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Many commonly prescribed medications have off-target effects on mitochondrial function, and patients with mitochondrial disease may be particularly vulnerable to such effects due to impaired energy metabolism. However, systematic data on medication safety in this patient group remain scarce.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In this retrospective, single-centre, cohort-based study at Turku University Hospital (Turku, Finland), we reviewed the medication data from all hospital stays and outpatient prescriptions of 44 mostly adult (20 women; mean age 50 years, range 12\u201383 years) patients with genetically and clinically confirmed mitochondrial disease for years 2010\u20132022. We used the Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical system for drug classification. Potential drug-drug interactions and potential adverse drug reactions were investigated. Special focus was on potential mitochondrial toxicity of drugs and clinically relevant drug\u2013drug interactions.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Altogether\u2009~\u20091000 individual medication entries were reviewed. We identified several common drugs with potentially adverse effects on mitochondria, including metformin, beta-blockers, statins, ciprofloxacin, fluoxetine, ibuprofen, and certain anti-seizure drugs. Medications generally considered contraindicated in mitochondrial disease were not observed. No high-risk drug interactions were detected. Additional finding of clinical relevance was the frequent use of analgesics.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Further research regarding mitochondrial safety of several drug classes is needed for more evidence-based safety evaluations. Pain in the context of mitochondrial disease merits increased attention.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10072-026-09298-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,6]],"date-time":"2026-08-06T03:38:52Z","timestamp":1785987532000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Drug safety in patients with mitochondrial disease: an observational cohort study"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"47","author":[{"given":"Oskar","family":"J\u00e4rvinen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7604-8081","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mika H.","family":"Martikainen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"9298_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101674","DOI":"10.1016\/j.redox.2020.101674","volume":"37","author":"D Nolfi-Donegan","year":"2020","unstructured":"Nolfi-Donegan D, Braganza A, Shiva S (2020) Mitochondrial electron transport chain: Oxidative phosphorylation, oxidant production, and methods of measurement. 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