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The MEDLINE, Embase, Scopus, and Google Scholar databases were searched. Risk of bias was assessed using the ROBINS-E scale. Pooled prevalence estimates were calculated using a random-intercept generalized linear mixed model (GLMM) with logit transformation and Hartung-Knapp adjustment. Meta-regression and subgroup analyses were performed to explore heterogeneity, and sensitivity analyses included leave-one-out analysis and prediction intervals.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Twenty-two studies comprising 39,304 PwMS were included. The pooled prevalence of NGB was 48.8% (95% CI: 34.1\u201363.7%). Subtype analyses showed pooled prevalences of 39.1% for storage symptoms, 21.4% for voiding symptoms, and 40.9% for mixed symptoms. Meta-regression did not identify significant associations between NGB prevalence and age, EDSS, or disease duration. Sensitivity and subgroup analyses indicated that heterogeneity (I\u00b2 &gt; 97%) was primarily attributable to differences in diagnostic definitions, assessment instruments, and study design rather than demographic or clinical characteristics.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>NGB affects approximately one in two PwMS with the prevalence ranging from 6 to 94%. Standardized screening and assessment strategies are warranted to improve early identification and optimize care pathways.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10072-026-09289-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,7]],"date-time":"2026-08-07T02:52:30Z","timestamp":1786071150000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Neurogenic bladder in the multiple sclerosis population: A systematic review and meta-analysis of prevalence and a proposed evaluation algorithm"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"47","author":[{"given":"Vasileios","family":"Giannopapas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Evangelia Makrina","family":"Dimitriadou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dimitrios K.","family":"Kitsos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexandra","family":"Akrivaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria-Ioanna","family":"Stefanou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Konstantina","family":"Stavrogianni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Athanasios K.","family":"Chasiotis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John S.","family":"Tzartos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daphne","family":"Bakalidou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Georgios","family":"Tsivgoulis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Georgios P.","family":"Paraskevas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Konstantinos","family":"Tsamis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7443-5179","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sotirios","family":"Giannopoulos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"9289_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100977","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lanepe.2024.100977","volume":"44","author":"E Portaccio","year":"2024","unstructured":"Portaccio E, Magyari M, Havrdova EK, Ruet A, Brochet B, Scalfari A et al (2024) Multiple sclerosis: emerging epidemiological trends and redefining the clinical course. 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