S, Potvin O, Duchesne S (2019) Bias-adjustment in neuroimaging-based brain age frameworks: A robust scheme. NeuroImage: Clin 24:102063","journal-title":"NeuroImage: Clin"},{"key":"9268_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1109\/RBME.2021.3107372","volume":"16","author":"S Mishra","year":"2021","unstructured":"Mishra S, Beheshti I, Khanna P (2021) A review of neuroimaging-driven brain age estimation for identification of brain disorders and health conditions. IEEE Rev Biomed Eng 16:371\u2013385","journal-title":"IEEE Rev Biomed Eng"},{"issue":"11","key":"9268_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1850","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm12111850","volume":"12","author":"D Sone","year":"2022","unstructured":"Sone D, Beheshti I (2022) Neuroimaging-based brain age estimation: A promising personalized biomarker in neuropsychiatry. J Personalized Med 12(11):1850","journal-title":"J Personalized Med"},{"issue":"20","key":"9268_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2103","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000207219","volume":"100","author":"S-L Liew","year":"2023","unstructured":"Liew S-L et al (2023) Association of brain age, lesion volume, and functional outcome in patients with stroke. Neurology 100(20):e2103\u2013e2113","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"5","key":"9268_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1385","DOI":"10.1038\/mp.2017.62","volume":"23","author":"JH Cole","year":"2018","unstructured":"Cole JH et al (2018) Brain age predicts mortality. Mol Psychiatry 23(5):1385\u20131392","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry"},{"issue":"11","key":"9268_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1038\/s41582-024-01016-z","volume":"20","author":"EE Smith","year":"2024","unstructured":"Smith EE et al (2024) Systemic determinants of brain health in ageing. Nat Reviews Neurol 20(11):647\u2013659","journal-title":"Nat Reviews Neurol"},{"key":"9268_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Debette S, Markus H (2010) The clinical importance of white matter hyperintensities on brain magnetic resonance imaging: systematic review and meta-analysis. Bmj 341","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.c3666"},{"issue":"3","key":"9268_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"848","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awx363","volume":"141","author":"J Fridriksson","year":"2018","unstructured":"Fridriksson J et al (2018) Anatomy of aphasia revisited. Brain 141(3):848\u2013862","journal-title":"Brain"},{"issue":"6","key":"9268_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1371","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awl090","volume":"129","author":"D Saur","year":"2006","unstructured":"Saur D et al (2006) Dynamics of language reorganization after stroke. Brain 129(6):1371\u20131384","journal-title":"Brain"},{"issue":"1","key":"9268_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.125.052606","volume":"57","author":"F Pisano","year":"2026","unstructured":"Pisano F, Rizzo G, D\u2019Angelo L, Bilotta F (2026) Predictive role of white matter hyperintensities in poststroke aphasia: a systematic review of clinical evidence. Stroke 57(1):89\u201395","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"9268_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2022.06.016","volume":"155","author":"A Billot","year":"2022","unstructured":"Billot A et al (2022) Structural disconnections associated with language impairments in chronic post-stroke aphasia using disconnectome maps. Cortex 155:90\u2013106","journal-title":"Cortex"},{"key":"9268_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"423206","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2019.00295","volume":"10","author":"S Kiran","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kiran S, Thompson CK (2019) Neuroplasticity of language networks in aphasia: Advances, updates, and future challenges. Front Neurol 10:423206","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"issue":"5","key":"9268_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1177\/1073858413513502","volume":"20","author":"AS Dick","year":"2014","unstructured":"Dick AS, Bernal B, Tremblay P (2014) The language connectome: new pathways, new concepts. Neuroscientist 20(5):453\u2013467","journal-title":"Neuroscientist"},{"issue":"5","key":"9268_CR43","first-page":"4282","volume":"16","author":"X Fu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Fu X et al (2024) GABA in the anterior cingulate cortex mediates the association of white matter hyperintensities with executive function: a magnetic resonance spectroscopy study. Aging 16(5):4282","journal-title":"Aging"},{"key":"9268_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"672535","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2021.672535","volume":"13","author":"EM Boutzoukas","year":"2021","unstructured":"Boutzoukas EM et al (2021) Frontal white matter hyperintensities and executive functioning performance in older adults. Front Aging Neurosci 13:672535","journal-title":"Front Aging Neurosci"},{"key":"9268_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"614809","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2021.614809","volume":"13","author":"A Kaskikallio","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kaskikallio A et al (2021) Effects of white matter hyperintensities on verbal fluency in healthy older adults and MCI\/AD. Front Aging Neurosci 13:614809","journal-title":"Front Aging Neurosci"},{"issue":"3","key":"9268_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1159\/000318744","volume":"30","author":"VC Mok","year":"2010","unstructured":"Mok VC et al (2010) Executive dysfunction and left frontal white matter hyperintensities are correlated with neuropsychiatric symptoms in stroke patients with confluent white matter hyperintensities. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord 30(3):254\u2013260","journal-title":"Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord"},{"issue":"10","key":"9268_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2817","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2011.06.003","volume":"49","author":"CM Parks","year":"2011","unstructured":"Parks CM, Iosif A-M, Farias S, Reed B, Mungas D, DeCarli C (2011) Executive function mediates effects of white matter hyperintensities on episodic memory. Neuropsychologia 49(10):2817\u20132824","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"issue":"3","key":"9268_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1021","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awac129","volume":"146","author":"SM Wilson","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wilson SM et al (2023) Recovery from aphasia in the first year after stroke. Brain 146(3):1021\u20131039","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"9268_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2018.03.037","volume":"19","author":"TM Hope","year":"2018","unstructured":"Hope TM, Leff AP, Price CJ (2018) Predicting language outcomes after stroke: is structural disconnection a useful predictor? NeuroImage: Clin 19:22\u201329","journal-title":"NeuroImage: Clin"},{"key":"9268_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2023.11.022","volume":"173","author":"I Falconer","year":"2024","unstructured":"Falconer I, Varkanitsa M, Kiran S (2024) Resting-state brain network connectivity is an independent predictor of responsiveness to language therapy in chronic post-stroke aphasia. Cortex 173:296\u2013312","journal-title":"Cortex"},{"issue":"1","key":"9268_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.20319","volume":"57","author":"M Catani","year":"2005","unstructured":"Catani M, Jones DK, Ffytche DH (2005) Perisylvian language networks of the human brain. Ann Neurol: Off J Am Neurol Assoc Child Neurol Soc 57(1):8\u201316","journal-title":"Ann Neurol: Off J Am Neurol Assoc Child Neurol Soc"},{"issue":"11","key":"9268_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1007\/s11910-017-0797-z","volume":"17","author":"RM Lazar","year":"2017","unstructured":"Lazar RM, Boehme AK (2017) Aphasia as a predictor of stroke outcome. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep 17(11):83","journal-title":"Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep"}],"container-title":["Neurological Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10072-026-09268-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10072-026-09268-x","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10072-026-09268-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,13]],"date-time":"2026-08-13T04:16:15Z","timestamp":1786594575000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10072-026-09268-x"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]]},"references-count":52,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]}},"alternative-id":["9268"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10072-026-09268-x","relation":{},"ISSN":["1590-1874","1590-3478"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1590-1874","type":"print"},{"value":"1590-3478","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]]},"assertion":[{"value":"20 May 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"22 July 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"29 July 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"This study was a secondary analysis of de-identified data from publicly available datasets, including the Aphasia Recovery Cohort (ARC) and the IXI dataset. The original ARC studies were approved by the Institutional Review Board at the University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA. Participants included in ARC provided informed consent under protocols approved by that Institutional Review Board. The University of South Carolina Institutional Review Board determined that the anonymized ARC data, with variables generalized to meet safe-harbor criteria, were exempt from further review under proposal \u201cOpenNeuro Clinical\u201d Pro00132576. The original ARC data collection was carried out in accordance with the relevant guidelines and regulations of the approving Institutional Review Board. The present study did not involve new participant recruitment, intervention, or direct contact with human participants.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The present manuscript reports analyses of de-identified, publicly available datasets and does not include identifying images, personal details, or other information that could identify individual participants. Therefore, separate consent for publication was not required for the present secondary analysis.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Consent for publication","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests directly or indirectly related to the submitted work. The authors further declare that they have no financial or non-financial interests from the past three years, and no older interests that could reasonably be perceived as influencing the submitted work.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}],"article-number":"660"}}